Pearson's ComprehensiveMedical Assisting
Administrative and Clinical Competencies
CHAPTER
THIRD EDITION
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The Immune SystemLesson 1:The Immune System
28
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Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to:
1. Define and spell the terms to learn for this chapter.
2. Identify and discuss the anatomy of the immune system.
3. Discuss the functions of the immune system.
4. Explain the immune system and its response.
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Immune System
• Immune system consists of:
Tissues
Organs
Physiological processes that identify abnormal cells
Foreign substances
Foreign tissues, such as transplants
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Anatomy of the Immune System
• The Lymphatic System
Network of vessels, nodes, ducts more or less parallel, but separate from, blood vessels of the circulatory system
Conductive structures are vessels and ducts that help maintain fluid balance by removing excess fluid from spaces between body cells
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Anatomy of the Immune System
• The Lymphatic System
Fluid (lymph) comes from blood plasma that has leaked out from capillaries and system collects lymph and returns it to bloodstream
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Anatomy of the Immune System
• The Lymphatic System
Lymphoid tissues function as part of immune system helping to defend body against harmful substances
Central lymphatic tissue: composed of bone marrow and thymus
Peripheral lymphoid tissue: consists of lymphatic pathways, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils
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Anatomy of the Immune System
• Bone Marrow
Central lymphatic tissue
Contains stem cells that develop into all cells of the body in a process called hematopoiesis
Immune system cells either become mature cells of immune system or precursors of cells that will mature in a part of body other than bone marrow
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Anatomy of the Immune System
• Thymus Gland
Central lymphatic tissue
Located posterior to sternum in anterior mediastinum
Endocrine gland that secretes substances into bloodstream
Divided into two distinct compartments:
• Outer cortex
• Internal medulla
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Anatomy of the Immune System
• Thymus Gland
Immature lymphoid cells created in bone marrow enter cortex of thymus, reproduce and mature, then move to medulla from which they reenter the circulation of the body
Manufactures infection-fighting T cells and helps distinguish normal T cells from those that attack the body's own tissues
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FIGURE 28-1 Components of the lymphatic system.
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Critical Thinking Questions
1. What is so critical about the immune system to one's overall health?
2. If one has a compromised immune system would that shorten the person's life?
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Anatomy of the Immune System
• The Lymphatic System
Peripheral lymphatic tissue
Lymphatic pathways: structures that collect and circulate lymph
Intricate system of vessels
• Capillaries
• Vessels
• Trunks
• Ducts
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FIGURE 28-2 Structures of the lymphatic pathway from smallest to largest.
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Anatomy of the Immune System
• The Lymphatic System
Lymph nodes: many different sizes and shapes; most bean shaped and about 1 inch long covered with thick fibrous capsule
Each node has two parts: outer cortex and inner medulla
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Anatomy of the Immune System
• The Lymphatic System
Cortex populated mainly with lymphocytes
Germinal centers in cortex primary locations where B lymphocytes reproduce
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FIGURE 28-3 A cross section of a lymph node.
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Anatomy of the Immune System
• The Lymphatic System
B lymphocytes (B cells) responsible for production of antibodies, specialized proteins that lock onto specific antigens
Each unique type of B cell produces only one type of antibody
Antibody-mediated response or humoral immunity
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Anatomy of the Immune System
• The Lymphatic System
Lymph node cortex contains T lymphocytes (T cells) that circulate through lymph nodes, lymphatic ducts, bloodstream to seek out any infection
T lymphocytes promote immunity through a cell-mediated response
Medulla of lymph node primarily made up of macrophages
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Anatomy of the Immune System
• Spleen
Located in upper left quadrant of abdomen
Largest lymphatic organ
Blood passes through intricate meshwork of tiny blood vessels in spleen and continues on to the liver
Spleen's blood vessels lined with macrophages
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Anatomy of the Immune System
• Tonsils
Located in depressions of mucous membranes of the throat and pharynx
Function is to filter bacteria and aid in formation of white blood cells
When tonsils unable to properly filter bacteria and pathogens, they can become enlarged and infected
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FIGURE 28-4 Tonsils—normal and enlarged.
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The Immune System and the Body's Defenses
• Immune system
Body's defense against infectious organisms and pathogenic invaders
• Immune response
Cells, tissues, and organs that make up immune system work together to attack organisms and substances that invade body systems and cause illness and disease
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The Immune System and the Body's Defenses
• Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs), seek out and destroy harmful organisms.
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The Immune System and the Body's Defenses
• Two types
Lymphocytes
• Allow the body to remember and recognize previous invading organisms
Phagocytes
• Attack and ingest (engulf, or eat) the invading organism
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The Immune System and the Body's Defenses
• Antigens Versus Antibodies
When an antigen is detected, proteins—antibodies/immunoglobulins—work together to recognize and respond to it.
Terms antibody and immunoglobulinoften used interchangeably
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The Immune System and the Body's Defenses
• Antigens Versus Antibodies
Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins that function as antibodies
Vaccine
• Fragments of a disease organism or small amounts of weakened disease
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The Immune System and the Body's Defenses
• Antigens Versus Antibodies
Although antibodies can recognize an antigen and lock onto it, they are not capable of destroying it alone; that is job of T cells
Antibodies can neutralize toxins produced by different organisms
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The Immune System and the Body's Defenses
• Antigens Versus Antibodies
Antibodies can activate proteins called complement that are part of immune system
Complement assists in destroying bacteria, viruses, or infected cells
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The Immune System and the Body's Defenses
• Immunosuppressants and Immunity
Immunosuppressants
• Medications that suppress immune system
Usually given after organ transplant to prevent rejection of the organ
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The Immune System and the Body's Defenses
• Immunosuppressants and Immunity
Can help prevent organ rejection
These medications render patient very vulnerable to illness
Extreme stress can also suppress immune system
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The Immune System and the Body's Defenses
• Innate Immunity
Everyone born with innate (natural) immunity
Passed down from parents to children
Provided in part by external barriers of body (skin, mucous membranes, tears)
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The Immune System and the Body's Defenses
• Innate Immunity
First line of defense against harmful pathogens
Renders many viruses and bacteria that affect other species incapable of harming human beings
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The Immune System and the Body's Defenses
• Active Immunity
Unlike innate immunity, is not inborn
Develops after birth
Permanent and gives individual lifelong protection against the disease
Acquired active immunity: person exposed to a live pathogen, develops the disease, and becomes immune as a result of the primary immune response
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The Immune System and the Body's Defenses
• Active Immunity
Artificially acquired active immunity: induced by a vaccine, a substance that contains the antigen and stimulates a primary response against the antigen without causing symptoms of the disease
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The Immune System and the Body's Defenses
• Passive Immunity
Not permanent form of immunity
It only lasts for a little while
• For example, antibodies passed to an infant through breast milk
• This temporary form of immunity helps protect infant against infection during early years of childhood
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Questions?