P ARTICIP ANTS
Mr. Frederic Assal Institut d'anatomie Universite de Lausanne CH1005 Lausanne SWTIZERLAND
Dr. Jonathan Bacon School of Biological Sciences University of Sussex Falmer, Brighton BN19QG UNITED KINGDOM
Dr. Pere Berbel University of Alicante Department of Histology Alicante SPAIN
Ms. Ann Blake Institute of Neuroscience University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403 USA
Dr. Friedrich Bonhoeffer MPI fUr Entwicklungsbiologie Spemannstr. 35 07400 Tubingen W.GERMANY
Ms. Janet Braisted Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology
University of Michigan Medical School 4610 Med. Sci. II Bldg. Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Dr. Eli Brenner Bollenhofsestraat 10 3572 VN Utrecht THE NETHERLANDS
Dr. J. A. Campos-Ortega Institut fUr Entwicklungsphysiologie University of Cologne Gyrhofstrasse 17 5000 Cologne 41 W.GERMANY
Dr. C. Dambly-Chaudiere Laboratoire de Genetique Universite Libre de Bruxelles Rue des Chevaux 67 1640 Rhode St. Genese BELGIUM
Dr. Stephen Easter Department of Biology University of Michigan 2109 Nat. Sci. Bldg. Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA
Dr. Yves Fregnac Neurobiology Research Center University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL 35294 USA
Dr. Carl Fulwiler Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Dr. Patricia Gaspar INSERM U-106 Histologie nonnale et pathologique du systeme nerveux
Hopital de la Salpetriere 47, Boulevard de l'Hopital 75651 Paris Cedex 13 FRANCE
Dr. R. M. Gaze MRC Neural Unit Department of Zoology University of Edinburgh W. Mains Rd. Edinburgh 3H9 3JT UNITED KINGDOM
Dr. Alain Ghysen Laboratoire de Genetique Universite Libre de Bruxelles Rue des Chevaux 67 1640 Rhode St. Genese BELGIUM
183
Douglas Gooday Zoology Department University of Edinburgh W. Mains Rd. Edinburgh 3H9 3JT UNITED KINGDOM
Ms. Megan Grether Department of Biology MITE25-442 Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
Dr. Mark Hankin Department of Neurobiology, Anatomy,
and Cell Science 818A Scaife Hall University of Pittsburgh School of
Medicine 3550 Terrace St. Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Dr. Peter Hitchcock W. K. Kellog Eye Center 1000 Wall St. Ann Arbor, Ml 48105 USA
Dr. Giorgio Innocenti Institut d'anatomie Rue du Bugnon 9 CHloo5 Lausanne SWITZERLAND
Dr. Daniel Jay Department of Neurobiology Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02138 USA
Dr. Fernando Jimenez Centro de Biologia Molecular Facultad de Ciencias Canto Blanco Madrid 28049 SPAIN
Dr. Peter Kind Department of Psychology Dalhousie University Halifax.NS B3H 4J1 CANADA
Dr. Anthony LaMantia Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Washington University Box 8108 660 S. Euclid Ave. St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
184
Dr. Jennifer Lund Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic University of Pittsburgh 3811 O'Hara St. Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2593 USA
Dr. Raymond Lund Department of Neurobiology, Anatomy
and Cell Science University of Pittsburgh Medical School 3550 Terrace St. Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
Ms. Riva Marcus Department of Biology Univertsity of.Michigan Ann Arbor, Ml 48109-1048 USA
Mr. Rene Marois c/o Prof. T. Carew Department of Psychology Yale University llA Yale Station New Haven, CT 06520 USA
Dr. Ian Meinertzhagen Department of Psychology Dalhousie University Halifax, NS B3H 4J1 CANADA
Ms. Clare Meissirel INSERMU94 Lyon (Bron) FRANCE
Dr. Walter Metcalfe Department of Biology Institute of Neuroscience University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403 USA
Dr. Zoltan Molnar Department of Physiology Oxford University Oxford, OXI 3PT UNITED KINGDOM
Dr. Se1cuk Palaoglu PK 760 Kizilay 06425 Ankara TURKEY
Dr. Rolf D. Potthoff Universitat Lubeck lnst. f. Med. Psychology Lubeck GERMANY
Dr. Jorge J. Prieto DepartmeIit of Histology University of Alicante 03690 Alicante SPAIN
Dr. Dale Purves Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Washington University Medical School 660 S. Euclid Ave. St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
Dr. Pamela Raymond Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0616 USA
Dr. Linda Ross Department of Biology 2109 Nat. Sci. Bldg. Univeristy of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048 USA
Dr. Mar Ruiz-G6mez Laboratoire de Genetique Faculte des sciences Universite Libre de Bruxelles Rue des Chevaux 67 1640 Rhode St. Genese BELGIUM
Dr. S. Murray Sherman Department of Neurobiology and Behavior
SUNY Graduate Biology Building Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
Dr. Daniel Shulz Neurobiology Laboratory Universite de Paris Sud Batiment440 F 91405 Orsay Cedex FRANCE
Dr. Peter Snyder Department of Zoology NJ-15 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 USA
Ronald Sonntag University of Bielefeld Faculty of Biology P.O.B.864O D-4800 Bielefeld 1 WEST GERMANY
Dr. Constantino Sotelo Laboratoire de Neuromorphologie INSERMU 106 Hopital de la Salpetriere F 75651 Paris Cedex 13 FRANCE
Didier Stainier Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology
The Biological Laboratories 16 Divinity Ave Harvard University Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
Dr. Larry Stanford Department of Structural
and Functional Science University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine 2015 Linden Drive, W. Madison, WI 53706 USA
Dr. Jeremy S. H. Taylor Department of Human Anatomy University of Oxford South Parks Rd. Oxford OX13QX UNITED KINGDOM
Mr. Andrew Trevelyan Department of Physiology Oxford University Oxford OXI 3PT UNITED KINGDOM
Jacques Van HeIden Laboratoire de Genetique U niversite Libre de Bruxelles Rue des Chevaux 1640 Rhode St. Genese BELGIUM
Dr. Monte Westerfield Institute of Neuroscience University of Oregon Eugene, OR 97403 USA
Ms. Oaudia Wilm c/o Bernd Fritzsch University of Bielefeld Faculty of Biology POB 8690 48 Bielefeld 1 WEST GERMANY
185
Ms. Margaret Wilson Department of Zoology University of Edinburgh Edinburgh 3H9 3JT UNITED KINGDOM
Mr. Richard Wmgate Department of Physiology Oxford University Oxford OXI 3PT UNITED KINGDOM
186
Ms. Kathleen Yee Department of Neurobiology, Anatomy,
and Cell Science 818 B Scaife Hall University of Pittsburgh Medical School Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
INDEX
Acetylcholine receptor, 44-45 Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, 55 Acheta domesticus (cricket), 5-6
giant interneuron, 5-6 sensory system, cercal, 5-6 X-neuron arborization, 6
Achaete-scute (gene) complex, 12-13,23 and DNA, 12, 13
Animal size and neuron morphology, 99-105
Antigen Thy-I, 82 Ambystoma tigrinum, 50, 55 Arborization
axonal, 86-87, 148 dendritic, 102 neuronal,6 retinogeniculate, 148
Association principle neuronal, 154 Astrocyte, 82, 121 Axon
arborization, 86-87, 148 assay, 63-64 blueprint hypothesis, 53-54 callosal, 167 in cat, 114-118 and cobalt, 49 fasciculation, 4, 62; see also Fascilin and fibronectin, 45 and ganglion, retinal,63-65, 71 and glycoprotein, 4 growth, 42, 43, 54, 59-60,173
cone, 81 guidance of, 59-68, 81-89,171-173, 177
tropic, 81 and laminin, 45 maintenance, trophic, 81 mechanosensory, 175 in monkey, 117 navigation of, 175 in nervous system, central (CNS), 16-18 optical, 49, 50, 54, 56 outgrowth, 84-86 pathfinding of, 4, 81 pathway of, 16-18 pioneer -, 54, 75 position-dependent, 43
Axon (cont.) preganglionic, 100, 102 regeneration of, 54 retinal, 60-67, 77, 178 retinogeniculate, 142, 147-149 staining of, 55 survival in cortex, cerebral 119-121 and target, role of, 18 temporal, 64 tracing methods for, 50 of tract, optic, 73 transient, 121 transplantation of, 49 of wing vein of Drosophila
melanogaster, 175 in zebrafish, 56
Bee,136 Bicuculline, 154 Blastoderm, 3 Blastomere precursor cell, 42 Bouton, Synaptic, 106 Brachydanio rerio, see Zebrafish Brain, vertebrate, 49-58, 82, 141
formation, early, 49-58, 82 in frog, 49-58 in zebrafish, 55-57
increase in volume, 141 weight, 141
postnatal, 141 Bulb, olfactory, murine, 108
a-Bungarotoxin, 44
Calbindin immunostaining, 92, 93 6-Carboxyfluorescein, 105 Cat, 114-120, 145-146, 153-165, 168-169
behavior, 145 visually guided, 168-169
colliculus, superior, 146 cortex, visual, 169 deformation of image, 168-169 depth perception, 169 eyelid suture technique, 145 flow, optic, requirements for, 168-169
187
Cat (cont.) pathway, visual development of, 141-152 X,145 Y,145
visual experience, manipulated, 119 Cercotomy, unilateral, 6, 7 Cerebellum
anatomy, 91-92 circuitry, cellular, 91
replacement of, 92-93 cortex, 91, 95-96 fibers, 91 grafts, 92-95 lesions, 92 of mouse PCD, 93 transplantation of embryo tissue into, 92 see also Purkinje cell
Central nervous system (CNS), see Nervous system
Cell amacrine, 172 antigen Thy-Ion surface, 82 body position, 44 determination
lineage-dependent, 29 lineage-independent, 29 position-dependent, 29
diversity, 21 fusiform, 172 identity, 43-44 lineage, 29, 43 origin, time of, 43-44 starburst, 172 surface
antigen Thy-I, 82 glycoprotein M6, 82
see separate cells Chick embryo
ganglion cell, 59 retina, 62-63 retinotectal system, 59-67
anatomy, 59-67 development, 59-67
tectum, 62-63 transplantation, retinal, 62
Chromophore and laser inactivation, 173 Collapse of growth cone, 66-67 Colliculus, superior, 146, 171
cell, 86 and deprivation, visual, 146
Competition, definition of, vii Complexity, dendritic, 100, 102
and target size, 102 Compound eye, 168 Cone, retinal, 35-37
in fish, 35 pathway, 37
Connection, retinogeniculate, 147 Connectivity, neuronal, 99-105, 108, 113,
116-119
188
Connectivity, neuronal (cont.) adult, 113 juvenile, 113 pattern, 113 transition from juvenile to adult,
116-119 waiting phase, 116
Corpus callosum in cat, 167 development, 167
Cortex adult, organization of, 113-114 architecture
layers, 113-114 radial, 113-114 tangential, 113-114
cerebral, 119-121 connectivity
adult, 113 juvenile, 113 transition from juvenile to adult,
116-119 cytoskeleton, 119 development, 113-125, 153-165 juvenile
neuron, 115 organization, 114-116 projection, 113-125
tangential, 116 transient, 114-116
cortical to subcortical, 114 development, 113-125 distribution, radial, 115-116 interhemispheric, 114 intrahemispheric, 114 thalamocortical, 114
visual, 153-165, 169, 173-174 activity, 154 in adult vertebrate, 153-165 analog, cellular, 153-165 of cat, 153-165 covariance algorithm, 162 development, 153-165 epigenesis, functional, 154 neuron, 141, 153 period, critical, 155
plasticity, functional, 153-165 selectivity, neuronal, 154 striate, 141
neuron, 141 "teacher", extraretinal, 155, 162
Curare, 44
Daphnia sp., 129 ganglion, optic, 14
4, 6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole, 172 Diencephalon, 71 Diptera order, 1, 135 Defasciculation at fissure, optic, 62 Deprivation, monocular, 146 Development, see separate entries Dominance, ocular, 156
Dominance (cont.) in cat, 157 and plasticity, 156
Drosophila melanogaster, 1-39, 175 acetylcholinesterase, 55
gene, 55 achaete-scute gene complex, 12-13,23 bristle
mutant, 12-13 spacing, 12
cell, embryonic, number of, 21 compound eye, 29-39, 167 connectivity, neuronal, 170-171 ectoderm, 22 and environment versus lineage, 29-39 epidermoblast, 21 eye disc, 31 fascilin, 4 gastrulation, 22 gene
locus, 23 neurogenic, 23-25
analysis, molecular, 24-25 cell-to-cell communication, 24 development, neural, 23 products, 23
larva, 14-15 and networks, 15
lineage versus environment, 23-39 mosaic, 13, 31 mutation, 167-168, 170-171
AS-C, 24 lB,23 da, 24 jur, 167-168 gigas, 130, 132 sevenless, 31-32
nervous system central (CNS), 17 peripheral (PNS), 11-19
development, 11-19 neuroblast, 21
neurogenesis, 21-27 and interactions, 21-27
cellular, 21-27 genetic, 21-27
neuron in adult, 11-14 development, 1-3,21,23 in larva, 14-15 and phenotype, 29-39 sensory, 11-15
ommatidium, 30, 31, 167 phenotype, neuronal, 23-39 photoreceptor, 171 pioneer axon in, 175
mechanosensory, 175 progenitor cell, neural, 21 recognition, synaptic, 4-5 region, neurogenic, 22
and signal, regulatory, 22
Drosophila melanogaster (cont.) retina, 30-31 sense organs, 11-15
differentiation, 16-18 path from neuron to CNS, 16-18
signal, epidermalizing, 23 visual system, 170-171 wing antigen, vein-specific, 175
Dye, fluorescent, RH4l4, 108 Dysplasia, cortical, human, 120
Environments versus lineage in Drosophila melanogaster, 29-39
Enucleation, 149 postnatal, 149 prenatal, 149
Ectoderm cell, 1 Epidermoblast, 21 Equivalence group, 14 Evolution, vi Eye
lid suture technique in cat, 145 removal, 181-182 superior oblique muscle, 175
Fascilin, 4, 18 Fibronectin, 45, 175 Flow, optic, 168-169 Fly (Musca sp.)
innervation, 130, 131 lamina, 127-129 lobe, optic, 127 neuropil, 127 photoreceptor, 127-129 phylogeny, 134-136 synaptogenesis, 129
tetrad, 129-130, 135-136
13-Galactosidase, bacterial, 33 Ganglion
axotomized, 102 cell, retinal, 70,77,78
axon of, 71 cervical superior in vertebrate, 100-101 ciliary, 100, 10 1, 104
in rabbit, 102 parasympathetic, autonomic, 100 retinal, 181 sympathetic in adult, 106 without innervation, preganglionic, 102
Gene gap - , 3 pair-rule - , 3 segment polarity, 3 selector -, homeotic, 3
Glia cell, 170 Glomerulus, 6
cercal,7 Glycoprotein M6 82, 86, 171-172 Goldfish
axon regeneration, 54
189
Goldfish (cont.) nerve, optic, 54 retina, 35, 172 tectum, 61, 77
Graft, see Transplantation Grafting, neuronal, 91-98 grasshopper
axon growth,173 guidance, 173
embryo, 2 laser inactivation, chromophore-assisted,
173 and limb bud, 173 pioneer neuron of, 173
Growth cone, 62, 65-67, 81 axonal,81 collapse, 66 gradient guidance, 62 guidance, 62 inhibition, 65-67 retinotopography, 62
Hamster eye removal, postnatal, 181 ganglion, retinal, uncrossed, 181
Haplochromis burtoni (teleost fish), 178-180
neuron, tectal, 178-179 development, 178-179
nerve, optic, crushed, 179 projection, retinofugal, 179-180 tectum, 178
Hermissenda sp. (marine slug), 154 photoreceptor, 154
and foot contraction, 154 Histocompatibility complex, major (MHC),
181-182 Human, 118
axon, 118
Ibotenic acid, 120 noprost, 174
cytoprotective, 174 Image deformation, 168-169 Innervation
afferent, 100 changes over time, 106 geniculocortical, 142 neuronal, 99-111
Insect, 1-9 bristle-spacing, 11-12
mutant, 12 development, neural, see Neuron mother cell, sensory, 11 nervous system, 1-9
central (eNS), 1 peripheral (PNS), 1
neuron, sensory, 11 sense organ, 11 support cell, 11
190
Insect (cont.) see also Diptera, Drosophila, Fly,
Orthoptera Interneuron, 41
giant - , 5 reticulospinal, 41 spinal,41
Junction, neuromuscular, 106
Kainic acid lesion, 93
Lamellopodium, condensation of, 66 Lamina of fly, 127-137 Laminin, 37, 45, 170, 175 Laser, 173
cofocal microscope, 108 Limb bud of grasshopper, 173 Lineage
versus environment in Drosophila melanogaster, 29-39
of retina cells in vertebrate, 33 Lobe, optic
evolution, 135 of fly, 127
Lucifer yellow dye, 172, 181
Macaca nemestrina (monkey), 173-174; see also Monkey
Map, retinotopic, 178 Matrix, extracellular, 14 Metamorphosis, 121-122 Microcortex, 120 Microscope, laser, confocal, 108 Microtubule, 167 Monkey
axon, 117 cortex, visual, 173-174 neuron, 173 . visual experience, manipulated, 119
Motoneuron axon growth, 42 birthday, 42-43 caudal,42 and cell lineage, 42 death, 175 development, 175-176 endplate, 106 lumbar, 175 primary of zebrafish, 41-47 spinal, 175 trochlear, 175-176
Mouse axon guidance, In brain, embryonic, 82 bulb, olfactory, 108
and neurogenesis, postnatal, 109 embryo, 82-83 ganglion
cranial, 177 dorsal root, In
Mouse (cont.) mutant
nervous, 96 ocular retardation, 85-171 reeler, 115 staggerer, 96
neuron maturation, 177 retina, 83
transplanted into neonatal rat, 83 trigeminal system, 177
Musca domestica, see Fly Muscle fiber, 45 Mutants, see also Drosophila
melanogaster, Mouse Mutation, see also Drosophila
melanogaster, Mouse Myelin formation, 174 Myoseptum, 43, 45 Myotome, 43, 45 Myotube, 175
Nerve fiber, retinal, 170 olfactory, 56 trochlear, 175
Nervous system autonomic, 99-105 central (eNS), 106, 108, 113 dendritic, 105-106 peripheral (PNS) remodelling synaptic, 105-106
Neuroblast, 1, 2, 21 Neuroectoderm cell, 1, 2 Neurofilament, 167 Neurogenesis, 137
postnatal, 109 Neuron
architecture over time in living animal, 105-109
association principle, 154 auditory, 41 birth of, 1-9 of cat, 114 ciliary, 100 competition, 1-9, 105 COntlectivity, 99 of cortex, striate, 141 coupling and co-activity, 155 covariance, 155 development, 1-9 fate, control of, 3-4 function, integrative, 155 grafting of, 91-98 of growth cone, 4 identity, establishment of, 1-3 immunoreactive, 177 innervation, 99-111 in insect, 1-9 interactions, trophic, 100-103 interneuron, 41 labeled, 42
Neuron (cont.) line, lateral, 41 maturation, 177 migration of, 92 in monkey, 173-174 morphology, 99-111
and animal size, 99-105 regulation of, 99-111
motoneuron, 41-47; see also Motoneuron outgrowth, 177 pathfinding, 4, 177 pathway, 99-100 primary, 42-43
definition, 41 development, 42 identification, 42-43
reticulospinal, 42 segmentation genes, 3-4 sensory, 16-18,41, 154
pathway, 16-18 trigeminal, 177
specificity hypothesis, 71 stellate, 173-174 synaptogenesis, 1-9 and target interaction, 99, 100, 103 tectal, development in fish, 178-179 trigeminal, 41, 177
tactile-sensitive, 41 types of, 115 vibration-sensitive, 41 and video microscopy, 105 in vitro, 82
Neuropil of fly, 127 Newt, axon regeneration in, 62 Nucleus
geniculate, lateral, 142, 178 pathway, 143 of x-cell, 143 of y-cell, 143
Nystagmus, optokinetic, 169
Ommatidium, 30, 127-129, 167 mosaic analysis, 31 and photoreceptor, 31
Optic axon, 77 nerve, 75 tract, 75, 76 see also Visual
Orientation plasticity, 156, 159
disparity, interocular, 159 selectivity, 156
Orthoptera order, 1; see also Grasshopper
Pathfinding, axonal, 4 Pathway, 44-45, 49-53
axonal, 16-18 in insect within eNS, 17-18 from neuron to eNS in insect, 16-17
hypothesis, 4
191
Pathway (cont.) optic, 49-53 peripheral, 44-45 retinofugal, 50-53 retinotectal, 49 and target, role of axonal, 18
Pattern, generation of, 11 Period, critical
and cortex, visual, mammalian Periplaneta americana (cockroach)
cercus, 7 sensory system, 5
giant interneuron, 5 mutant space-invader, 7
Photoreceptor, 167-168, 171 development, 35-38
cell-to-cell interaction, 36 pathway, 38
of fly, 127-132, 135, 136 Phototaxis, 169 Pioneer
axon, 75 mechanosensory, 175 neuron, 173
Placode, olfactory, 56 Plasticity
cellular, 154 and dominance, ocular, 156 and gating signal, extraretinal, 155 and orientation
disparity, 159 selectivity, 156
and sensitivity, spatial, 160 synaptic, 153, 160
algorithm, 154-155 Projection
cortical, see Cortex geniculocortical, 178
development of, 178 retinal, 179 retinofugal, 179-180 retinotectal, 69, 76, 171-172, 177-179
development of, 69-73 Purkinje cell
axon, grafted, 93-94 in cerebellum cortex, 91 degeneration, 92 heterogeneity, 96-97 migration, 93 outgrowth, dendritic, 93-95 replacement, 91-98
Rat, 96, 174, 181-182 brain tissue
cortical, 174 graft, embryonic, 174
eye removal, 181-182 and iloprost, 174 neonatal, 83 retina, 33
and .6-galactosidase, bacterial, 33
192
Rat (cont.) visual experience, manipulated, 119
Region, neurogenic, 21 and signal, regulatory, 22
Retina activity, electrical, 36 amphibian, 33 axon, 49, 60, 77 of cat, 154 cell
determination, 33-38 differentiation, 36
and activity, electrical, 36 lineage, 33 pathways, schema of, 37
cones, 35 connection, selectivity of, 83-84 development, 59 of Drosophila melanogaster, 29-31 epithelium, pigmented, 33, 37 of frog, 69-71 ganglion
axon guidance, 63-65, 171-172 cell, 75, 144
death,75 layer, 33-343
of goldfish, 35, 172 gradients, 62-63 guidance, axonal, 63-65, 171-172 histogenesis, 34-38 innervation, selectivity of, 84 layers, 33-35 outgrowth, 84-86 pathway, retinotectal, 49, 171-172 photoreceptor, 35 projection, retinotectal, mammalian,
83-86 of rat, 33 retinotectal system, 49, 81-89, 171-172 rods, 34-35 selectivity of innervation, 84 staining technique, 83 of teleost fish, 33-35 transplantation, 83-86 vertebrate, 31-38
development in, 33 and X-cell, 144-145 of Xenopus laevis (frog), 33 and Y-cell, 144-145 of zebrafish, 169
Retinopticity, 78 of pathway, optic, 73-75
Retinotectal system, see also Retina Retinotopography, 62 Rhabdomere, fused, 67-68 Rhodnius sp., axon growth, 16 Rhodopsin, 168 Rods, 34-36
pathway, 36-37 precursor cell, 35-36
Rohon-Beard cell, 41
Segmentation gene, 3-4 Sensillum, supernumerary, 7 Sensitivity, spatial, and plasticity, 160 Sevenless mutation of Drosophila
melanogaster, 31-32 Signal, epidermalizing, 23 Space-invader mutant, 7
neuron, 7-8 Species and evolution, vi Structuration, adaptive, see Nervous
system, central (CNS) Synapse
evolution, 135 formation, 5, 127, 129
tetrad, 130, 135, 136 frequency
and activity, 132-134 and size, relationship of, 131-132
microcircuits, 127 plasticity, 6-8 regulation, numerical, 130-132 turnover, 134
Synapsic, 106 endings, 106 recognition between partners, 4-5
Synaptogenesis, 4, 129 Systems approach, definition of, System, visual, see Visual system
Tectum, 61, 62, 67, 177-178 caudal,77 offish, 61,178 of goldfish, 61, 77 gradients, 62-65 lamination, 179 optic, 49, 56, 70 origin of, 76 precursor tissue, rotated, 177-178 target area, 63
Telencephalon, 56 Teleost fish
photoreceptor, 35 retina, 33-35 a -Tubulin, 55
Transmission, synaptic, 154 efficiency of and normalization rules, 154
Transmission, synaptic, 154 efficiency of and normalization rules, 154
Transplant of neural tissue, 171 Transplantation, 181-182
of embryonic tissue into adult cerebellum, 92
Trigeminal neuron, see Neuron
Verification hypothesis, functional, 154 Video microscope, 105, 107 Visual cortex, see Cortex, visual Visual system
of bee, 136
Visual system (cont.) of cat, 141-152
anatomy, 144 deprivation, 142 development, postnatal, 141-152 and eyelid suture, 142 manipulated, 141-142 pathway, 145 period, critical, concept of, 142
construction of, 69-79 of Drosophila melanogaster, 170-171 of fly (Musca domestica), 127-139
and synapses, 127-139 number, 127-139 phylogeny, 127-139 plasticity, 127-139 specificity, 127-139
of frog (Xenopus laevis), 69-79 and light, flickering, 133-134 manipulated, 119-120, 133 pathway, optical, 73-75, 119-120,
141-152 development in mammal, 119-120
period, critical, 133-134 projection, retinotectal
development, 69-73, 77 pathway, 71
retinotopicity, 73-75 of vertebrate, 169, see also Cat
Wigglesworth's lateral inhibition, 11, 12 Wing of Drosophila melanogaster
antigen, 175 epithelium, 175 vein, 175
X-axon, 144-145 arborization, 145 retinogeniculate, 148
X-cell, 150-151 Xenopus laevis (frog), 49-58, 61, 86,
175-176 axon, 53 brain, 70
embryonic, reconstructed, 52 formation of, early, 49-58
chiasma, optical, 180 explant, nasal, 170 eye cup, development of, 72-73 fasciculation, 170 ganglion cell, retinal, 70 glia cell, 170
diencephalic, 170 tectal, 170
growth cone, 53 guidance, chemotropic, 85 motoneuron, trochlear, 175-176
number of, 175-176 nerve fiber, retinal, 170
crushed, 180 regenerated, 180
193
Xenopus laevis (frog) (cont.) pathway, optic, in early brain, 49-53 pioneer axon, 54, 75 precursor tissue, tectal, rotated, 177-178 projection
retinofugal, 50-54 retinotectal, 69, 85, 177-178
retina, 33, 69, 170 retinofugal system, 50-54 retinotectal system, 69, 85, 177-178 tadpole brain, 82 tectum, 177-178 tract, optic, 71 visual system, 69079
development of, 69-79 X-neuron, 6 X-pathway, 143, 145, 147
Y-cell, 150
194
V-pathway, 145, 147
Zebrafish, axon, optical, 56 brain formation, early 55-57 development of, 42
analysis, genetic, 42 and gamma-rays, 42 larva, 169
phototaxis, 169 motoneuron, primary, 41-47 mutation, 42, 45
spadetail, 45 nystagmus, optokinetic, 169 retina, 169
development of, 169 tracts, early, 55, 56 and ultraviolet radiation, 42 visual system, 169