Particles, Atoms, and Molecules

By: Broccan

The stages of My Power point

• These are the steps in which I will introduce you to:• Quarks• Gluons• Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons• Atoms• Atomic structure• Isotopes• Ionic Bonds• Covalent bonds• How we get energy by burning molecules• How matter and energy relate to biology

Quarks

• Quarks are the “basic building blocks” of matter• There are three types of families of quarks• The first family consists of “ups” and down

quarks which forms protons and neutrons• The second family consists of “strange” and

“charm” quarks which are used in high energies• The third family consists of “top” and “bottom”

quarks which are only used in very high energies

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Particle data (Quarks)Name Symbol Mass Charge Spin

Up u 3 MeV +2/3 1/2

Down d 6 MeV -1/3 1/2

Charm c 1300 MeV +2/3 1/2

Strange s 100 MeV -1/3 1/2

Top t 175000 MeV +2/3 1/2

Bottom b 4300 MeV -1/3 1/2

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Gluons

• Gluons are particles that hold together QuarksSymbol Mass Half-life Charge Spin

g 0 stable 1

Protons

• Protons contain two “up” quarks and one “down” quark

• Gluons are used to bind the quarks together• Protons carry a positive electrical charge

Symbol Mass Half-life Charge Spin Quark Content

p 938.3 MeV >1032 years +1 1/2 uud

Electrons

• Electrons carry a negative electrical charge• As of know, electrons are individual and

contain no quarks or gluons

Symbol Mass Half-life Charge Spin

e- 0.511 MeV stable -1 1/2

Neutrons

• Neutrons carry no electrical charge• Neutrons contain one “up” quark and two

“down” quarks• Gluons are used to bind the quarks togetherSymbol Mass Half-life Charge Spin Quark

Contentn 939.6 MeV in nuclei:

stable0 1/2 udd

Atoms

• Atoms are “basic building blocks” for ordinary matter

• Atoms join together to form molecules• Atoms are made up of protons, electrons and

neutrons• Each atoms will have the same amount of

protons to electrons• Most neutrons have at least the same number

as protons and electrons

Atomic Structure• According to the bohr atomic theory, a basic

unit of an element is an atom• Protons, neutrons, and electrons circulate

around the nucleus• Atomic mass= Number of protons and number

of neutrons • Mass of proportion= Mass of neutron

Isotopes

• Isotopes are atoms with a neutron number different from the majority

• Isotopes will have a different atomic mass from the majority of atoms of that element

• The nuclei are less stable than normal• The nuclei rapidly change to a more stable

form and release energy

Ionic Bonds• An ionic bond is formed when one atom gives

or accepts one or more of its valence electrons to another atom

• Under here is a Sodium Ionic bond

Covalent Bonds

• A covalent bond is formed when two non-metal atoms share valence electrons

• When electrons are shared between to metallic bonds than a metallic bond is formed

• Covalent bonds involve complete sharing at electrons and occurs mostly between atoms that have partially filled outer shells.

• If the atoms are similar in negativity, than the electrons will be shared

Burning Molecules

• By raising the temperture of a molecule, we speed up how fast it moves

• The faster it moves the stronger the reaction• An example of the everyday burning

molecules is nitrogen and oxygen• Each bond has two electrons• When a smash happens, an atom gets one

electron

How does Biology relate to Matter and Energy?

With Animals and plants, we all have cells that make up who we are. Inside a cell we have Protrons, neutrons, and electrons. These are like steps. First comes Matter and Energy, then comes cell, then DNA, and etc.