Ozone & Perozone®
Characteristics and Practice
William B. Kerfoot
Kerfoot Technologies, Inc.
In Situ Chemical Oxidation W
orkshop
The 25th Annual International Conference on
Soils, Sedim
ents and W
ater
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
October 21, 2009
C-S
parg
e™
(mic
rob
ub
ble
ozo
ne)
O3
+ 2
H+
+ 2
e‾
→O
2+
2H
2O
Clean by-products
Pero
zon
e®
(pero
xid
e-c
oate
d o
zon
e)
2O
3+
H2O
2→
2O
H•
+ 3
O2
Clean by-products
Ho
w e
ffecti
ve a
re t
he o
xid
an
ts?
•Ove
r 850 in
stalla
tions
in E
uro
pe a
nd t
he U
nite
d S
tate
s
•Ove
r 80%
of
site
s have
been c
leane
d u
p in
less
than 3
years
•Pero
zone®
has
show
n c
apaci
ty f
or
cleanu
p in
perio
ds
of m
onth
s
•Ch
em
ical r
eact
ion o
f P
ero
zone®
rele
ase
s tw
ice t
he h
ydro
xyl
radic
als
pe
r m
ole
of pero
xide t
ha
n F
ento
n’s
Re
ag
ent
Eq
uip
men
t &
Pro
cesses
Sta
tes W
here
Ozo
ne is B
ein
g U
sed
fo
r In-situ
Rem
ed
iati
on
Approved
Oxidant
Price per cubic yard
of soil
($)
Cost Price
$/ton
Cost Price
$/kg*
Type
Fen
ton’s
rea
gen
t7.8
–63
7.4
–60
.5 –
.8
5 –
15%
solu
tion
Ozo
ne/
per
oxid
e
(Per
ozo
ne®
)
1 –
10 plu
me
met
hod
10 –
31 sourc
e m
ethod
.9 –
9.5
9.5
–29.5
.04 -
.38
.4 –
1.2
gas
/liq
uid
Ozo
ne
21 –
31
20 –
29.5
.8
–1.2
gas
Per
man
gan
ate
13 –
52
12 –
49.5
2.7
–4.1
40%
solu
tion
Oxidant
Price per m
3of soil
(€)
Cost Price
€/kg*
Type
Fen
ton’s
rea
gen
t15 –
120
0.7
–1
5 –
15%
so
lution
Ozo
ne/
per
oxid
e
(Per
ozo
ne®
)
2 –
20 plu
me
met
hod
20 –
60 so
urc
e m
ethod
.1 –
1.0
1 –
1.5
gas
/liq
uid
Ozo
ne
40 –
60
1 –
1.5
gas
Per
man
gan
ate
25 –
100
4 –
6
40%
solu
tion
*kg
of
co
nta
min
an
t w
eig
ht
Fro
m:
ISC
O,
In-S
itu
Ch
em
ical
Ox
idati
on
, SK
B,
Neth
erl
an
ds C
en
tre f
or
So
il Q
uality
Man
ag
em
en
t an
d K
no
wle
dg
e T
ran
sfe
r, G
ou
da,
Neth
erl
an
ds
20
00
-20
03
(%
)
CH
LO
RIN
ATED
PETR
OLEU
M
IND
US
TR
IAL
OTH
ER
2000 –
2003
2003 –
2005
%
%
CH
LO
RIN
AT
ED
8
20
PE
TR
OL
EU
M
88
70
IND
US
TR
IAL
1
5
OT
HE
R
35
ME
AN
1.8
2 y
rs
ME
DIA
N 2
.0 y
rs
Ad
van
tag
es o
f O
zon
e w
ith
Petr
ole
um
H
yd
rocarb
on
s
�In
crem
enta
l decr
ease
in c
ost
/hig
h %
clo
sure
/vi
rtually
no r
ebound
�O
xygen d
eliv
ery
15 k
g tota
l oxy
gen p
er
poin
t per
day
Sourc
es:
20%
O2
in a
ir, ozo
ne, and p
ero
xide
�C
om
patib
le w
ith b
iolo
gic
al a
ctiv
ity
�T
reats
reca
lcitr
ant co
mpounds
TP
H –
alk
anes,
alk
enes
MT
BE
–oxy
genate
sP
AH
s –
naphth
ale
ne
TB
A –
alc
ohols
TC
A/D
CA
-ch
loro
alk
anes
1,4
Dio
xane
Mass Removal
Site M
anagement Program
Improves efficiency –reduces time-to-treat
•Converts aqueous to adsorbed equivalents
•Recalculates oxidant mass needed per
Spargepoint®
•Computes tim
e-to-treat per point
•Discloses m
igratory or secondary sources
by m
ass balance
Rad
ius o
f In
flu
en
ce o
f Sp
arg
e W
ells
•T
he r
ad
ius o
f in
flu
en
ce
was c
alc
ula
ted
fro
m
cri
tical
pre
ssu
re t
o
ind
uce f
low
, a f
un
cti
on
o
f lin
e a
nd
po
int
losses,
hyd
rau
lic h
ead
, an
d
form
ati
on
lo
ss.
•Fie
ld a
nd
an
aly
tical
scre
en
ing
in
dic
ate
s t
hat
these m
ay r
ep
resen
t m
inim
um
s.
$100
$50
$20
$5 -
?
0
20
40
60
80
100
1995
2000
2005
2010
Tim
eTim
eTim
eTim
e
Removal Cost Per Cubic Yard ($) Removal Cost Per Cubic Yard ($) Removal Cost Per Cubic Yard ($) Removal Cost Per Cubic Yard ($)
Ozo
ne S
parg
ing T
reatm
ent
Currently $10-$15 per cubic yard
Bubble
Config
ura
tion
Solub
ility
Hen
ry's
Con
stan
t
Ads
orpt
ion
Str
ippi
ng
O2
H
•O
H
2C
O2
•O
H2
2O
Me
thyl
-tert
-buty
leth
er CH
HC
H3
H
MT
BE
H CO
CH C
3
3
Gas
ph
as
e
(Membra
ne phase)
O
•O
H H2
2
O2
•O
H
(sed
imen
t s
oil)
So
lid
Aq
ueo
us
(gro
un
dw
ate
r)
2O
Adsorption
Solubility
Ex
tracti
on
/reacti
on
Inco
min
g –
Hen
ry’s
Co
nsta
nt
Ou
tgo
ing
–H
yd
rox
yl
rad
ical
plu
s d
isso
lved
ozo
ne
CO
2
Criegee M
echanism of Reaction
Perozone™Type Reactions
Peroxide Ozone Hydroxyl Radical Oxygen
H2O
2+ 2O
3→
2HO
•+ 3O
2
+ Complex Set of Side Reactions
Ozone Hydrogen Superozone Hydroperoxide
Peroxide Anion Anion Radical
O3+ HO
2‾
→O
3‾+ HO
2•
Superozone Hydrogen Hydrogen Trioxide
O3+ H+ HO
3
Aieta, et al., 1988
Nan
o t
o
Mic
rob
ub
ble
Pro
du
cti
on
Ox
ida
tio
n P
ote
nti
als
Ox
ida
nts
vs
. C
on
tam
ina
nts
1.2
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.4
2.8
2.8
0
0.51
1.52
2.53
O2
MnO
4
H2O
2O
3 (m
olec
ular
)
O3
(gas
) Fento
ns R
eage
ns
Peroz
one
Av
aila
ble
Ox
ida
nts
Oxidation Potential (V)
C-H
: A
lkane
se
.g. M
ine
ral O
il
C=
C: A
lke
ne
s
e.g
. C
hlo
roe
the
ne
s
: A
rom
atic
s
(mo
no
). e
.g. B
TE
X
: A
rom
atic
s
(po
ly).
e.g
. P
AH
Ozo
ne S
tab
ilit
y In
Gas o
r W
ate
r P
hases
Ozo
ne c
an
react
wit
h N
AP
L a
nd
dis
so
lve
do
r ad
so
rbed
co
nta
min
an
ts.
Th
e
gas p
hase h
alf
lif
e m
ay b
e t
he c
on
tro
llin
g r
eacti
on
; n
ote
th
at
the
liq
uid
ph
ase h
alf
-lif
e i
s v
ery
sh
ort
sin
ce i
t re
acts
wit
h w
ate
r to
fo
rm h
yd
rox
yl
rad
icals
as s
ho
wn
on
th
e f
ollo
win
g s
lid
e.
Co
nta
ct
is n
eed
ed
betw
een
ozo
ne a
nd
th
e c
on
tam
inan
t o
r re
acta
nt.
Typ
ica
l O
3 h
alf
-lif
e v
s.
Te
mp
era
ture
Gase
ou
s
Tem
p (
C)
half
-lif
e *
-50
3-m
onth
s
-35
18
-da
ys
-25
8-d
ays
20
3-d
ays
120
1.5
-ho
urs
250
1.5
- se
con
ds
Dis
solv
ed in
Wa
ter
(pH
7)
Tem
p (
C)
half
-lif
e
15
30-m
inute
s
20
20-m
inute
s
25
15-m
inute
s
30
12-m
inute
s
35
8-m
inute
s
(R.
Bro
wn
, 20
05
)
Pu
lsin
g
(Ke
rfoo
t, 1
999
)
•Necessary to m
ove fine
bubbles through soil capillaries
•Effective transport of liquid
•Im
proves contact
•Avoids channelizing
•Produces fine bubbles
Mu
ltip
le S
ing
le P
oin
tsD
ual
Po
ints
Recir
cu
lati
on
Wells
Delivery Systems
Rece
ptiv
ity o
f co
nta
min
ants
to
ward
oxi
dants
•S
um
ma
rize
d b
ase
d o
n O
VA
M (
200
4),
XD
D
an
d O
sg
erb
y (
200
6)
Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu
Co
nta
min
an
tM
nO
4S
O4•
Fe
nto
n's
(Pe
r)o
zon
e
Sa
tura
ted
Hy
dro
ca
rbo
ns
Pe
tro
leum
Hyd
rocarb
ons (
alk
ane
s)
PG
GE
Chlo
rinate
d E
thane
sP
P/M
P/M
P/G
MT
BE
GG
GG
Un
sa
tura
ted
Hy
dro
ca
rbo
ns
Chlo
rinate
d E
the
ne
sE
EE
E
Monocyclic Aromatics
BT
EX
P/E
EE
E
Chlo
rinate
d P
he
no
lsG
EE
E
Ene
rge
tics (
RD
X, H
MX
)E
EE
E
Polycyclic Aromatics
Po
lycyc
lic A
rom
atic
Hyd
rocarb
ons (
PA
H)
GE
EE
Po
lychlo
rinate
d B
iphe
nyl
's (
PC
B's
)P
PP
G
Pe
stic
ide
sM
GM
M/E
P =
po
or,
M =
mo
de
rate
, G
= g
oo
d, E
= e
xce
llent
Fuel Spills
MTBE, TBA, BTEX, Naphthalenes,
Methylbenzenes, EDB
Recent Note: Perozone®counteracts hexchrome form
ation
Au
tho
rsE
ffic
ien
cy
Ma
ss r
ati
o
O3/M
TB
E
Sta
rtE
nd
(m3)
(da
ys)
(%)
(g/g
)
Ke
rfo
ot,
W.B
. &
L
eC
he
min
an
t,
P.
(2001,2
003)
6,0
00
<70
3,6
30
9-1
296.6
3
Nic
ho
ls,
E.M
. &
V
oci.
C.J
. (p
ilo
t-
2001)
6,3
00
<10
2,8
30
7-1
896-9
93
Wh
ee
ler,
K.P
.
(2001)
100,0
00
4,4
00
1,9
10
30-7
595+
3
Ra
lsto
n,
E.
(2001)
4,9
00
<45
4,6
75
10-3
080-9
92.5
(1)
Ma
nh
art
, C
&
Wa
tt,
C.
(2003)
10,0
00
<100
9,5
65
7-6
085
3.4
Pu
rch
ase
, e
t. a
l.
(2005)
5,4
00
19
34,0
00
30
97-9
94.2
Ke
lla
r, E
. (2
006)
Pe
rozo
ne
®7,7
00 (
2)
45
8,5
65
15-6
072
1.3
(1)
Est
ima
ted
(n
o s
oil
sa
mp
les)
(2)
To
tal
VO
Cs
Ra
te o
f
rem
ova
l (t
1/2
)
Aq
ue
ou
s p
ha
se
(µg
/l)
Tre
atm
en
t
vo
lum
e
Observed removal rates, efficiencies and stoichiometry.
Case
stu
dy:
C-S
pa
rge
TM
at
a C
alif
orn
ia
site
Sit
e D
escri
pti
on
•A
ctiv
e b
ulk
fuel a
nd c
ard
lock
faci
lity
(sourc
e: 7 U
ST
s)
•S
ite is
rem
ode
led t
o in
clud
e r
eta
il is
lan
ds
and a
co
nve
nie
nce
sto
re
•T
opo
gra
ph
y: fla
t (5
0 m
above
MS
L)
•S
oil
chara
cterist
ics:
–F
ill: 0-1
.1 m
bgl
–sa
ndy
silt
: 1.1
-3.4
m b
gl
–si
lty s
and (
w/
clay)
: 3.4
-7.6
m b
gl
•G
roundw
ate
r ta
ble
: 1.8
m b
gl
•H
ydra
ulic
cond
uct
ivity
: 10
-3cm
/sec
(=1 m
/day)
•G
roundw
ate
r flo
w: 0.1
m/d
ay
S to S
W
Site
Are
a C
-Sparger®-system: 5-15 g O
3/hr
•Pilot test (2001): 3 Spargepoints®
•Full-scale (2002-2004): 11Spargepoints®
MtB
E in
Gro
undw
ate
r (initi
al)
Max
. co
ncen
trati
on
s
at
beg
in p
ilo
t te
st:
•M
tBE:
12
00
0 µ
g/l
•T
BA
: 8
70
µg
/l
Layo
ut
of
the F
ull
-Scale
Syste
m
Pil
ot
are
a
Pilo
t te
st:
resu
lts f
ield
measu
rem
en
ts (
2)
DO
ag
ain
st
dis
tan
ce
fro
m S
P
0123456789
10
02
46
810
12
14
Dis
tan
ce f
rom
SP
(m
)
Concentration (mg/l)
24-7
-2001
7-8
-2001
21-8
-2001
4-9
-2001
2-1
0-2
001
Esti
mate
d R
OI
Ob
serv
ed
RO
I
Fu
ll-S
cale
Rem
ed
iati
on
: M
tBE
Decay C
urv
e
MtB
E d
ec
ay
cu
rve
of
MW
-1 a
nd
MW
-6F
rom
pilo
t te
st
un
til s
ite
clo
su
re
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000 5-1
2-0
05-1
2-0
15-1
2-0
25-1
2-0
34-1
2-0
44-1
2-0
54-1
2-0
6
Da
te
Concentration MW-1 (µg/l)
020
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Concentration MW-6 (µg/l)
MW
-1
MW
-6
Pilo
t te
st
Fu
ll-s
cale
rem
ed
iati
on
Sit
e c
losu
re
Fu
ll-S
cale
Rem
ed
iati
on
: T
BA
Decay C
urv
e
TB
A d
ec
ay
cu
rve
of
MW
-1F
rom
pilo
t te
st
un
til s
ite
clo
su
re
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 5-1
2-0
05-1
2-0
15-1
2-0
25-1
2-0
34-1
2-0
44-1
2-0
54-1
2-0
6
Da
te
Concentration (µg/l)
MW
-1
Pilo
t te
st
Fu
ll-s
cale
rem
ed
iati
on
Sit
e c
losu
re
#6 Fuel Oil & VOCs Spill
(Brownfield)
Plu
me C
hara
cte
ris
tic
sP
lum
e C
hara
cte
ris
tic
s
•M
ajo
r so
urc
es
–dry
cle
aner
chlo
rinate
d
solv
ents
(P
CE
), U
ST
s (b
unke
r oil)
•C
onta
min
ate
d u
nsa
tura
ted z
one –
limite
d
•C
onta
min
ate
d a
quife
r –
24
0 f
t x
24
0 f
t x
20 f
t d
ee
p4
2,6
67
cu
bic
ya
rds
•M
axi
mum
conce
ntr
atio
ns
–
PC
E 4
,400 u
g/L
TP
H 3
0,0
00 u
g/L
Sp
arg
ep
oin
t®In
sta
llati
on
Ou
tco
me
Ou
tco
me
Cla
ss A
-2/R
AO
Clo
sure
-G
roundw
ate
r
Sta
rtE
nd
Re
mo
va
l
PC
E3
,00
0<
56
0>
81
%
TC
E6
9
<1
1
>
84
%
MA VPH
Alip
ha
tics
C5
-C8
80
0<
20
>
98
%
Aro
ma
tics
12
,00
0
<3
70
>
97
%
MA EPH
Alip
ha
tics
C9
-C1
8
6
,00
0
<2
0
>
99
%
MC
P S
-1 S
oil S
tan
dard
s –
Aft
er
Tre
atm
en
t(m
g/k
g o
r p
pm
)S
tan
dard
s S
ep
t-O
ct
‘02
Aliphatics
C5-C
8C
9-C
12
100
100
011
2.3
Aromatics
C9-C
10
100
1.7
Eth
yl-b
enze
ne
80
2.3
M,P
-Xyl
en
es
100
0B
RL (
10)
O-X
ylene
500
BR
L (
10)
Na
phth
ale
ne
4B
RL (
.1)
PC
E0.5
BR
L (
.1)
TC
E0.4
BR
L (
.1)
VOCs
Chloroethenes
PCE, TCE, DCE, VC
Chloroethanes
1,1,1-TCE, DCA, CE, CTC, MC
Cyclic Aromatics
BTEX, PAHs (C6to C
30)
Alkanes/Alkenes (C4to C
40)
Fede
ral S
up
erf
un
d S
iteF
ede
ral S
up
erf
un
d S
ite
•T
CE
and c
is 1
,2-D
CE
in g
roundw
ate
r
(0.5
–2.0
mg/L
)
•A
ppro
xim
ate
ly 1
5,0
00 s
quare
foot tr
eatm
ent
are
a (
100’x
150’)
•A
quife
r 35’t
hic
k (w
ate
r ta
ble
15’b
gs)
•A
ppala
chia
n P
iedm
ont P
rovi
nce
–S
ap
rolit
e S
oils
(S
ilty
fine
sa
nd
s)
–H
ydra
ulic
co
nd
uct
ivity
(a
pp
rox.
5 x
10–4 c
m/s
ec)
–S
ee
pa
ge
ve
loci
ty (
ap
pro
x. 2
5 –
50
ft/yr
)
RMT, Inc.
Federa
l Superf
und S
ite
•S
pring 2
001: F
ield
Pilo
t S
tudy
-2 s
parg
ing w
ells
–5
0%
re
du
ctio
n in
TC
E,
DC
E in
12
we
eks
•2001-2
002: F
ull-
Sca
le d
esi
gn a
nd c
onst
ruct
ion
–9
Ozo
ne
sp
arg
ing
we
lls w
ith r
eci
rcu
latio
n c
ap
ab
ility
–A
ir/o
zon
e s
up
ply
at 2
-3 c
fm p
er
we
ll, 3
00
-50
0 p
pm
o
zon
e
•O
ctober
2002: S
yste
m s
tart
up
RM
T, In
c.
Ozo
ne S
parg
ing L
ayo
ut and Initi
al
CV
OC
Plu
me
Ozo
ne S
parg
ing L
ayo
ut and Initi
al
CV
OC
Plu
me
Cis, 1-2
DCE >
MCLs
TCE >
MCLs
RMT, Inc.
Fed
era
l S
up
erf
un
d S
ite
•O
ctober
2003 –
12 M
onth
s of T
reatm
ent
–A
ll m
on
itori
ng
po
ints
< M
CL
S e
xce
pt
on
e
–7
of
9 s
pa
rge
we
lls t
urn
ed
off
•M
ay
2004 –
18 M
onth
s of T
reatm
ent
–R
em
ain
ing
mo
nito
rin
g p
oin
t a
chie
ved
cle
an
up
g
oa
ls
–N
o r
eb
ou
nd
eff
ect
ob
serv
ed
in o
the
r si
te a
rea
s
–E
ntir
e s
yste
m t
urn
ed
off
RMT, Inc.
CV
OC
s after
3-M
onth
s of T
reatm
ent
CV
OC
s after
3-M
onth
s of T
reatm
ent
RMT, Inc.
CV
OC
s after
12-M
onth
s of T
reatm
ent
CV
OC
s after
12-M
onth
s of T
reatm
ent
RMT, Inc.
Federa
l Superf
und S
ite
0
150
300
450 O
ct-0
2D
ec-0
2Fe
b-03
Apr
-03
Jun-
03A
ug-0
3O
ct-0
3D
ec-0
3Fe
b-04
Apr
-04
Concentration (ug/L)
cis
1,2
-DC
E
RMT, Inc.
Federa
l Superf
und S
ite
0
40
80
120
160 O
ct-0
2D
ec-0
2Fe
b-03
Apr
-03
Jun-
03A
ug-0
3O
ct-0
3D
ec-0
3Fe
b-04
Apr
-04
Concentration (ug/L)
TC
E
RMT, Inc.
Wood Preservatives
Chlorophenols –PCP, TCP, CP
Creosote –Naphthalenes
Cresols
Site
Conditi
ons
•H
isto
ric
lum
ber
mill
(1955-1
965)
with
fo
rmer
chlo
rophenol r
ele
ase
.
•~
20 k
g o
f so
rbed (
~100 m
g/k
g)
and
dis
solv
ed (
~20 m
g/L
) P
CP
rem
ain
ed.
•T
wo d
istin
ct s
ourc
es
with
plu
me e
xtendin
g
200 feet dow
n-g
radie
nt.
•P
lum
e in
terc
epte
d b
y st
orm
dra
in.
•H
ydra
ulic
gra
die
nt re
vers
ed b
y le
aki
ng
wate
r lin
e.
Ozo
ne
and P
ero
xid
e I
nje
ctio
n M
ass
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1/19
/200
41/
28/2
004 2/
6/200
42/
15/2
004
2/24
/200
4 3/4/
2004
3/13
/200
43/
22/2
004
3/31
/200
4 4/9/
2004
4/18
/200
44/
27/2
004 5/
6/200
45/
15/2
004
5/24
/200
4 6/2/
2004
6/11
/200
46/
20/2
004
6/29
/200
4 7/8/
2004
7/17
/200
47/
26/2
004 8/
4/200
48/
13/2
004
8/22
/200
48/
31/2
004 9/
9/200
49/
18/2
004
9/27
/200
410
/6/2
004
10/1
5/200
410
/24/2
004
11/2
/200
411
/11/2
004
DA
TE
Gallons of Peroxide (H2O2) injected ;100% Equivalent
010
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Ozone injected (Kg)
Pero
xid
e Inje
ction
Ozone Inje
ction
8%
H2O
2
15%
H2O
2
15%
H2O
2
15%
H2O
2
* N
ote
: H
orizonta
l slo
pes r
epre
sent tim
e p
eriods o
f no p
ero
xid
e in
jectio
n.
5%
H2O
2
** 5
% -
- perc
ent by v
olu
me o
f H
2O
2 in
jecte
d f
or
respectiv
e tim
e p
eriod.
Chlo
ride Ion
/PC
P –
Tim
e S
eries
0.11
10
10
0
10
00
10
00
0
10
00
00 1/19
/04 2/
13/0
4 3/31
/04 4/
21/0
4 5/26
/04 6/
28/0
4 7/19
/04 8/
16/0
4 9/30
/04 12
/1/0
4 12/2
0/04 12
/29/
04 12/2
9/04
2/12
/05 3/
29/0
5 5/13
/05 6/
27/0
5
PCP (µg/L)
020
00
0
40
00
0
60
00
0
80
00
0
10
00
00
12
00
00
Chloride (µg/L)
Chlo
ride
(µg/L
)P
CP
(µg/L
)W
ate
r Q
ualit
y O
bje
ctive
(WQ
O)
for
PC
P:
1.0
(µg/L
)
PC
P C
onc
ent
ratio
nT
rend
line W
QO
Reached
June 2
005
Oxi
datio
n P
roce
sses
•260 k
g (
O3 +
H2O
2)
oxi
dant in
ject
ed.
•1600 k
g O
2as
air in
ject
ed.
•1000 k
g o
rganic
carb
on m
inera
lized.
•12 k
g c
hlo
rophenols
min
era
lized.
•150 k
g o
f ca
rbonate
react
ed.
Pesticides
Orthochlorinated Series
Chlordane
Heptachlor
Aldrin
Dieldrin
HCH –Precurser
MECOPROP
DDT/DDD
Case
stu
dy:
Bid
din
ghuiz
en s
ite (
pilo
t te
st)
Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu
•S
ite d
esc
rip
tio
n
–In
du
stria
l site
–G
rou
ndw
ate
r co
nta
min
atio
n w
ith M
CP
P (
com
mon
n
am
e: M
eco
pro
p):
ma
x. 5
80
µg
/l b
efo
re p
ilot
test
•A
rea
: app. 180
0 m
2
•D
epth
: u
ntil
app.
8 m
bg
l
–S
oilt
ype
:
•0-1
,3 m
bgl:
sandy
topso
il
•1,3
-2,3
m b
gl
: cl
ay
•2,3
-8 m
bgl:
fin
e s
and
•8,0
-15 m
bgl
: m
ediu
m to c
oars
e s
and
–W
ate
rta
ble
: 2
,0 m
-b
gs
Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve MilieuP
rop
ert
ies
of M
CP
P
•C
om
mon n
am
e: M
eco
pro
p (
aci
d h
erb
icid
e)
•C
hem
ical n
am
e: 2-(
4-c
hlo
ro-2
-meth
ylphenoxy
)-pro
pio
nic
aci
d
•M
ole
cula
r fo
rmula
: C
10H
11C
lO3
•M
ole
cula
r w
eig
ht
: 214.6
g/m
ole
•S
truct
ura
l form
ula
:
•V
apour
pre
ssure
: 1,6
x 1
0-3
Pa (2
5°
C)
(non-v
ola
tile)
•H
enry
’s c
onst
ant
: 2,1
8 x
10
-4P
a m
3/m
ol (
non-s
trip
pable
)
•W
ast
e w
ate
r tr
eatm
ent: e
ffect
ive d
egra
ded u
sing a
com
bin
atio
n o
fozo
ne a
nd h
ydro
gen p
ero
xide
“A b
enze
ne d
eriva
tive”
Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve MilieuP
ilot U
nit
Pero
zone
®
Op
era
tio
n p
ilo
t te
st:
•R
un
tim
e:
58
da
ys
•F
low
rate
air
/ozo
ne
: 5
-15 N
m3/h
r
•O
zon
e l
oad
ing
: 59
-85 g
O3
/hr
•F
low
rate
pero
xid
e:
4 l
/hr
(7W
%)
•P
ero
xid
e l
oad
ing
: 0
,3 k
g/h
r (1
00 W
%)
Tota
l mass
of
oxi
dant
inje
cted w
ithin
“in
ject
ion
tria
ngle
”:
Ozo
ne :
16
kg
Pero
xide: 66 k
g
Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve Milieu Verhoeve MilieuDeve
lopm
ent to
tal m
ass
during
pilo
t te
stM
as
s d
eve
lop
me
nt
MC
PP
0
50
100
150
200
250
015
30
45
60
75
90
Tim
e (
da
ys)
Total mass (%)
Tota
l mass (
%)
Clo
sure
pilo
t te
st
Ove
rall
rem
ova
l of
87%
in 9
weeks
of
trea
tmen
t
Mobili
zatio
n