PATTERNS OF RECRUITMENT AND PATTERNS OF RECRUITMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF BIOFOULING AT DEVELOPMENT OF BIOFOULING AT
EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE FACILITIESFACILITIES
Simone DürrSimone Dürr,, J. Thomason, D. Watson, D. Beaz, E. Bergtun, R. Breur, J. Cebria, J. J. Thomason, D. Watson, D. Beaz, E. Bergtun, R. Breur, J. Cebria, J.
Davenport, D. Fowler, C. Hough, J. Icely, A. Lane, J. Maguire, A. Manjua, M. Davenport, D. Fowler, C. Hough, J. Icely, A. Lane, J. Maguire, A. Manjua, M. Marhuenda, K. Maroni, J. McElwee, H. Mortensen, D. Murphy, J. Murphy, J. Marhuenda, K. Maroni, J. McElwee, H. Mortensen, D. Murphy, J. Murphy, J.
Newman, A. Pereira, J. Power, S. Prieto, J. Watters, P. WillemsenNewman, A. Pereira, J. Power, S. Prieto, J. Watters, P. Willemsen
School of BiologySchool of BiologyUniversity of Newcastle upon Tyne, UKUniversity of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
CRABCRAB
CRAB: Collective Research in Aquaculture CRAB: Collective Research in Aquaculture BiofoulingBiofouling– Objective: non-toxic antifouling strategies for Objective: non-toxic antifouling strategies for
the European Aquaculture Industrythe European Aquaculture Industry
www.crabproject.com
Pan-European Fouling Baseline at Pan-European Fouling Baseline at Aquaculture FacilitiesAquaculture Facilities
Biofouling Pressure:Biofouling Pressure:– Defining the problem: Type, Extent, Timing of Defining the problem: Type, Extent, Timing of
Biofouling at European Aquaculture SitesBiofouling at European Aquaculture Sites
Benchmark antifouling strategy Benchmark antifouling strategy performanceperformance
Prediction for applicability of CRAB tested Prediction for applicability of CRAB tested antifouling strategies at other sitesantifouling strategies at other sites
Baseline Study in CRABBaseline Study in CRAB
2 Experiments conducted directly at farm 2 Experiments conducted directly at farm sitessites– Recruitment Recruitment – Succession Succession
Start of experiments at 11 aquaculture Start of experiments at 11 aquaculture sites in Europe in Feb ‘05sites in Europe in Feb ‘05Ongoing workOngoing workPreliminary results presentedPreliminary results presentedEnd of experiments in May ‘07End of experiments in May ‘07
Experimental Set-up (centrally, Experimental Set-up (centrally, UNC)UNC)
Recruitment: Recruitment: n=10n=10
Succession: Succession: n=50, reduction n=50, reduction by 10 every 6 by 10 every 6 monthsmonths
Depth 2 mDepth 2 m
Settlement panel, Settlement panel, 20x20 cm20x20 cm²², PVC, PVC
Baseline Assessment (industry Baseline Assessment (industry workers)workers)
Monthly Monthly
Digital photographyDigital photography
WetweightWetweight
Height of foulingHeight of fouling
Image and Data analysis (centrally, Image and Data analysis (centrally, UNC)UNC)
Image analysis of digital photos using Image analysis of digital photos using Image J and stereological principlesImage J and stereological principlesCalculation of total cover, diversity H’ Calculation of total cover, diversity H’ (Shannon Index), number of species S(Shannon Index), number of species SStatistical analysis: Statistical analysis: – ANOVAANOVA– ANOSIMANOSIM– SIMPERSIMPER
ResultsResults
Presented herePresented here– Recruitment: Present/Absent data of the Recruitment: Present/Absent data of the
major fouling groups for 11 sites for 1 yearmajor fouling groups for 11 sites for 1 year– Succession: communities of all sites as MDS Succession: communities of all sites as MDS
plot for 4 assessmentsplot for 4 assessments– Wetweight: end of fouling season in NovWetweight: end of fouling season in Nov
RecruitmentRecruitment
Feb 05March 05April 05May 05June 05July 05August 05AlgaeBarnaclesMusselsTubewormsAscidiansHydroids
January 06September 05October 05November 05December 05
Developing Communities in May ’05Developing Communities in May ’05
ADSA BS
CU CG
FN PC
PM JN
QF SA
VA
Stress: 0.05
ANOSIM Global R: 0.802
Developing Communities in August ’05Developing Communities in August ’05SITE
ADSA BS
CG FN
PC PM
JN QF
SA VA
Stress: 0.11
ANOSIM Global R: 0.993
Developing Communities in November ’05Developing Communities in November ’05
BS CG
FN PC
PM JN
SA VA
Stress: 0.06
ANOSIM Global R: 0.907
ADSA BS
CG FN
PC PM
JN QF
SA VA
Stress: 0.11
Developing Communities in February ‘06Developing Communities in February ‘06
ANOSIM Global R: 0.959
Developing Communities Wetweight Nov ‘05Developing Communities Wetweight Nov ‘05
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
BS PC CG FN JN PM
SITE
WE
TW
EIG
HT
[g
]M
ea
n ±
SE
F = 277.85
p < 0.0001
A AB C D E
N S
20x20 cm² panel
Conclusions Conclusions RecruitmentRecruitment
- Diatoms/algae recruiting - Diatoms/algae recruiting all year at most sitesall year at most sites (not at (not at northern sites) northern sites) - Hydroids at many sites- Hydroids at many sites
- Barnacles recruit almost - Barnacles recruit almost all year round at intertidal all year round at intertidal sitesite- 1 spatfall at some sites- 1 spatfall at some sites- 2 spatfalls in N-Norway- 2 spatfalls in N-Norway
- Mussels at N-Norway in - Mussels at N-Norway in summersummer- at Irish Sites in late - at Irish Sites in late spring and summerspring and summer
- Calcareous tubeworms at Irish Sites in late spring and summer - Mediterranean Site from summer to autumn
- Ascidians at Southern Ascidians at Southern Sites from April, some in Sites from April, some in winterwinter- At British Isles Sites in At British Isles Sites in summer and wintersummer and winter
Conclusions Conclusions SuccessionSuccession
Southern Sites – all Southern Sites – all year - soft-tube year - soft-tube forming amphipods forming amphipods and polychaetesand polychaetes
Southern Intertidal Southern Intertidal Site - diatoms first Site - diatoms first - then crustose - then crustose coralline red algaecoralline red algae
Northern Sites - first Northern Sites - first Ectocarpus sp - sp - Stays on in S-Stays on in S-NorwayNorway
After 6 months - 2 After 6 months - 2 Irish and N-Norway Irish and N-Norway Site - Blue MusselsSite - Blue Mussels9 months9 months - all Irish all Irish Sites – Blue MusselsSites – Blue MusselsChange in N-NorwayChange in N-Norway
After 6 months - After 6 months - Scottish Site –Scottish Site –tunicatestunicatesN-Norway laterN-Norway later
Conclusions 1Conclusions 1stst year year
Fouling on short-term immersed equipment, Fouling on short-term immersed equipment, infrastructure or stock is different from long-term infrastructure or stock is different from long-term immersedimmersedWeight of fouling as problem for equipment and Weight of fouling as problem for equipment and infrastructure depends on dominant fouling infrastructure depends on dominant fouling species at sitespecies at siteSite and duration of immersion is important Site and duration of immersion is important when choosing an antifouling strategywhen choosing an antifouling strategyNeed 2Need 2ndnd year results for confirmation and to year results for confirmation and to complete picturecomplete picture
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
Thanks for the enthusiasm and effort of Thanks for the enthusiasm and effort of the CRAB SMEs; without their help this the CRAB SMEs; without their help this study would not be possiblestudy would not be possible
Financed by EC contract COLL-CT-2003-Financed by EC contract COLL-CT-2003-500536-CRAB (Collective Research, FP6)500536-CRAB (Collective Research, FP6)
www.crabproject.comwww.crabproject.com
Contact: [email protected]: [email protected]