Click to edit Master title styleOpen Data as Enabler of Public Service Co-creation:Exploring the Drivers and Barriers
Maarja Toots, Keegan McBride, Tarmo Kalvet, Robert Krimmer
CeDem’17, Krems17 May 2017
The promise of open data
Open (government) data:
New data-driven services
Open government:
• open data, open processes
• public scrutiny & transparency
• public involvement & participation
Co-creation/co-production:
• user perspective
• co-creation of value
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
A vision for public services
„Such an open government model builds on open data, open services and open decisions. The provision of public services results in the creation of public value. Empowering individually and collectively all actors that play a role in the constitution of society and sharing resources between all stakeholders will contribute to the creation of public value.“
European Commission, DG CONNECT 2013
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
The gap
• From vision to practice
• From what to how
• What factors affect our ability to useopen data for the co-creation of publicservices?
• Focus on drivers (enablers) and barriers(challenges)
• Joining two concepts: open data + co-creation
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
Research methodology
• Study within the OpenGovIntelligence project (Horizon2020)
• Literature review:
open data, open government data, data-driven services, service co-production/ co-creation, public sector innovation
academic literature + policy reports
• Survey of experts and practitioners:
May-June 2016
63 respondents from 6 countries(Belgium, Estonia, Greece, Ireland, Lithuania, UK)
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
Survey respondents
• 63 responses
34 public administration representatives
29 business, civil society & research actors
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
Nat gov
35%
Reg gov
6%Loc gov
11%
NGO
11%
Business
24%
Research
13%Nat gov
Reg gov
Loc gov
NGO
Business
Research
Survey questions
• 11 questions (mostly open) about:
Experience using open data
Experience with co-creation of publicservices using open data
Drivers and barriers to the use of opendata for service co-creation
Organisational capacities & needs relatedto open data-driven co-creation
Examples of successful & unsuccessfulpolicies and initiatives promoting opendata innovation
Suggestions for new policies/initiatives
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
Survey results
• Four broad categories of drivers and barriers:
1) data and technology;
2) stakeholders;
3) organizations;
4) regulations and policies
• Drivers often opposite of barriers
• Many drivers & barriers cited in literature reiterated
• Open data + co-creation = furthercomplication of the barriers related toboth
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
Barriers DriversData and technology
B.DT1 - Lack of availability of open data D.DT1 - Availability of open data
B.DT2 - Lack of data quality, fragmentation of datasets
D.DT2 - Provision of high-quality easy-to-use datasets, provision of datasets of key importance
B.DT3 - Messy data formats and lack of metadata D.DT3 - Harmonization of data and metadata
B.DT4 - Missing infrastructure to support open data D.DT4 - Open Data Portals
Stakeholders (perceptions, attitudes, culture)
B.S1 - Political environment, political will D.S1 - Citizen demand and visionary policy-makers
B.S2 - Lack of awareness of open data and benefits D.S2 - Awareness of open data and benefits
B.S3 - Technological skillset missing D.S3 - Training and skills development
B.S4 - Requires trust and participation D.S4 - Participation
Organizations
B.O1 - Existing business models, resourceconstraints
D.O1 - Development of new business models
B.O2 - Missing innovation orientation in public sector
D.O2 - Presence of innovative orientation in public sector
B.O3 - Incompatible organizational processes D.O3 - New organizational processes required
Legislation and policies
B.LP1 - Legislation on data sharing and licenses D.LP1 - Legislation on data sharing and licenses
B.LP2 - Limited legal obligation to publish open government data
D.LP2 - Strengthening legal obligations to publish government data as open data by default
B.LP3 - Privacy and security concerns D.LP3 - Increases transparency and accountability
Key barriers
• Availability of relevant, good quality, usableopen data
• Low awareness of the value and potentialuses of open data
• Low perceived benefits of open data
• Lack of resources
• Low political priority
• Low awareness of the benefits of co-creation
• Cultural impediments to co-creation
• Existing governance processes and businessmodels that are incompatible with opengovernment & co-creation
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
Policies as drivers
• Several good examples of policy drivers, both national (UK, Greece) & cross-border (EU, OGP)
• Characteristics of successful policies:
Ambitious but practical
Comprehensive, systemic approach(combining legal obligation with soft supportmeasures and financial incentives; makingopen data part of open government strategy)
Focus on creating incentives, reducingtransaction costs
Backed by strong political will
Needs-driven, user-centric
Cross-border comparison (OGP)
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
Recommendations
• Turning the vicious circle into a virtuouscircle:
• Two starting points:
1) provide open data
2) share examples of co-creation
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
Awareness
Perceivedvalue
WillProvisionof open
data
Co-creationof services
Policy recommendations 1
• Make open data a political priority
• Take a comprehensive, systematic policyapproach to open data and open government
• Publish key datasets as open data
• Introduce a legal obligation for government institutions to make public sector data open by default
• Review data licensing and copyright regulations for compatibility with open data goals, public interest and new business models
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
Policy recommendations 2
• Increase public officials’ awareness of personal data protection regulations and ways to publish data without compromising privacy and security
• Remodel existing processes for public service production to integrate co-creation
• Engage in cross-border collaboration for the harmonization of data standards to add value to open datasets
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
Policy recommendations 3
• Provide and disseminate concrete applications to display open data solutions
• Initiate capacity-building and training programs for public sector officials:
specialized training programs on open data and digital skills
open data handbooks
provision of guidelines
sharing best practices
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
What can other stakeholders do?
• Take an active role, lead by example
• Demonstrate the value of open data(initiate new services; prototype & disseminate applications for data analysis and visualization; share success stories & best practices)
• Make active use of existing open data to build small applications and services
• Demand open data from government
• Initiate capacity-building and training programs for citizens, private and non-profit sector
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
Conclusions
• Open data-driven public service co-creation – a complication of complicatedthings
• Country context seems to matter lessthan expected
• Solution: starting the revolution top-down and bottom-up at once:
Comprehensive policy approach (legalobligation + soft coordination + supportmeasures)
Demand from citizens and grassroots groups
Sharing and communication
Willingness to collaborate to explore theunknown
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017
Next steps
• Ongoing research
• Testing the initial assumptions on sixreal-life pilots (BE, GR, EE, IE, LT, UK):
More thorough understanding of thedrivers and barriers in different domainsand country contexts
What challenges are common for all sixpilots?
How can barriers be addressed and drivers taken advantage of?
• Redefinition of the whole concept of „public service“?
CeDEM'17, Krems, 17 May 2017