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Oxygen And Nitrogen
Oxygen and Nitrogen make up 97
% earth atmosphere.
There is more Nitrogen than
Oxygen in the AIR. Yet, Oxygen still
remains the most aundant
element in the !orld.
Oxygen and Nitrogen are usually
"o#produ$ts o one another !hi$h
means they are produ$e Together
ut there are pro$esses !hi$h $an
produ$e lo!er grades o eitheroxygen or nitrogen indi&idually.
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One 'ethod o ho! to produ$e
oxygen and nitrogen.
Air is li(ue)ed and then it is
distilled to produ$e pure oxygen,
pure nitrogen and inert gases.
The $onditions o this distillation
pro$ess is done under $ryogeni$
$onditions, $ryogeni$ $onditions
are $onditions $arried out under
*O+ Temperature.
The amount o money needed to
$arry out su$h a distillation pro$ess
is ae$ted y the amount o heat
used thereore highly e-$ient heat
ex$hangers must e used.
The air used in this pro$ess is not
dried thereore the !ater present
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in the air tends to $ondensate and
then ree/e on the sura$e o the
re&ersing heat ex$hangers.
This sura$e o i$e then orms an
insulating layer around the heat
ex$hanger. And it input 0air1 eed
and the output 0nitrogen and
oxygen1 produ$t o the 2eat3x$hanger. And the remaining
!ater in the air is remo&ed using
!aste nitrogen.
Another 'ethod In$lude The 4se O
An 5ressure 6!ing Adsorption
5lant.
In this pro$ess 54R3 Oxygen and+A6T3 Nitrogen is produ$ed.
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This pro$ess entails Oxygen and
Nitrogen sele$ti&ely eing
asored onto a mole$ular sie&e.
On$e the sie&e is saturated, the air
supply to the sie&e is remo&ed and
Oxygen and Nitrogen is then
remo&ed y stripping the sie&e
eds.
Oxygen
Things to kno! aout oxygen its
the 8rd most aundant element in
the sun. On earth it orms 9 % othe earth $rust and the human
ody is made up o :;8rds o
oxygen. And 9;
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highly e-$ient AN> !ell Insulated
plant, and this plant is $alled a
"ompa$t 5lant.
The produ$tion o oxygen $an also
e produ$ed y a system $alled the
5ressure#6!ing Adsorption 6ystem
05.6.A61.
0?ust like pre&iously stated oxygen
produ$ed using the 56A6, is done
so y the ollo!ing method. Air is
exposed to a mole$ular sie&e, in!hi$h oxygen and nitrogen are
sele$ti&ely asored. On$e the
mole$ular sie&e is 6aturated, the
air supply to the sie&e is thenstopped and then the oxygen and
nitrogen is remo&ed y stripping
the 6ie&e @eds. This pro$ess
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produ$es 5ure Oxygen And +aste
Nitrogen1
6upplying oxygen to the $onsumers
is usually not a prolem e$ause
the supply is usually not ar rom
!here the oxygen gets $onsumed.
+hats kno!n as air separation
plants 0 Air gets separated into
Oxygen, Nitrogen and other inert
gases1 are lo$ated ON the
$ustomers 5roperties, this is $alled
On#6ite 5lants.On#6ite plants may e o!ned and
operated o site as !ell 0example
like 6asol, and are operated y the
person !ho designed it or thepeople !ho uild the plant1 !hile
the produ$ts are then deli&ered to
the $ustomers properties &ia a
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pipeline to one or many $ustomers
at the same time.
Air separation plants may &ary in
si/e rom small $ryogeni$ units
produ$ing small amount o oxygen,
to large separation plants
produ$ing in ulk.
The ulk o oxygen is produ$ed at
2igh 5urity 099. and ao&e1. And
*o! 5urity usually reers to 9%#
99% purity range.
There $ertain impurities ound in
oxygen, e&en 2igh 5urity Oxygen
ranging rom 99.% and ao&e
$ontain impurities. The impurityound in 2igh purity Oxygen is
Argon as !ell as tra$es o other
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Bases, 2ydro$aron and "aron
>ioxide.
No! lets dis$uss ho! Oxygen $an
e produ$ed in the *aoratory.
In the laoratory, Oxygen $an eprepared in the t!o ollo!ing !ays.
It $an either e prepared y the
3le$trolysis O +ater OR it $an e
prepared y 2eating 5otassium
"hlorate !ith 'anganese >ioxide
as a "atalyst.
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*ets dis$uss stati$s
@y $omparing the industrialprodu$tion o Oxygen gas to the
laoratory produ$tion o Oxygen
gas, resear$h has sho!n that 99%
o Oxygen is produ$ed using the
industrial Air 6eparation 5lant and
only es$riing the appearan$e o theoxygen produ$ed
The Oxygen Bas is "olorless,
Odorless and Tasteless. +hile the
*i(uid and 6olid orm is a 5ale @lue"olor and is 6trongly 5aramagneti$.
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Eorms O Oxygen
Oxygen $an o$$ur in dierentorms. Oxygen has 9 isotopes ut
the natural orm o oxygen only
$ontains 8 isotopes.
*ets dis$uss one o the orms o
oxygen.
O/one 0O81 is one o the isotopes o
oxygen. O/one is a highly A$ti&e
"ompound, su$h that it is ormed
y the a$tions o an ele$tri$
dis$harge on oxygen or ultra&iolet
light on oxygen.
O/one is ound in the outermost
layer o the atmosphere and it
helps pre&ent ultra&iolet rays rom
the sun, rom rea$hing the earth
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sura$e. 5ollution has a maFor
ee$t on the earth o/one layer.
5ollutant has pro&en to e
detrimental to the earth O/onelayer. Nonetheless O/one is still a
toxi$ isotope o oxygen and $an e
&ery harmul to a person !hen
exposed to prolonged periods otime.
Appearan$e o o/one
4ndiluted o/one is @luish @la$k and
solid o/one is &iolet la$k.
4ses O Oxygen
Oxygen is used or the respiration
o plants and animals. It also used
a&iators or reathing and or
medi$al purposes in hospitals.
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Nitrogen
The air is )lled 7H% o Nitrogen y
&olume.
6in$e our atmosphere is so ri$h
!ith nitrogen, it is $onsidered to e
ne&er ending. Nitrogen $an
thereore e produ$ed y the
li(uea$tion and ra$tional
distillation o air.
Nitrogen $an also e ound in all
li&ing organism sin$e it makes up
part o its iologi$al makeup o$ompounds.
Appearan$e
In gaseous orm nitrogen is
$olorless, odorless and has a
similar appearan$e as !ater.
3xtra Inormation
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Nitrogen $an also e prepared y
heating a !ater 02:=1 solution o
Ammonia Nitrite.
The 4ses or Nitrogen
Nitrogen is maForly used as a
gaseous lanket. This gaseous
lanket is responsile or keeping
moisture and oxygen a!ay romthe $hosen sustan$e or oFe$t.
Eor example !hen a sustan$e is
re(uired not to rea$t !ith oxygen it
is then surrounded !ith a lanketo nitrogen in order to do so.
Another example o $o&ering an
oFe$t is !hen metal is $o&ered
!ith nitrogen e$ause it easilyrea$ts !ith oxygen. 6u$h metals
are ound in oilers !here theres
metals are exposed to high
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temperatures and pressures and
!ould $orrode i exposed to
oxygen.
It is also used in the 6teel Industry
or lanketing.
@e$ause o Nitrogen aility to
lanket sustan$e a!ay rom
oxygen it is there ideally used in
ame extinguishers, so that it $an
extinguish the ames y repla$ing
the oxygen around the ames !ithnitrogen.
Nitrogen is also ideally used in the
ood industry to ree/e ood.
Nitrogen is also maForly $onsumed
to make Ammonia.
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*i(uid Nitrogen is used to otain
lo! temperatures and or
deashing moulded plasti$ and
ruer parts.
Ne! uses or nitrogen has e&ol&ed
as !ell nitrogen $an e used in oil
!ell or oil re$o&ery !here the gas
is used to maintain the pressure inthe !ells.
'anua$turing o oxygen and
nitrogen
'anua$turing Oxygen andNitrogen @asi$ally $onsist o the
li(uea$tion and re$ti)$ation o air.
A >etailed >es$ription O The
'anua$turing 5ro$ess O OxygenAnd Nitrogen
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The produ$tion o Oxygen And
Nitrogen is a "ryogeni$ 5ro$ess
0Takes 5la$e 4nder *o!
Temperatures1
Eirstly air is su$ked in and )ltered
using a )ltering system, then the
)ltered air gets passed through a
$ompressor and then the air gets$ooled o to a $ertain temperature
0ater$ooled1, during these t!o
pro$esses any li(uid ound in the
air is )ltered out.
Ater separating out li(uid the air
then passes through a re&ersing
heat ex$hanger. +here the air is
then $ooled to near de! point y
the $ounter#$urrent heat ex$hanger
!ith the outgoing gaseous produ$t,
as the air is $ooled 'oisture
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$ondenses and ree/es to the !alls
o the heat ex$hanger, this ree/ing
pro$ess also in$ludes "O: !hi$h
ree/es up as !ell, and this pro$essentails 99% o $aron dioxide eing
remo&ed. As a result o this, the air
$oming out rom the re&ersing heat
ex$hanger is $ompletely >ry 0No'oisture1 and 99% o the "aron
dioxide is remo&ed.
This >ry air then passes throughBas#phase Eixed @ed Adsorption
6ystem. This 6ystem then adsors
the remaining "o: ound in the air
as !ell as 2ydro$arons ound in
the air.
2ydro$arons are remo&ed
e$ause i it $omes into $onta$t
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!ith oxygen it !ill $omust and e
ha/ardous.
The no! "leaned air passes
through a doule $olumn re$ti)er,
!hi$h results in the distillation o
air into &arious $omponents.
>ry air It enters the ottom tray o
the lo!er $olumn o the doule
$olumn re$ti)er.
The doule $olumn re$ti)er $onsist
o t!o T.T. 0Tray#Type1 distillation
$olumn, one is a upper $olumndistillation tray and one is a lo!er
$olumn distillation.
These to tray are Thermally
"onne$ted together y a heatex$hanger.
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This is a spe$ial heat ex$hanger
that ser&es as a $ondenser or the
lo!er $olumn and a reoiler or the
upper $olumn.
Important inormation to rememer
Nitrogen is 'ore Jolatile than
Oxygen, thereore it rea$ts more
easily than oxygen, and thereorenitrogen !ith as$end up through
the $olumns !hile oxygen !ill
des$end do!n through the
$olumns. @ut most o the high
purity nitrogen !ill a$$umulate in
the ottom $olumn and high purity
oxygen !ill a$$umulate at the top
$olumn.
Another reason or the o! o the
oxygen and nitrogen is the a$t
that Oxygen 2as a higher @oiling
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point Than Nitrogen. Thereore the
5ressure in the lo!er $olumn must
e high enough to raise the
"ondensing Temperature ONitrogen high enough to pro&ide
5ositi&e temperature#dri&ing or$e
in the main $ondenser.
0As a result o a lot o heat eingprodu$ed y the reoiler to $ause
oxygen to oil in the top $olumn.1
The $ondensed nitrogen !ill e
split rom the main $ondenser oneportion goes to the upper $olumn,
on its !ay it passes through a
nitrogen superheater as reux and
the other portion is send a$k to
the lo!er $olumn as reux as !ell.
An oxygen ri$h stream lea&es the
ottom o the lo!er $olumn and
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The remaining gas is remo&ed as
lo! purity +aste Nitrogen rom the
top upper $olumn.
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2andling And 6torage
1.)Vessels Are used for storage:
The rule or li(uid gases is that it is
Al!ays sa&ed in $ryogeni$ 0*o!
Temperature1 storage &essels inulk orm.
The purpose o lo! temperature
storage o li(uid gas is to keep the
gas li(uid at a temperature elo!its oiling point or as long as
possile.
These &essels $an hold li(uid gas
as !ell as !hen an &apori/ers isadded as an $omponent it $an
store a gases supply $an e
pro&ide as !ell.
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:.15ortale Bas "ylinders
5ortale gas $ylinders $an also e
used or storage.
2andling O 5ortale Bas "ylinders.
+hen on a sura$e, $ylinders arenot allo!ed to slide or $ome into
$onta$t !ith sharp edges e$ause
it $ould pun$ture the $ylinder.
No dirt or any orm o luri$ant are
allo!ed to enter the $ylinder &al&e
e$ause this $ould ae$t the
opening and $losing o the &al&e.
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Oxygen gas $ylinders should not e
stored near $omustile gases
e$ause i the gases es$ape it
might $omust and might or an
extremely ha/ard gas.
These gas $ylinders must e stored
hori/ontally making sure that ea$h
is se$ure at ea$h end to pre&ent
rolling example store in a $rate.
And empty gas $ylinders should e
handled y the suppliers.