U.S. Geological Survey
OPEN FILE REPORT
Preliminary description and interpretation of
cores and radiographs from Clear Lake/ Lake County, California: Core 5
by
John D. Sims and Michael J. Rymer
1975
This report is preliminary and has not been edited or reviewed for conformity with Geological Survey standards
Report No. 75-38!
INTRODUCTION
Clear Lake, California is located in the California Coast Ranges about
120 km north of San Francisco and is the largest freshwater lake wholly within
California. The lake basin is tectonically controlled (Anderson, 1936;
Brice, 1953, Sims and Rymer, 1974) and the area seismically active (Coffman and
von Hake, 1973).
Interest in this lake was stimulated by hypotheses developed from a
study of sediments in Van Norman Reservoir after the 1971 San Fernando earth
quake (Sims, 1973). During this study three zones of deformational structures
were found in the 1 m-thick sequence of sediments exposed over about 2 km2
of the reservoir bottom. These zones were correlated with moderate earth
quakes that shook the San Fernando area in 1930, 1952, and 1971. Results
of this study, coupled with the experimental formation of deformational
structures similar to those from Van Norman Reservoir, led to a search for
similar structures in Pleistocene and Holocene lakes and lake sediments in
other seismically active areas. Clear Lake, California was chosen specifically
because of its location near the San Andreas fault and the San Francisco-
Oakland urban complex, and the probability of obtaining an uninterrupted
sediment record from the present into Pleistocene time. Eight 12 to 15 cm
diameter continuous cores were taken from the lake sediments (fig. 1) as
part of a study of earthquake induced structures in sediments and the tectonic
framework of the Clear Lake basin. The eight cores range in length from
13.87 m to 115.21m (Table 1).
SUMMARY OF DATA
Core 5 is from near the south shore of the main body of Clear Lake
(fig. 1), and was taken on 25-26 October 1973. Depth of water at the
site is 7.6m. The core is 22.56 m long. Coring was not advanced further
because strong storm generated waves broke the well casing. The sediments
in Core 5 consist of olive gray to dark olive gray (5Y4/2 to 5Y3/2) mud
with seven interbedded volcanic ashes (fig. 2). The colors of the sediments
generally recorded are those due to oxidation of the organic components.
Rarely colors considered to be representative of the unoxidized sediments
are recorded such as greenish gray or dark greenish gray (5GY6/1 or 5BG4/1).
No zones of deformed sediments were found in the core, because bioturbation
of the sediments is very extensive throughout, and probably completely
obscured or rendered uninterpretable any such sedimentologic features.
One radiocarbon age determination was made on sediments from Core 5.
Meyer Rubin of the U.S. Geological Survey performed the analysis on a
highly organic-rich zone from slug 24 (fig. 2). The date (W-3220) is
24,080 + 1,000 yrs. B.P. This date represents a sedimentation rate of__1
0.90 mm yr for the core.
Of importance is the preserved record of volcanic eruptions in this
core. Seven ash beds or probable ash beds are preserved in Core 5 (fig. 2).
Five of the seven ash beds in Core 5 are tentatively correlated with ash
beds in Core 7 (see fig. 1 for location of Core 7). The uppermost ash
in Core 5 is correlated with the second ash in Core 7; the ash in slug 16,
Core 5 is correlated with ash in slug 17, Core 7; the upper ash in slug 22,
Core 5 is correlated with the ash in slug 21, Core 7; and the ashes in
slug 23, Core 5 are correlated with the two ashes in slug 23, Core 7.
Core 7 was chosen for correlation because it contains abundant ash and
peat beds (Sims and Rymer, 1975). Many of the peat beds in Core 7 have
been dated by the 1£| C method, thus allowing age correlations as well.
N
LUCERNE
LAKE-5
PORT
I ' I5 Ml.
i i -i i i i i
0 5 KM.
Figure 1. Map showing location of Gore 5 in Clear Lake, California. Other numbered core sites in the lake are the subjects of separate reports.
10
-
KS£;-.;
*£3£»y3
%K?
£&>&sjfWSfJfr \£8&;&!&
&*%&
teVi'T
11
13
15
16
17
18
*$$;
21
< 24, 080
/Off cm
| | ash unit
K- missing part
slug (core segment) number
<24, 080 14C-age
Figure 2. Generalized lithology of sediments from Core 5, Clear Lake, California.
A plot of 14C-age and correlated 14C-age versus depth (fig. 3)
shows the consistency of the age date from Core 5 and the correlated ash-
age dates from Core 7. These data are fitted with a straight line by
linear regression. The equation of this line is y = 11.29x + 141.02
and has a correlation coefficient of r = 0.996. The line fit to the
correlated data now allows a prediction of sediment ages at given depths.
Table 1. Total length and recovery percent of eight cores from Clear Lake, California.
Core Length (m) Recovery (%)
1 52.58 35.0
2 13.87 88.0
3 69.04 96.0
4 115.21 92.0
5 22.56 94.0
6 21.64 99.0
7 27.A3 94.9
8 20.52 99.6
0 1
o o o
u-tfr-f
6
8 )
10
12 '
14 .
16
18
20
22
24
26
28 J
30
32 J
34
36 -
38 -
40
© 14C age
0 correlated 14C age (correlated with ashes in Core 7, Sims and Rymer, 1975)
r = 0.996
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Figure 3.14,
DEPTH (ra)
Plot of "*" ''c-age determination and correlated ^C-age deter minations and depth in Clear Lake/ Core 5. The line y = 11.29x + 141.02 is fitted to the data by linear regression. The correlation coefficient (r) is 0.996. Error limits on the
from Core 5 shown by vertical bar.
METHOD OF STUDY
Core 5 was obtained using Shelby and Ostenberg samplers with a barge mounte
drill rig. The samples were retrieved and extruded into rigid plastic tubes
which were sealed with plastic endcaps, and waxed to prevent moisture loss.
For examination the plastic containers were cut open and the core cut in
half lengthwise using a "cheese cutter" type instrument. Lithologic and
other sedimentologic data were then recorded (see Appendix A for detailed
descriptions). One-half of each core segment was photographed on color and
black and white film. Then a one cm thick slice was taken from the center
of the core segment and an x-ray radiograph made to study the internal
structures and fine details of the visible structures.
The original x-ray radiographs were taken on 30 x 43 cm sheets of
industrial x-ray film at 1:1 scale. Exposures to x-radiation ranged from
2.5 to 5 minutes at 45 KV and 3.5 ma. The prints from the radiographs
in Appendix B of this paper are photographically reduced 3.7x from the original
After lengthwise splitting, samples were taken from one-half of the core
for other sedimentologic and paleontologic studies as follows:
a) bulk mineralogy
b) cladocerae
c) diatoms
d) fine grain size analysis (<125 y diameter)
e) macro fossils
f) pollen
g) water content/organic carbon content
The remaining core half, resting in a rigid plastic half-round, was
sealed in a polyethelane bag and retained for future use and reference.
These samples and the original radiographs may be examined by contacting:
John D. SimsU.S. Geological SurveyEarthquake Tectonics Branch345 Middlefield RoadMenlo Park, California 94025
GRAPHIC NOTATIONS USED IN STRATIGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS
The stratigraphic descriptions of each core segment (slug) are
contained on individual sheets in the format shown in fig. 4. The graphical
notations used in the core descriptions and radiograph interpretations in
Appendix B are modified, from the methods of Bouma (1962). The conventions
and symbols used follow: Those symbols marked* are also used in the column
entitled Radiographic .
Lithology
ash
'*i?££i:*2>''XX&#$&#
clayey silt
silty clay
clayey sand
sandy mud
sandy silt
sandy gravel
clayey peat
silty
material from sides of hole as a contaminant, generally at the top of a sample (debris).
vivianite, an iron phosphate present in the sediments.
interlaminated strata;dominant lithology on left(in this example clayey peat and mud)
HOLE_ SLUG_DEPTH cm. to__cm.
LITH. LAYERSTRUPT COLOR > STRLJCT. PROPS. COLOR QPHOTO rppr GRAPHIC
SAMPLE
- 0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
L90
Figure 4. Form for stratigraphic descriptions of core segments (slugs) Column headings from left to right are Lithology, Bedding plane type, Bedding plane structures, Layer properties, Munsel Color designation! Fossil content, Photograph numbers, Radiographic interpretation, and Sample numbers.
Bedding Plane Type*
Sharp flat contact
distinct flat contact
transition (range of transition < 0.5 cm)
gradual transition (range of transition 0.5-1.0 cm)
transition gradual and hardly visible (range of transition > 1.0 c
undulating contact; gradations as above
irregular contact; gradations as above
Structure
graded bedding
load cast
earthquake induced structure*
fault*
0
Interval in which structure occurs*
indistinct structure*
structure barely visible*
( )
Layer Properties
parallel lamination (< 0.5 cm thick)*:
coarse laminae predominate
fine laminae predominate
parallel lamination*slightly disturbed
strongly disturbed
*'Also used in column entitled Radiographic
10
parallel wavy lamination*
(predominating thickness and degree of disturbance as noted above)
lenticular wavy lamination*
(predominating thickness and degree of disturbance as noted above)
interval in which property occurs*
indistinct property* / \
Color
Color designations are taken from the Munsell Soil Color Chart (Munsell, 1973). Conventions used are as follows:
10Y 5/4 SYR 5/4
distinct color break between between two units.
10Y 5/4/5YR 5/4
10Y 5/4 SYR 5/4
two colors present throughout the interval noted. First color is most prevalent and the right hand color is present as clots, belbs, or patches.
distinct interlamination throughout the interval noted.
10Y 5/4 (SYR 5/4) oxidized color (unoxidized color) this notation is used only where partial oxidization of the sediments has occurred and the unoxidized color is readily apparent.
Fossils
fish scale*
fish bone*
* Also used in column entitled Radiographic
11
gastropod*
clam* '
root
root level
wood oriented parallel to bedding plane
wood not parallel to bedding plane
plant fragment parallel to bedding plane
plant fragment not parallel to bedding plane
Photograph Number
Numbers refer to the index number of both the color and black and white
photos taken of the cut surface of the core segment.
Example: 7-1-1 refers to Core 7, Slug 1, Photo 1.
There are 5 photos for each slug in Core 5.. Each photo covers
approximately 20 cm of core segment length with overlap with adjacent
photos.
These photos may be examined and copies made at the requestor's expense
by contacting:
John D. SimsU.S. Geological SurveyEarthquake Tectonics Branch345 Middlefield RoadMenlo Park, California 94025
* Also used in column entitled Radiographic
12
Radiographic
This column contains supplementary information derived from an analysis
of information taken from x-ray radiographs. The notations used in this column
are a combination of those marked by * under the headings Bedding Plane
Type, Bedding Plane Structure, Layer Properties, and Fossils, plus
some additional special symbols not previously used (list below):
granule - an x-ray opaque small body < 1 mm in diameter.
granule cluster - a regularly to irregularly shaped mass of granules.
pebble - a large (> 3 mm diameter) x-ray opaque body.
mottling - areas of low x-ray transparency of irregular shape and unknown origin.
bioturbation - animal burrows. The degree of sediment disturbancegenerally accompanies this note such as: heavy, slight, etc.
A6 _ a difference in x-ray transparency between stratigraphicsubunits due to compositional, grain size or other'physiochemical differences.
fractured - physical breaking of the indicated part of the sediment slice that usually occurred during sample preparation prior to x-ray inspection.
plastic - plastic chips derived from sawing the rigid plastic core container.
Sample Number
Three types of sample numbers are present and identify samples taken for
specific tests or supplementary data. The specific use and identity of samples
are as follows:
1) Four digit numbers without a prefix are reserved for bulk mineralogy,
fine grain size analysis (fraction < 125 y diameter), fossil cladocerae,
palynological examination, weight loss on drying, fossil diatoms and
macrofossil content.
13
2) Four digits prefixed by "I" (example: 1-7030). A radiocarbon date
performed by Mr. James Buckley in the laboratories of Isotopes, Inc.,
Westwood, N.J. The absolute date and all pertinent data are listed
at the bottom of the page on which the sample number occurs.
3) Four digits prefixed by "W" (example: W-3030). A radiocarbon
date performed by Mr. Meyer Rubin in the laboratories of the U.S.
Geological Survey, Reston, VA. The absolute date and all pertinent
data are listed at the bottom of the page on which the sample number
o&ciirs.
Acknowledgements;
This project was in part financed by a grant from Lake County, California.
We wish also to thank D. Adam, D. Peterson, G. Reed, D. Greenwood, I. Gassoway,
P. Margolin and R. Wright for their assistance during the coring operations at
Clear Lake.
14
REFERENCES
Anderson, C.A.,1936, Volcanic history of the Clear Lake area, California:
Geol. Soc. America Bull., v. 47, p. 629-664.
Bouma, A.H., 1963, Sedimentology of some flysch deposits: Amsterdam,
Elsevier Pub. Co., 168 p.
Brice, J.C., 1953, Geology of Lower Lake Quadrangle, California: Calif.
Div. Mines, Bull. 166, 72 p.
Coffman, J.L. and von Hake, C.A., 1973, Earthquake history of the United
States: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Publication 41-1, 208 p.
Munsell Products, 1973, Munsell Soil Color Charts, 1973 edition, Baltimore,
Md., Munsell Products.
Sims, J.D., 1973, Earthquake-induced structures in sediments of Van Norman
Lake, San Fernando, California: Science, v. 182, p. 161-163.
Sims, J.D. and Rymer, M.J., 1974, Gaseous springs in Clear Lake, California,
and the structural control of the lake basin: Geol. Soc. America,
Abstracts with Programs, v. 6, no. 3, p. 254.
Sims, J.D. and Rymer, M.J., 1975, Preliminary description and interpretation
of cores and radiographs from Clear Lake, Lake County, California: Core 7,
Open File Report No. 75-144, 21p.
15
-Appendix A
Graphical Logs
HOLE^_ SLUG_i_ DEPTH _JL_cm. toji_cm.
LITH.o:en' STRUCT. LAYER COLnR PROPS. COLOR uo PHOTO
£ *
RADIO- GRAPHIC SPL.
#
disseminated granules and bioturbation throughout
3" Ostenberg
LITH.
CDSTRUCT. PROEPS. C°LOR O
LL
PHOTORADIO-
GRAPHICSPL.
91
101
Ill -
121
131
141
151
161
171
181 -
*-10
-20
-30
$% $&? -
-70
-90
MOO
®
©
- 2082
- 2083
2084
- 2085
- 2086
- 2087
2088
©
- 2089
bioturbation and disseminated granules throughout
3" Ostenberg
HOLE^_ SLUG_i_ DEPTH cm.
LITH.OD
STRUCT. LAYER PROPS. COLOR
PHOTO RADIO- PH^I0 GRAPHIC
SPL. #
183
193
203
213
223
233 H
243
253 -
263 -
273 -
10
20
-30
-40
-50
5-60
h90
- 2090
. 2091
- 2092
- 2093
- 2094
. 2095
- 2096
. 2097
^ 100
bioturbation, disseminated fish bones, scales and teeth throughout
HOLE_
LITH.
CDSTRUCT. LAYER
PROPS.COLOR O
U.
PHOTORADIO-
GRAPHICSPL.
#
274
284 -
294
304
314
324
334
344 -
354 :
364 -
;-10
-20
-30
a-40
*-50
-60
-90
5Y4/1
5-4-1
5-4-2
5-4-3
5-4-4
- 2098
- 2099
_ 2100
- 2101
- 2102
- 2103
- 2104
MOO
bioturbation, disseminated granules, fish bones and scales throughout
oxidation along fractures
HOLE_5_ SLUG_A_DEPTH J66_cm. io^i_cm.
LITH.STRUCT.
366
376 J
386 -m
396 H
406
416 -:
426
436
446
456 -
-10
20
30
.x.-.virti-jj > ^ss-^i^-40
-50
-60
70
"80
-90
-100
COLOR gRADIO-
GRARH|CCDISPL.
5Y4/1
©
5-5-1
5-5-2
5-5-3
5-5-4
h 1928
I 1929
bioturbation and disseminated granules throughout
oxidation zone along fractures
LITH. o:CD
STRi \rr LAYER /~/^i nR t/> PHOTO biKUCT. PROPS. <~ OLOR O .# RADIO-
GRAPHIC SPL. #
457
467
487
497
507
517
527
477 -i
537
547 J
-10
-20
$h30
-40
h50
rso
r90
5GY4/>
5Y4/1
*
5-6-1
5-6-2
5-6-3
5-6-4
©
V
- 1930
- 1931
- 1932
- 1933
- 1934
- 1935
- 1936
" 1937
bioturbation and disseminated granules throughout fish bones throughout
HOLE-5_ SLUG_z_DEPTH_549_Cm.
LITH.
549
559
569
579
589
609
619
599 -
629
639 -
0
^10
-20
30
n40
-50
-60
70
80
-90
STRUCT. LAYER PROPS.
COLOR^ Punrn RADIO- $ PH ° GRAPHIC U.
SPL. #
5GY4/1
5Y4/1
5-7-1
5-7-2
5-7-3
5-7-4
... 1938
- 1939
- 1940
. 1941
bioturbation and disseminated granules throughout fish bones throughoutoxidation along fractures
HOLEl
LITH.
640
700
710
720
730
ortf STRUCT. LAYER PROPS.
COLOR*2 pwrvrrs RADIO-co rHOTO /-OAPUJI/-Q ^y. GRAPHICU.
SPL.
#
650 J
660
670 J
680 -
690 -,
-30
-40
60
1-70
-90
L-100
Z"
.
^ ,
-
5-8-1
5-8-2
5-8-3
5-8-4
^
V a=>
'A6
- 1942
. 1943
- 1944
. 1945
. 1946
. 1947
- 1948
. 1949
bioturbation, disseminated granules and disseminated fish bones throughout
HOLE -A. SLUG-l_ DEPTH . to_i2i_cm.
LITH. UJ
732
742
752
762
812
mSTRUCT. LAYER cct( OR PROPS. COLOR
toCOOLL
PHOTORADIO-
GRAPHICSPL. #
772
782 ^
792 -
802
822 I
}-30
-60
-70
reo
-90
MOO
5GY4/1
<*£/!
©
5-9-1
5-9-2
5-9-3
5-9-4
'
V
- 1950
- 1951
- 1952
1953
- 1954
- 1955
1956
1957
bioturbatior^, disseminated fish bones and scales throughout
HOLE^_ SLUGl°_ DEPTH
LITH.
853
863
873
883
893
a*CD
823
833 _
843 i
903 -
913 -
-20
30
-40
-50
70
-90
STRUCT. LAYER cct\ OR PROPS. C°LOR $ PHOTOo -~H- u.
RADIO- GRAPHIC
SPL.
MOO
5GY4/1
5Y4/1
»
©
-
5-10-1
5-10-2
5-10-3
5-10-4
®
. 1958
. 1959
' 1960
1961
. 1962
1963
- 1964
. 1965
bioturbation, disseminated fish bones and scales throughout
HOLE_L SLUG2L_DEPTH
914
924
934
944
954
994
LITH. L'tfSTRUCT. LAYER pni OR PROPS. COLOR $ PHOTO
O --ffu.
RADIO- GRAPHIC SPL.
#
964
974
984 ^
1004 -
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
l~ BO
[-90
*
5GY4/1
5Y4/1
5-11-1
5-11-2
5-11-3
5-11-4
m (AS)ash?
t , r v^no;
. 1967
- 1968
. 1969
- 1970
" 1971
1972
- 1973
- 1974
L-100
bioturbation, disseminated granules, and disseminated fish bones and scales throughout
oxidation along fractures and edges
HOLE-L- SLU6-ig-DEPTH 1006 Cm.
LITH. L'tf
1006
1056
1066
mSTRUCT. LAYER
PROPS.COLOR O
LL
PHOTORADIO-
GRAPHIC SPL. #
1016 -
1026
1036 -
1046
1076
1086 2
1096 -
0
-10
-20
-30
r-40
-50
-60
70
^-80
-90
-100
5Y3/1
5-12-1
5-12-2
5-12-3
5-12-4
.
V
;
V
- 2003
' 2004
- 2005
. 2006
" 2007
. 2008
_ 2009
heavy bioturbation, disseminated granules, fish bones and scales throughout
LITH. UJ
1097
mSTRUCT. PROPS. C°LOR u! PHOTO
O -ffu_
RADIO- GRAPHIC SPL.
#
1107 ~
1117 -
1127 J
1137 -
1147
1157 -
1167 _
1177 -
1187 -
^30
-40
-60
70
"80
-90
L-100
-,
5-13-1
5-13-2
5-13-3
5-13-4
Vpebble
pebblepebblepebble
. pebble
pebble
pebble
.
pebble
pebble
- 1988
. 1989
- 1990
1991
1992
1993
- 1994
bioturbation, disseminated granules, fish bones and scales throughout
HOLE-1. SLU6-1*- DEPTH cm.
LITH. L'ttSTRUCT. LAYER
PROPS.
^ Pwn-m RADIO S' PH^° GRAPHIC
u_
SPL.
#1189
1199
1209 -
1219 J
1229
1239 J
1249 -
1259 -
1269
1279 J
0
10
20
30
-40
50
-60
-70
-80
-90
MOO
5Y4/1
,
5-14-1
5-14-2
5-14-3
5-14-4
V
ex
,V
0>4
** I ^6^ granules
-
- 1995
. 1996
- 1997
" 1998
- 1999
- 2000
- 2001
- 2002
bioturbation and disseminated granule clusters throughout
LITH.
1280
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
30
1360 -
1370
-60
70
-80
h90
100
ft.' Q, QTRi I/~T LAYER CC>\ OD ^ PHOTO /-DAOLJI/~ SPL.ri > STRUCT. PROPS. COLOR Q ..^ GRAPHIC ^.
5Y4/1
f
5-15-1
5-15-2
5-15-3
5-15-4
V
Tgranuleclusters
1
- 2010
. 2011
- 2012
" 2013
- 2014
' 2015
bioturbation throughout disseminated fish bones throughout
HOLE-1. SLUG-li-DEPTH 1*33 cm. to_i524_cm.
LITH.
1433
1443
1453
1463
1473
1483
1493
1503
STRUCT. LAYER CO LOR<£ PUOTO RADIO- g PHC^O GRAPH|Cu.
SPL.
#
1513 -
1523 J
0
-10
;-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
MOO
5Y4/1
5-16-1
5-16-2
5-16-3
5-16-4
V
A6
^
V A6
00
granules
<=*
Tash?
. _L
_ 2016
- 2017
- 2018
- 2019
- 2020
. 2021
- 2022
2023
heavy bioturbation throughout
30-72 cm: cracks containing drillers mud
HOLE-1- SLUG_I2-DEPTH_M24cm.
LITH.
1524
1534
1594
1604
o:CD
STRUCT. LAYER co\ OR PROPS. COLOR*£ purvr^ RADIO- $ PH2J° GRAPHIC U_
SPL.
#
1544 -
1554
1564 -
1574 ^
1584
1514 L
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-60
-70
r&o
-90
-100
5Y4/2
'
5-17-1
5-17-2
5-17-3
5-17-4
V
,
04
- 2024
2025
- 2026
- 2027
- 2028
- 2029
- 2030
- 2031
bioturbation throughout
1705
3" Ostenberg
HOLE-!. SLU6-JJ-DEPTH MIS cm. toizo7_ C m.
LITH.
1615
1625 J
1635
1645 J
1655 -
1665
1675 H
1685
1695 -
-30
-60
-70
-80
-90
o:CD
STRUCT. p^* COLOR "> PHOTOO
RADIO- GRAPHIC
SPL.
#
MOO
5Y3/2
V
v
granule
V
V
V
granules' e
- 2105
- 2106
. 2107
' 2108
2109
2110
scattered oxidation along fractures
1707
1717
3" Ostenberg
HOLEJ- SLUG1L_ DEPTH JQ1798 cm,
LITH. .CO
STRUCT. PROPS. C°LOR i/> Ou.
PHOTORADIO-
GRAPHICSPL.
#
1727 -
1737 -
1747 -
1757 ^
1767
1777 -
1787 -
1797 J
-20
-30
-40
r50
-60
-70
5Y4/1
debris1
fracture © |
04
V
V
04
V0=3
(^1)
J_CD
' ©
f ! 'i ^ \ * / i /
©
i
- 2111
. 2112
- 2113
- 2114
> 2115
- 2116
- 2117
-80
-90
-100
granules, bioturbation, and scattered vivianite throughout
fish bones throughout
3" Ostenberg
HOLE-m
1798 -,
1808 j
:
1818 :
1828 1
1838 -j
1848 J
1858 -
1868 -
1878 -j
1888 j
L-ITH. . UJ LAYER ^~, ^ ^ PHOTO RADIO- SRLQ. Q. <n~Pi ir*T t_^ic.r\ (~r\l HR ^ rr">^ ' ^ rXDADUi^* //m- > STRUCT. PROPS. CULOK Q ^ GRAPHIC ^
in$$&$!};$
Htt
^
Hil?\?.yv&:?3j gS.'i'iWA? ;»?V^-?;«
l^s^j
iflllJ
wY/\
u '
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
.
-70
"80
-90
-100
5Y4/2
©
granules
- 2118
_ 2119
- 2120
- 2121
2122
- 2123
r. 2124
bioturbation, disseminated vivianite , disseminated plant fragments, and disseminated fish bones throughout.
1890
3" Ostenberg
HOLE-1. SLUG-1L DEPTH cm.
LITH.OLm
LAYER PROPS.
PHOTORADIO-
GRAPHICSPL.
#
1900 J
1910 -
1920
1930 -
1940 -I
1950
1960 -
1970 -
1980 J
0
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
MOO
5Y4/2
V
V
04
V
. A6< * ex(A6)
a=>
-T-
^^ granules
04
- 2125
- 2126
- 2127
2128
- 2129
' 2130
- 2131
bioturbation throughout
3" Ostenberg
HOLE_5_ SLUG-12. DEPTH i98i Cm. to_2ozicm.W V -^^- ^^H» M^M .1 - ! -^^ ^M» ^^ -^^ «^^- M^M » V . -^^ W ^ "^^- .... _ -^^
LITH. UJ LAYER ^ PHOTO RADIO- sp, 0-:^: STRUCT. ^£ COLOR g PH^° GRAPHIC t£L ' m f PROPS. £ -7F ^t
1981 -
1991 --
_
2001 ~-
2011 -
2021 J
2031 -j
2041 j
-
2051 ^.-
;2061
2071 -
-
1!<VP&\&&
AMSff&^RWaVfeSsi? j^^§3^S ^"?^fev^l Si^-.'jrci*.)$>;!$&^S^ ^S^I^S ^iS^S
Wtij&ti<& &$ :y>r.''iJ.vSc'^?ift^' 'v!««JB-lV
RilintffciV##J
^p;jr.&'.-wjV-'' Vfer'"^
^|^?s««jfes2il^p'/ " ''V'-'iWo
!£:£)§$$ IpH
?^*-^>5ffi?s5^?^ S??^^ $i®£f.'-^fttt;;
^^i ^'rV^
^rVM;'-i iw&sv*; i'^.ftjS/'5*»>:«&'??
&£«£ $»l-7S«t-?iiV. fftlPSiS;:;.<.S.itvii KsS{«3»«
2*'-j|*''' (*%££**
&£$£.y^s^*Vi*Af'-'itjJ'r.:
YA
-10
.
-20
-
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-
-80
-90
-100
5Y3/2
5BG4/1
5Y3/2
5GY6/1
as"h?
_oo
~~L~
V
1 i 1
ash? 1
A6
04
A6
V
- 2132
- 2133
r\ -1 r\ /- 2134
. 2135
- 2136
- 2137
2138
bioturbation throughout
HOLE-L SLUG-!! DEPTH J2Z3.cm. to cm.
2073 -r
-
2083 -
;
.
2093 -
-
2103 ~
2113 -j
2123 ^
2133 -;
2143 -
2153 -
2163 -
ITU ^ « > n r--ri-n ^~- LAYEK /~/"vl /~vD I/) i MU 1 O°-. 5: STRUCT. PD/^DC COLOR Q ..m p rnoHb. ^ -«-
1^^-«««i«f. «*sv>>«Ar-ff-^g^
^S
fi
^
K
|!^5pC2»»
sD
X
- u '
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-
-80
-90
-100
5Y3/1
04
'
-
04
5-23-2
5-23-3
5-23-4
5-23-1
RADIO- GRAPHIC
ash?
^ash?-J-
A5 I- 'T ®^high organic
content
A5 L-
' (A6)
SPL. #
~ 2032
- 2033
. 2034
2035
- 2036
- 2037
disseminated granules and bioturbation throughout
oxidation along fractures
SLUG_11 DEPTH Jii^cm.
2164
2174 -
2184 -j
2194 j
-
2204 -^
--
2214 J
2224 -J
2234 J
2244 -_
2254 ~
UTH - a: g STRUCT. }£ COLOR jg PH°TO ^5^CD r^ ' KLJ"O. V -*r-
§S$$§®
tfcWi^lM'
tiliV?5wWi
^^
jjlisj^-f^lVj-if S'jfeji';
^^
S®
MiHB4^HpB^BIB8BW
X
- u
-10
\ high c / cof?ter-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
jganic
/^5Y4/1
5Y4/1
5-24-1
5-24-2
5-24-3
5-24-4
04
_____
ash?pebbles and granules
104
03
04
V
SPL.
-2038
i-W-3
- 2039 J
- 2040
- 2041
~ 2042
~ 2043
- 2044
__2045
W-3220: 24,080 +_ 1,000 yr. BP
bioturbation and disseminated plant remains throughout
Appendix B
X-ray Radiographs
\