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Collaborative
Jeff PattonArchitect, interaction designer,& agile user experience evangelist
As you get yourself situated,
please form yourselves into
working groups of 5-7 people
(sit by people who look friendly)
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Jeff, introduce yourself
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Together well cover three subjects:
1. Discuss and practice card modeling
2. Basic types of card models and their uses
3. Modeling in collaborative work sessions
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Models help build shared
understanding
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2006-2008 Jeff Patton, All rights reserved, www.agileproductdesign.com 5
Often when we verba lly d isc uss ideas,we may incorrec tly believe we have the same
understanding
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2006-2008 Jeff Patton, All rights reserved, www.agileproductdesign.com 6
Representing our ideas as models
a llows us to detec t inc onsistenc ies in our und ersta nd ing
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2006-2008 Jeff Patton, All rights reserved, www.agileproductdesign.com 7
roug sc usson an era ve mo ebuild ing we a rrive a t a stronger sha red
understanding
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2006-2008 Jeff Patton, All rights reserved, www.agileproductdesign.com 8
Using that c ommon understanding we c an
work together to a rrive a t the same ob jec tives
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Modeling using index cards or stickies
allows everyone to be involved,
and allows us to build a more malleable
model
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It looks like this
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Lets give it a try
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Act I: Silent Brainstorming
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Pick up 4 blue or purple index cards,
and a thick Sharpie marker
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When I say go write down your 3
favorite movies on the index cards
using the markers, one movie per card
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Not yet wait till I say go
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Use the 4th card in case you make a
mistake, or choose to sneak in an extra
movie
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Go!
Using a Sharpie marker write your 3
favorite movies on blue or purple index
cards, one title per card
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Is everyone almost done?
Ok, pens down then.
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If you havent already, arrangeyourselves into to work groups of 6
or so.
Say Hi to everyone in your
workgroup.
(OK thats enough of that.)
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Together, as a group youll build a
favorite movie model.
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Act II: Modeling
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Within your group and one at a time
read your movies out loud to the group
and place them on the table in front of
you where you can all see them.
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Working together, arrange the moviesby affinity movies that seem similar
place together in a cluster, movies thatseem different place farther apart from
the others.
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Really similar really close,
Really different really far apart.
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Lets take a few minutes with this.
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Go!
Within your group and one at a time read your
movies out loud to the group and place
them on the table in front of you where
you can all see them.
Together arrange the movies by affinity
movies that seem similar, place together in
a cluster. Movies that seem different place
farther apart.
Really similar really close, really different
really far apart.
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Is everyone almost done?
Ok, stop modeling.
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With luck you have a few piles, or
clusters of movie titles
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Now, as a team, choose a suitable name
for each cluster.
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It may be natural to think of simple
categories but instead, try to think ofdistilling statements like:
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Our team likes quirky comedies
or
Were not afraid to admit we like
Disney movies
or
Mindless action films are rotting ourbrains
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Where categorizations label whats in a
cluster, distilling statements stand-in
for the cluster distill it into
meaningful information.
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Together as a team, using a Sharpiemarker and a yellow index card, write
a distilling statement for each cluster.
(Yes, one card all by itself counts as a cluster.)
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Ready?
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Go!
Together as a team, using a Sharpie
marker and a yellow index card, write
a distilling statement for each cluster.
Good distilling statements stand-in for
the cluster distill it into meaningful
information.
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Is everyone almost done?
Ok, just one more step.
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Act III: Prioritization
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Now lets find important parts of our
model by asking a question
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If you were stranded on a desert island
with food, water, a bicycle powered DVD
player, and 3 movies, what 3 movieswould you want them to be?
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Wait! Dont answer yet!
Pick up three wrapped candies from the
table.
(Any self respecting conference should have a small bowls of
mediocre candies on the table)
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Use the wrapped candy to
vote.
Place your votes directly on the
blue movie cards
(You can change your mind if you want thats why we used
candies as voting tokens.)
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Go!
If you were stranded on a desert island with
food, water, a bicycle powered DVD player,
and 3 movies, what 3 movies would you want
them to be?
Using three wrapped candies per
person vote for your 3 movies.
Place your votes directly on the
blue movie cards.
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Whew!
Ok, were done.
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Lets talk about what we just did.
A model is any visua l rep resenta tion
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2006-2008 Jeff Patton, All rights reserved, www.agileproductdesign.com 45
A model is any visua l rep resenta tionof our c urrent understand ing of a c oncep t
[a model is] a desc rip tion or ana logy used to helpvisua lize something (as an a tom) that c annot be
d irec tly ob served Merriam-Webster on-line
For our purposes: a model is any visua l rep resenta tion of our c urrent und erstand ing
of a c onc ept
Working c ollabora tive ly in front
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2006-2008 Jeff Patton, All rights reserved, www.agileproductdesign.com 46
Working c ollabora tive ly in frontof a mod el hea ts up c ommunic a tion
Alistair Cockburn 2003-6Slide 22
Face-to-face allows vocal, subvocal, gesturalinformation to flow, with fast feedback
Richness of communication channel
Co
mmunicationE
ffectiveness
2 people atwhiteboard
2 peopleon phone
2 peopleon chat
Videotape
PaperAudiotape
(NoQuesti
on-Answe
r)
(Que
stion
-and-An
swer)
(Courtesy of Thoughtworks, inc.)
cooler warmer
In Cockburns
Agile Software
Development, hedescribes howcommunication varies
in temperature.
Increasing
communicationtemperature is animportant tenet of Agile
Modeling.
Ca rd models fa ll into a c ouple c ommon
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Ca rd models fa ll into a c ouple c ommoncategories
Affinity Diagrams
Chronolog ic a l Mod els
Decompositions
Ad Hoc Cha rts
Mix and matc h as you see fit
Affinity Diagrams help d istill and
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Affinity Diagrams he lp d istill andmake sense of la rge amounts of information
Affinity Diagrams: c luste r like information in columns or p iles. Distilling
sta tements summarize eac h p ile to a llow the c onsumer to q uic kly
und ersta nd information, d iving into deta ils when nec essary.
Chronolog ic a l models a rrange information
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Chronolog ic a l models a rrange informationover time
Chronolog ic al Models:
arrange ideas into a time
sequenc e. They re grea t
for quic kly und erstand ing
and manipula ting
c onc urrenc y and
dependency.
Dec ompositions he lp us visua lize
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2006-2008 Jeff Patton, All rights reserved, www.agileproductdesign.com 50
Dec ompositions he lp us visua lizehow ideas b reak down into sma ller ideas
Decompositions: Decompose
la rger ideas into sma ller ideas.
Dec ompositions a re built topdown, unlike a ffinity d iagrams
built bottom up .
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Ad Hoc Cha rts help visua lize da ta
Ad Hoc Charts: c an be
assembled quic kly from
data ga thered during
c ollabora tive work sessions
Ca rd modeling c an be used for a variety of
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g ypurposes
Requirements & Func tiona l
Design
Use Case Modeling
Workflow Modeling
Risk Modeling
Business Goa l Modeling
Organiza tiona l & Tec hnic a l
Context Modeling User Inte rfac e Proto typ ing
UI Naviga tion Ma p Construc tion
Projec t Ma nagement
Blitz Projec t Planning
Simp le Work Plans
Tec hnic a l Design
Class Modeling (CRC CardModeling)
Seq uenc e Diagrams
Meeting Fac ilita tion
Retrospective Notes
Parking Lots Collecting Facilitated Interview
Data
Blend model types and annota te
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ypmodels to ac c ura tely represent your ideas
Blend Models
For example, chrono log ic a l mod els with functiona l dec ompositionsma ke exc ellent func tiona l req uirement ma ps
Annota te Models
Use Sharp ies and stic kies to annota te your model with rela tionshipsbetween g roup s or ad hoc informa tion d isc ussed during the m od elingsession
Models p rovide exc ellent foc a l points for
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p pd isc ussions
Prioritiza tion and p lanning ac tivities
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Prioritiza tion and p lanning ac tivitiesare effec tive when c onducted over a c ard model
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2006-2008 Jeff Patton, All rights reserved, www.agileproductdesign.com 56
Guidelines for c a rd modeling
1. Write a sing le idea per c ard
2. Write la rge a nd c lea r
3. Rip up c ards
4. Write out loud
5. Everyone writes
6. Everyone touc hes c a rds
7. Arrange c ards spa tia lly
8. Mod el in color
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Ca rd mod eling g otc has
1. Illeg ib le cards
2. Partic ipants a re a fra id to touch the c ards.
3. Too many c ards
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Model in c ollabora tive work sessions
Use Collabora tive Modeling Sessions to : Build up tac it shared know led ge within the tea m Build com munica tion a nd collaboration skills within the
team Help the team to ge l as an effec tive workgroup
Prepare Write a short sta tem ent to set g oa ls and scop e fo r the
session Identify participa nts 4-8 is idea l Fill these roles:
Information Suppliers Informa tion Ac quirers Information Modelers Facilitator Documenter
Sc hed ule & set up worksession fac ility
Perform Kickoff with goa ls and scop e
Get informa tion figuratively and litera lly on the tab leusing b ra insto rming or d iscussion Model the information to c larify, add deta ils, distill
deta ils, and understand relationships Close by summarizing the results, on camera if possible
Doc ument & Communic ate Ca pture mode l with photo and / or movie Doc ume nt a s nec essary Post in pub licly ac c essible p lace Disp lay as a poster
Doc ument models using photos or shorti
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movies
Models c rea ted during c ollabora tive modeling sessions a re mostmeaningful to those who partic ipa ted in their c rea tion
A photo helps viewers rec all the d isc ussion tha t oc c urred a round the
c rea tion of the mod elA short movie where a modeler reviews the model might sta nd in for moreforma l doc umentation
Keep movies less tha n 5 minutes Interview modelers to he lp them remem ber to c ove r a ll the key points
Consumers of the model who d idn t a ttend the modeling session likelyneed more forma l doc umentation
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Card modeling collaboratively improves
communication and builds shared
understanding
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And, its more fun than modeling tools
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Thanks for your attention and participation
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Collaborative
Jeff PattonArchitect, interaction designer,& agile user experience evangelist
www.agileproductdesign.com
As you get yourself situated,
please form yourselves into
working groups of 5-7 people(sit by people who look friendly)
Further Read ing
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Further Read ing
Ambler, Ag ile Modeling , 2002, Wiley & Sons
Gottesd iener, Requirements By Collabora tion, 2002, Ad d ison-Wesley
Tabeka, Co llabora tion Exp la ined , 2006, Ad d ison-Wesley
For the most c urrent version of these slides visit: www.agileproductdesign/presentations
For a rtic les rela ted to c ollabora tive d esign and requirements see:
www.agileproductdesign/writing
For more information on c ollabora tive design a nd requirem ents see:
www.outside-in-development.com
www.collaborative-cardplay.com
Guidelines for c a rd modeling
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Guidelines for c a rd modeling
Write a single idea pe r card. Many of the op portunities we have with ca rd modeling come from exploring the rela tionships idea s
have w ith eac h other. We need to ma nipulate idea s indepe ndently. Writing more than one on acard c onnec ts the idea s and takes the opp ortunity with it.
Write large and c lear. The peop le you're c omm unicating with need to b e a ble to read wha t you understood when you
wrote it. You need to b e a ble to read and refer bac k to it la ter in the c onversation, days, or weekslater.
Rip up cards. If an ide a is bad , incorrec t, a c a rd is poo rly written , or cluttered w ith too muc h sc ribb led out a nd
rew ritten text, de stroy it. Bad idea s written on c a rds in co nversations a re dangerous to havehanging a round . Don't you wish you could g et b ad idea s out o f your hea d this ea sily?
Write out loud . As you write, say wha t you're writing. Co llab ora tors will detec t when what you write doesn't m a tc h
wha t you say a nd call you on it. Another strange thing ha pp ens: la ter when you go ba ck to rea dthe c a rd , you'll be ab le to p ic ture a nd hear the pe rson who wrote it and wha t they said a t thetime. Bra ins a re p ret ty interesting rec ording d evices.
Guidelines for c a rd modeling (2 of 3)
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Guidelines for c a rd modeling (2 of 3)
Everyone writes. Make sure stac ks of c a rds and pens a re a va ilab le on the ta b le to a llow
others to write. No need to slow the c onversa tion dow n to the rate thatone p erson can write. Most peop le c an listen to a d isc ussion while w riting.
Allowing othe rs to write turns on othe r pa rts of the ir b ra ins, the ir ta c tileparts, and helps them relate to a nd understand the informa tion b eingd isc ussed . One thing to be a ware o f, lots of p eop le w riting a t the sametime is muc h the same as lots of p eop le ta lking a t the same time. After awhile no one is listening or rea d ing and c ollabora tion stops.
Everyone touc hes c ards. Plac e the c a rds c lose to peop le you're c ollabora ting with so they c an
ea sily rea c h out a nd touc h them, c hange their order, or tea r them updrama tic a lly for effec t, making sure the flying shred s don't put anyone 'seye out. If you're fac ing someone a c ross a tab le, p lac e the c a rds on thetab le so they read right-side-up for that person. Or, even better, c onsidermoving to a c orner position around the tab le so you're sitting to the side o fyour c ollabora tor - that way the c ard c an rea d right-side-up for both ofyou.
Guidelines for c a rd modeling (3 of 3)
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Guidelines for c a rd modeling (3 of 3)
Arrange c ards spatia lly.
Don't let c ards p ile up in meaning less arrangem ents. Try to p lac e them in anarrangem ent tha t ma kes sense. Even if they're simply plac ed in the order they wered iscussed , tha t's bet ter tha n a p ile. Onc e you sta rt a rrang ing you'll find a na tural
tendenc y to let the impo rtance a nd simila rity of idea s influenc e your arrangement.When this happens you get informa tion a lmost for free from the a rrangem ent c hosen.
Model in color.
Use d ifferent c olors of ca rds to rep resent d ifferent kinds of idea s. Add ing color to your
model ad ds another cha nnel of c ommunica tions and another layer of informa tion. Ifyou find an idea written on one c olor of c ard should have been another, rip it up andrew rite it. If you're listening to som eo ne a nd writing down idea s as they spea k them,change c olors as their idea s c hange typ e. They'll ca tc h on.
Plan to p reserve the c ard arrangement.
You c an do this by c overing a tab le top with po ster pa pe r and tap ing the c ardsdown when you're d one. Alternatively use d oub le-stic k tape on the bac k of c ardsand stic k them d irec tly to pa per on the tab le or mounted to a wa ll.
Ca rd mod eling g otc has
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Ca rd mod eling g otc has
Illeg ib le cards These c ause the information to be ignored or misunderstood . Think of
illeg ib le c ards as mumb led c onversa tion. Don't do tha t e ither.
Partic ipants are afra id to touch the c ards. If a meeting fac ilita tor is the only one hand ling c a rds then b e c onc erned
your partic ipants a ren't rea lly engaged in the c onve rsa tion. Be c onc ernedthat they d on't rea lly believe what's being written. Be c onc erned that theyhave informa tion they could be sharing b y changing arrangement or texton ca rds, but a ren't. Try to make the environment sa fe to do so b y invitingthem to w rite a c ard or tea r one up. I often p retend to b e b usy withsomething e lse a nd ask them to do so, or invite someone who suggests ac hange o f ca rd positions to do it themselves. Onc e they sta rt, they don'tstop.
Too many c ards Like too ma ny idea s, too ma ny wo rds are ha rd to work with. Consider
narrow ing the sc op e of the c onversa tion or ra ising the abstrac tion leve l tota lk less about deta ils and more a bout genera l c onc ep ts. Use d ifferentc olors of c ards to add more c hannels of c ommunic a tion. Identify focal orkey idea s in the mod el, and annotate the mod el approp ria tely.