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Revision C: March 2010
Style Guide
for
Technical Writing
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NOTICE
This style guide should be used only when a customer‐supplied style guide is either not
available or when it does not address the issue in question.
O’Neil & Associates, Inc.
495 Byers Road
Miamisburg, Ohio 45342‐3662
Copyright © 2010 by O’Neil & Associates, Inc.
All rights reserved. Published 2010.
Revision C – February 15, 2010.
An electronic copy of this style guide for internal use is located at: XXXXX.
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PREFACE
Introduction—Grammar versus Usage
Grammar
consists
of
the
rules
governing
how
words
are
put
together
in
sentences.
These
rules and theories concerning the structure and syntax are constantly changing and
evolving. In fact, as the grammar becomes more detailed and exacting, the usefulness of a
book on the various rules for the typical writer tends to diminish.
The vast majority of the linguistic issues that face most writers, however, do not concern
grammar—they concern usage.
The information presented in this document is concerned with how writers and editors here
at O’Neil & Associates use grammar to complete and accomplish the various writing tasks
that they face. If you would like more information on how grammatical rules apply in other
situations, you should consult other well‐respected guides, such as The Chicago Manual of
Style.
Style should not be confused with format. Style, in the sense intended in this guide, does
not mean how to set up a document in a word processing program. It does not define the
margins, columns, headers, or footers of a page. Style does not determine what kind of page
formatting is used. Instead, style determines how text should be written. Should you use a
comma before and in a series? Does the abbreviation for inch need a period? What words
should you capitalize in a title? These are all questions about style.
Purpose
This Style Guide provides solutions to style questions where there may not always be a right
or wrong answer. One publication might suggest one method, while another suggests a
different method. For this reason, we have adopted specific O’Neil styles in this Style Guide.
Also included are other commonly used and abused style issues and some grammar rules
(for quick reference). Information that is readily accessible through other sources may not
be included. See the following QC/QA Reference Library section for additional references
(available on the bookshelves in the hallway near Quality Assurance).
Authority
This Style Guide does not supersede any existing style guide for any particular program.
However, it is the default style guide for work that does not have a style guide and for issues
not covered in existing style guides.
This
Style
Guide
is
a
living
document
and
will
change
over
time
as
documentation
and
the
publishing discipline evolve. Talk to an editor or a quality assurance analyst about questions
or conventions not mentioned in this document or about suggestions or improvements for
future revisions. The Style Guide will be revised periodically.
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QC/QA Reference Library
Additional reference materials are available in the QC/QA department and are located in the
bookshelves located outside of our offices. These references include:
Binder Section:
ASD‐STE100 Simplified Technical English. Issue 4, January 2007. Brussels, Belgium: ASD
( previously AECMA), 2007.
ASME Abbreviations and Acronyms. ASME Y14.38a‐2002. New York: The American Society
of Mechanical Engineers, 2002.
Boeing AV ‐8B Project: Style and Formatting Notes. Change 1 – November 1, 2006. United
States: Commander, Naval Air Systems Command 2006.
SGML/CALS Reference Document. 1 October 1998. United States: Northrop Grumman,
1998.
SGML for Working Folks. Jan 2, 1998. Dayton, Ohio: O’Neil & Associates, Inc., 1998.
The Tongue and Quill. Air Force Handbook 33‐337. United States: Secretary of the Air
Force, 1997.
United States Government Printing Office Style Manual. Washington, DC: United States
Government Printing Office, 2008.
Book Section:
Franklin Covey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication. Third Edition. Salt
Lake City: Franklin Covey Co., 1999.
Handbook of Technical Writing. Fifth Edition. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997.
Handbook of Technical Writing. Fourth Edition. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993.
McGraw ‐Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms. 6th Edition. New York: McGraw‐
Hill Book Company, 2002.
Merriam‐Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary . Tenth Edition. Merriam‐Webster, Inc., 1993.
Microsoft Computer Dictionary. Fourth Edition. Washington: Microsoft Press, 1999.
Professional Secretary's Encyclopedic Dictionary. Fourth Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall,
1989.
Proofreading Manual and Reference Guide. Virginia: Editorial Experts, Inc., 1981.
ROGET'S II: The New Thesaurus. Third Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995.
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Technical Editing: The Practical Guide for Editors and Writers. Massachusetts: Addison‐
Wesley Publishing Company, 1992.
The Business Writer's Companion. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996.
The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th Edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2003.
The Chicago Manual of Style. 14th Edition. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2003.
The Gregg Reference Manual. Eighth Edition. New York: Glencoe/McGraw‐Hill, 1999.
The Illustrated Dictionary of Electronics. Seventh Edition. New York: McGraw‐Hill Book
Company, 1997.
The Little, Brown Handbook. Seventh Edition. New York: Addison‐Wesley Educational
Publishers, 1998.
The New Lexicon Webster's Dictionary of the English Language. 1989 Edition. New York:
Lexicon Publications, Inc., 1989.
U.S. News and World Report Stylebook for Writers and Editors. Ninth Edition. Washington,
DC: U.S. News and World Report Inc., 2001.
Webster's Collegiate Thesaurus. Massachusetts: Merriam‐Webster Inc., 1988.
Webster's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language. New York:
Gramercy Books, 1996.
Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged.
Massachusetts: Merriam‐Webster, Inc., 1986.
Media Section:
GRAMMAR for Business Professionals. 3‐volume set of VHS tapes. Boulder, CO: CareerTrack
Inc., 1993.
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Table of Contents
NOTICE ..........................................................................................................................................2
PREFACE .......................................................................................................................................3
Introduction—Grammar versus Usage .............................................................................................. 3
Purpose ................................................................................................................................................. 3
Authority ................................................................................................................................................ 3
QC/QA Reference Library .................................................................................................................... 4
1. PUNCTUATION ......................................................................................................................9
1.1 Period ........................................................................................................................................... 9
1.2 Comma ......................................................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Semicolon .................................................................................................................................. 10
1.4 Colon .......................................................................................................................................... 111.5 Question Mark ........................................................................................................................... 11
1.6 Exclamation Point ..................................................................................................................... 12
1.7 Quotation Marks ........................................................................................................................ 12
1.8 Hyphens and Dashes ................................................................................................................ 13
1.9 Parentheses ............................................................................................................................... 15
1.10 Brackets ..................................................................................................................................... 16
1.11 Apostrophes .............................................................................................................................. 16
1.12 Slashes ....................................................................................................................................... 17
2. CAPITALIZATION ..............................................................................................................19
2.1 Titles ........................................................................................................................................... 192.2 Names ......................................................................................................................................... 20
3. NUMBERS AND UNITS OF MEASURE ...........................................................................21
3.1 Numbers ..................................................................................................................................... 21
3.2 U.S. Customary System (English) and the International System of Units (metric) ............ 25
3.3 Numerical Compounds ............................................................................................................. 26
3.4 Numerical Conversions ............................................................................................................ 27
4. WORD STYLE.......................................................................................................................30
4.1 Abbreviations and Acronyms .................................................................................................. 30
4.2 Contractions .............................................................................................................................. 31
4.3 Plurals ........................................................................................................................................ 32
4.4 Possessives ............................................................................................................................... 32
4.5 Prefixes ...................................................................................................................................... 33
4.6 Symbols ..................................................................................................................................... 33
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1. Punctuation
1.1 Period
1.1.1 Use of the period. A period marks the end of a declarative or an imperative
sentence. A single space—NOT two spaces—should follow a period at the end of a
sentence. (Many word processing and publishing programs will substitute a single
space for a double space automatically.)
For periods in lists, see section 6.1.4.
For periods in abbreviations, see section 4.1.2.
For periods in parentheses, see section 1.9.6.
1.2 Comma
1.2.1 Use of the comma. A comma indicates the smallest break in sentence structure and
denotes a slight pause.
For commas and semicolons, see section 1.3.2.
1.2.2 Three or more items. Use a comma when three or more items are listed in a series.
Place a comma before the and or or preceding the last item in a series.
Remove nut (1), cap (2), and plug (4) from the filter base.
Loosen hose clamp, remove hose (1), and attach tag for ease of assembly.The flag is red, white, and blue.
1.2.3 Introductory phrase. Use a comma after an introductory phrase or dependent
clause at the beginning of a sentence. Do not use a comma when the phrase is at
the end of the sentence.
For installation of the oil cooler, reverse the removal steps.
Reverse the removal steps for installation of the oil cooler.
1.2.4 Two complete thoughts and a conjunction. Use a comma where two complete
thoughts are separated by but, or, yet, so, for, and, or nor . The two complete
thoughts must have separate subjects and separate verbs.
The engine must be at idle before using the selector switch, and you must wear safety
glasses.
1.2.5 Parenthetical information. Use commas to set off parenthetical (nonrestrictive)
information.
Remove the connector pin, located under the mounting plate, from the connector pin
insulator.
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Do NOT use parenthetical commas when the information that would be contained
within them is essential.
The truck that is out of fuel must be moved.The filter element bowl containing the new filter element must now be installed.
1.2.6 Consecutive
adjectives.
Use
a
comma
to
separate
two
or
more
consecutive
adjectives preceding a noun.
Solder terminals of thin, black wires.
Use a clean, dry cloth to remove dirt or dust.
1.2.7 Setting off a year. Use a comma to set off the year if it follows the month and day.
Omit the comma when only the month and year are given.
This document was last revised on December 30, 2008.
This document replaces the one dated January 2006.
1.2.8 Setting off supplementary material. Use a comma to set off a supplementary
(nonrestrictive) word, abbreviation, phrase, or clause that is directly related to the
noun in the sentence. If it IS restrictive—essential to the noun it belongs to—no
comma should appear.
Ms. Jane Doe, president of the company, spoke to the employees at the meeting.
The project manager, John Smith, is the one who sent the e-mail.
This document replaces the one dated January 2006.
1.3 Semicolon
1.3.1 Use of the semicolon. A semicolon is stronger than a comma but weaker than a
period. Although it can be used in either manner, its function is usually closer to
that of a period.
1.3.2 Three or more items with commas. . Use semicolons in place of commas to separate
a series of phrases that already contain commas.
Bulk materials, such as backshells, contacts, and ring terminals; consumable materials, such as adhesives; and special tools, such as torque wrenches, are not included in the
detailed parts lists.
1.3.3 Two complete thoughts without a conjunction. Use a semicolon where two
complete thoughts are NOT separated by but, or, yet, so, for, and, or nor . The two
complete thoughts must have separate subjects and separate verbs.
Use an alcohol swab to clean the electrical contacts; allow the contacts to air-dry..
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1.3.4 Two complete thoughts with a transition. Use semicolons when two complete
thoughts are linked by a transitional expression (such as however, therefore,
accordingly, consequently, and moreover ). Place a semicolon in front and a comma
behind the transitional expression.
The manager has agreed to the project; however, we must wait for budget approval.
1.4 Colon
1.4.1 Use of the colon. A colon introduces an element or a series of elements modifying
what has preceded the colon.
Colons are also used to introduce lists.
1.4.2 With introductory phrase. A colon usually follows the identification of those being
addressed at the beginning of a speech or a formal communication.
Ladies and Gentleman:To Whom It May Concern:
Dear Credit and Collections Manager:
1.4.3 To introduce a list. A colon is normally used after an expression, such as for
example, namely, that is, the following, and similar expressions.
The removal steps are as follows: …
The Basic Issue Items include: …
Do not capitalize the first word after a colon when linking thoughts in the same
sentence unless the second thought is a complete sentence.
Fragment: Perform the follow-on maintenance: chock removal.
Sentence: Follow these procedures in order to tighten the cylinder head bolts: Put engine oil on bolt threads and tighten bolts in a numerical
sequence.
1.4.4 To express a ratio. Use a colon to represent the word “to” in a ratio.
10:1 3:5 147:256
1.4.5 To express time. Use a colon to separate hours, minutes, and seconds in
expressions of time in either the American 12‐hour or European 24‐hour format.
(Military time does not use a colon in its 24‐hour format.)
3:37 p.m. 12:00 08:30:55 16:45
1.5 Question Mark
1.5.1 Use of the question mark. The question mark is used to mark a direct question, to
indicate doubt, or surprise or disbelief. A double question mark is sometimes used
to humorously express total surprise or confusion and should generally be avoided.
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For technical writing purposes, use question marks only in troubleshooting
procedures to indicate the decision process within a test.
TEST 1 - Does transmission shift to drive or reverse after releasing parking brake?
1.6 Exclamation Point
1.6.1 Use of the exclamation point. Exclamation points are used occasionally in warnings
and cautions for emphasis. All other uses are discouraged for technical writing.
WARNING: Failure to comply may result in injury or death to personnel!
1.7 Quotation Marks
1.7.1 Use of quotation marks. Use quotation marks when quoting a person or citing
material from another document or source. Do NOT use quotation marks for
emphasis.
1.7.2 Citing another source. Use quotation marks when quoting a person, another
document, etc.
Verify that the temperature complies with the specification “Water Temperature Regulator.”
Place periods and commas inside closing quotation marks. This is a printing
standard in the United States (see example above).
1.7.3 Incorrect use of quotation marks. Do NOT use quotation marks for emphasis.
Highlight a word or group of words with bold or some other method of formatting
(italics is sometimes used as well); do not add quotation marks.
Do NOT use quotation marks to emphasize or identify text from video displays,
pieces of equipment, labels, etchings, or other markings. Use bold type for
emphasis with the text formatted exactly as shown on the equipment.
Correct: Turn switch to the OFF position. Incorrect: Turn switch to the “OFF” position.
Correct: Turn the knob to Bake until the display reads Ready.
Incorrect: Turn the knob to “ BAKE” until the display reads “ READY .”
NOTE: Customer‐provided style guides always take precedence. If a customer
style guide DOES use quotation marks for emphasis or to identify label text, do not
put any additional punctuation marks inside the closing quotation mark. If
appropriate, put any punctuation marks after the closing quotation mark.
Turn the knob to “Bake” until the display reads “Ready”.
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1.8 Hyphens and Dashes
1.8.1 Use of the hyphen. Hyphens are used primarily to divide or create compound
words, word elements, or names of numbers. Hyphens can also make for easier
reading by showing structure and pronunciation, as well as eliminate ambiguity. A
re‐
markable
surface
(one
capable
of
being
marked
more
than
once)
is
completely
different from a remarkable surface (one that is uncommon or extraordinary in
nature).
Hyphens are the shortest of the common “line” punctuation marks.
1.8.2 Use of the en dash. En dashes are used to indicate ranges and, as such, connect
numbers and (less often) words. This usage signifies up to and including (or
through). En dashes are roughly the width of the lowercase letter n and are slightly
longer than a hyphen.
The Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) recommends that the
word to be used instead on an en dash when the formatting of a number range
might be misconstrued as a subtraction “minus sign” within an equation.
(Preferred) Normal Operating Range: (0 °C to 100 °C) (Avoid) Normal Operating Range: (0 °C – 100 °C)
1.8.3 Use of the em dash. Em dashes are used to indicate a parenthetical thought—like
this one—or to indicate that a sentence is unfinished because the speaker has been
interrupted. Em dashes are roughly the width of an uppercase letter M and are the
longest of the common “line” punctuation marks. Avoid using em dashes in
technical writing.
1.8.4 Even
longer
dashes.
There
are
also
2‐
em
dashes
and
3‐
em
dashes,
but
these
are
generally never used in technical writing and should be avoided.
A 2‐em dash represents a missing word or part of a word. This is used to disguise an
omitted name, an expletive, or missing or illegible quoted material. These dashes
are roughly the width of two uppercase letter Ms.
The smudged name on the Immigration List showed only “Thom. Mu—ford, laborer”.
A 3‐em dash is used in bibliographies and is followed by a period. This is used to
represent the same author or editor named in the preceding entry contained in the
bibliography. These dashes are roughly the width of three uppercase letter Ms.
Mitchell, W.J. Thomas. Iconology Image, Text, Ideology. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1987.
———. The Last Dinosaur Book. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.
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1.8.5 Hyphens and compound adjectives. Use a hyphen with two or more words that
modify another word (compound adjectives).
well-ventilated oven self-locking nut
high-pressure hose
A good test to see if you should use a hyphen is to match up each modifier with the
noun. Consider the first example above (well ‐ventilated oven). You can say it is a
ventilated oven, but you can’t say it is a well oven. That is because the word well
does NOT modify oven; it modifies ventilated . Therefore, it must have a hyphen—a
well‐ventilated oven. If you can successfully match up each modifier with the noun,
you probably need a comma instead of a hyphen. Consider the phrase "… use a
clean, dry cloth.” A cloth can be described as clean and can also be described as
dry .
1.8.6 Creating new words. Use a hyphen when combining two or more words to create a
new word that has a different meaning.
double-check cross-reference
one-half
foot-pound
1.8.7 Numbered compound adjectives. Use a hyphen when compound adjectives begin
with a number as its first element. These adjectives are known as numerical
compounds.
3-amp fuse
two-tier shelf
3.8-hour day
NOTE: This use of hyphens only applies to numerical compounds that are being
used as an adjective. When numerical compounds are used as a dimension,
hyphens are not used in the sentence.
Numerical compound as an adjective: Install the 12-inch-wide panel.
Numerical compound as a dimension: Install the panel that is 12 inches wide.
For more information on using hyphens with numbers and compound adjectives,
see the quick‐reference chart in section 7.2.
1.8.8 Single‐letter compound nouns. Use a hyphen when compound nouns begin with a
single letter as its first element.
A-frame
X-ray
1.8.9 Adverb‐adjective compounds. Do not use a hyphen in adverb‐adjective
combinations when the first word ends in ly .
highly efficient engines
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1.8.10 Prefixes. Avoid using hyphens with most prefixes.
nonmetallicantiseize
posttest
preheat
For more information on the use of prefixes, see section 4.5.
1.9 Parentheses
1.9.1 Use of parentheses. Parentheses usually set off material that is less closely related
to the rest of the sentence than that enclosed in em dashes or commas.
SPELLING NOTE: Parenthesis (singular) refers to only one of the two curved marks
that are used to enclose additional information within a block of text. Parentheses
( plural ) refer to the set of both curved marks.
1.9.2 Including additional information. Use parentheses when including references,
examples, and ideas that are not part of the main idea of the sentence.
With the proper lever (on operator’s console) in the NEUTRAL position, the control valves are in the NEUTRAL position.
Remove screw from bracket (see Figure 1).
Inspect the sign for damage (i.e., missing, broken, bent, or cracked parts).
1.9.3 Measurements and their equivalents. Use parentheses for presenting
measurement equivalents (metric or standard).
Conduct all tests at a temperature of 65 to 85° F (18 to 29° C).The weight of the yoke is 650 kg (1,430 lb).
1.9.4 Figure callouts and index numbers. Use parentheses to include index numbers in a
sentence.
Use lifting straps and a hoist to position bumper (2) between yokes (1) as shown.
1.9.5 Acronyms. Use parentheses to enclose an acronym after its spelled‐out version.
For more information on acronyms, see section 4.1.
1.9.6 Entire sentences. When parentheses enclose an entire sentence, place the period
inside the end parenthesis.
Complete sentence example: Column 3 lists functions to be performed on the item listed
in Column 2. (For detailed explanation of these functions, see paragraph B-2.)
Sentence fragment example: Column 4 contains the item names of components,
assemblies, and modules for which maintenance is authorized (paragraph B-3).
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1.9.7 Using commas with parentheses. Never place a comma before a set of
parentheses; always place the comma after the parentheses.
For a list of all figures (IPL included), see Table 2.
1.9.8 Parentheses and brackets. In technical writing, parentheses are usually used to
enclose additional material that is not essential to the main idea of the sentence. If
additional material still needs to be included within the parenthetical material, such
as when English/metric conversions are being supplied, use brackets to enclose the
information. (This is the direct opposite of the practice used in mathematical
notations.)
Dry parts with compressed air (pressure should not exceed 30 psi [207 kPa]).
1.10 Brackets
1.10.1 Use of square brackets. Square brackets (or just brackets) are used mainly to
enclose material—usually added by someone other than the original writer—that
does not belong to the surrounding text.
1.10.2 Brackets and parentheses. In technical writing, brackets are usually used to enclose
additional material that is being included in parenthetical material, such as when
English/metric conversions are being supplied. (This is the direct opposite of the
practice used in mathematical notations.)
Dry parts with compressed air (pressure should not exceed 30 psi [207 kPa]).
1.11 Apostrophes
1.11.1 Use of the apostrophe. The apostrophe is used to indicate the possessives in both
nouns and pronouns, as well as to mark contractions of words and omissions in
sentences. In a few rare instances, the apostrophe is also used to indicate the
plurals of certain types of nouns.
1.11.2 Time expressions. Use an apostrophe in expressions based on time.
a week’s pay
in 3 days’ time
2 years’ experience
1.11.3 Plurals. Most nouns form their plural by adding s or—if they end in ch , j , s , sh , x , or
z—by adding es. The standard plural forms of most nouns are generally not listed in
most dictionaries. Merriam‐Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary , however, DOES give
plural forms of many tricky compound nouns or nouns with alternative plurals (where
two or more acceptable forms exist). When in doubt, consult your dictionary.
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1.11.4 Possessives. Use an apostrophe to form possessives. Generally, the possessive of
most singular nouns is formed by adding an apostrophe and an s, and the possessive
of most plural nouns is formed by adding an apostrophe only.
Possessives Singular Plural
Words not ending in s unit’s children’s
Words ending in s series’ screws’
(singular, possessive) the unit’s frame
(singular, possessive) the series’ components
(plural, possessive) the children’s clothes(plural, possessive) the screws’ heads
1.11.5 Contractions and omissions. In contractions, an apostrophe normally replaces
omitted letters. Merriam‐Webster lists many common contractions, along with
alternative spellings and any plurals. Since contractions generally denote a more
colloquial form of writing, its use in technical writing should be avoided.
1.12 Slashes
1.12.1 Terminology. The slash (/) is also known as the virgule, solidus, slant, or forward
slash. The backward slash (\) is also known as the backslash. Each type of slash has
its own distinct uses.
1.12.2 Signifying alternatives. A slash is most commonly used to denote alternative
choices, alternative spellings, and the like.
he/she and/or theater/theatre
1.12.3 Technical use. A slash is used to sometimes mean the word and .
A step within the removal/inspection/installation procedures …
1.12.4 With abbreviations. A slash may be used as shorthand for per , as in “120 km/sec”
or in lieu of a period for an abbreviation, as in “w/o” meaning “with out.”
1.12.5 With fractions. A slash can be used to mean “divided by” when a fraction bar is
inappropriate or impractical.
For more information on fractions within text, see section 3.1.6 on fractions, section
3.1.7 on text and case fractions, and section 3.1.8 on decimal fractions.
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1.12.6 With dates. Slashes are used informally in all‐numeral dates and to indicate date
combinations.
In the 2009/2010 school year… Taxes are due on 04/15.
NOTE: Remember that Canadians and Europeans put the day first in dd/mm/yy
format. Only Americans put the month first, using a mm/dd/yy format.
1.12.7 Computer and Internet Use. Single and double slashes are used in web addresses
and URLs. No space should precede or follow them. Both backslashes and slashes
are used in computer directory pathnames. The type of slash used is dependent on
the operating system being documented.
http://portal/Pages/Default.aspx (Internet and Intranet usage)C:\Documents and Settings\All Users (Windows, DOS, etc.)
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2. Capitalization
2.1 Titles
2.1.1 Capitalization overview. There are generally three ways in which a title can be
represented in special sections: uppercase, sentence case, and title case.
2.1.2 Uppercase. Titles expressed in uppercase would be written using all capital letters
(LIKE THIS). Because of the added difficulty of reading material written in “All Caps,”
it is probably the least‐used form and is reserved for items appearing on a title page,
a table of contents, an outline, or other special sections that tend to be
“referenced” rather than “read.”
2.1.3 Sentence case. In sentence‐style capitalization, only the first word of the title (and
any corresponding subtitle) is capitalized. If there are any proper names in the title,
then these words are also capitalized. All other words in the title would be written
using only lowercase letters.
2.1.4 Title case. Also known as initial capitals, “init caps,” and headline case, this style
uses a mixture of both upper‐ and lowercase letters in the title (Like This). Rather
than strict rules for capitalizing, this case uses more guidelines that are based as
much on aesthetics as they are on grammar.
These guidelines for capitalizing in title case appear in the following subsections.
2.1.5 Main words. Capitalize the first letter of the first word, last word, and all other
main words (nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) of titles, headings,
and subheadings.
2.1.6 Articles and conjunctions. Do not capitalize articles (a, an, the) or conjunctions
(and, but, or).
2.1.7 Prepositions. Do not capitalize short prepositions (in, of, to, etc.) unless they
appear as the first or last word of the title. Capitalize prepositions of four letters or
more (with, from, through, after, before, etc.) regardless of their placement within a
title.
Testing the Radiator and Cooling System for LeaksCleaning Procedures Before Disassembly
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2.1.8 Hyphenated compounds. Capitalize the first letter of all words of a hyphenated
compound in titles, headings, and subheadings except for articles, conjunctions, and
short prepositions. Do not capitalize the first letter after a hyphen following a
prefix.
27-Inch Electric Wall Oven
Gas-on-Gas Downdraft De-energize the Electrical System
For more information on hyphens, refer to section 1.8.
2.2 Names
2.2.1 Proper names. Capitalize the first letter of proper names.
Allen wrench
Belleville washer
Phillips head screwTeflon washer
2.2.2 Names of measurement units. Do not capitalize the names of units of measure
derived from proper names.
hertz newton pascal
joule watt ohm
The abbreviations of these words ARE often capitalized (Hz, N, Pa, J, and W).
2.2.3 Computer and equipment names. Capitalize the text of the names exactly as they
appear on the video displays, pieces of equipment, labels, etchings, or other
markings.
For additional emphasis, use boldface type, when possible, to indicate the text name.
DO NOT use quotation marks to indicate these fields.
Incorrect: Click on “OK” to continue.
Incorrect: When testing ends, the message “Test Complete” displays.
Correct: Click on OK to continue.
Correct: When testing ends, the message Test Complete displays.
Correct: Move master light switch to BRT position.
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3. Numbers and Units of Measure
3.1 Numbers
3.1.1 Numerals or words. Spell out numbers from zero to nine. Use numerals for
numbers 10 or greater.
four screws 15 washers six guidelines for sealant use
Use numerals for any number expressing time, measurement, or money. Time
includes such units as days, weeks, months, etc.
5 minutes 3 inches $27 7:02AM
3.1.2 Number beginning a sentence. NEVER begin a sentence with a numeral. Rewrite
the sentence if the spelled‐out version cannot be used.
Incorrect: Two-position switches are used on the circuit panel.
Incorrect: 2-position switches are used on the circuit panel.
Correct: The circuit panel uses two-position switches.
3.1.3 Consistency. Where many numbers occur within a paragraph, try to remain
consistent. Use either all numerals or all words within a sentence.
The cargo trailer has 18 cylinders, and the tanker trailer has 9 cylinders.
3.1.4 Punctuation of numbers. For U.S. publications, numerals of one thousand or more
use a comma to separate groups of three digits (starting from the decimal point and
moving left).
1,425 67,931 1,927,632
No commas are used in page numbers, addresses, and year numbers of four digits.
In some scientific and technical writing, commas are also often omitted from four‐
digit numbers.
The tools contained in the General Mechanic’s Automotive Tool Kit can be found on
page 3257 of the Maintenance Guide.
Our Oshkosh business facility is at 2211 Oregon Street in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.
Human artifacts dating from between 35,000 BP and 5000 BP have been identified.
The ASV can carry a payload of up to 3360 pounds.
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3.1.5 Decimals. Insert a zero before the decimal point if the decimal value is less than
one. Retain the zero after the decimal point or at the end of the decimal number
only if the zero represents exact measurement.
Correct: 0.75 mm
Incorrect: .75 mm
3.50-inch tubing (if source data includes the zero)
3.5-inch tubing (if source data does not include the zero)
3.1.6 Fractions. Use numerals for quantities containing both whole numbers and
fractions. Also use numerals with units of measurement or symbols; it does not
matter whether the units are abbreviated or written out.
Incorrect: five-eighths-inch tubing
Correct: 5/8-inch tubing
Incorrect: Paper, eight ½ by 11 inches
Correct: Paper, 8½- x 11-in.
Use text to spell out and hyphenate fractions appearing by themselves. This is
especially true if they are followed by of + article (a, an, or the) + additional text.
one-half
two-thirds of the assembled parts
3.1.7 Text and case fractions. Most fractions are set in text with a slash to separate the
numerator and denominator. These are known as text (or built) fractions:
Text fractions: 1/2 2/3 1/10 97/100 π /2 11/5 a/b …..
More common fractions may be set as case fractions (text‐sized fractions that exist
as a single character).
Case fractions: ½ ¼ ⅓ ⅔ ⅛ ⅜ ⅝ ⅞ …..
In all cases where both the project and the text‐processing software allow, use case
fractions (also called piece, or split fractions) within the running text:
8½- by 11-inch paper
NOTE: DO NOT mix case fractions with text fractions. If the software cannot produce
case fractions for all occurrences in the document, then use all text fractions to maintain
consistency.
Incorrect: 8½-inches by 2-1/4 inches
Correct: 8½-inches by 2-¼ inches
Correct: 8-1/2 inches by 2-1/4 inches
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3.1.8 Decimal fractions. If a quantity equals LESS than 1.00, a zero normally appears
before the decimal point. This is especially true if quantities GREATER than 1.00
appear in the same section of text.
An average of 0.75
A standard deviation of ± 0.85
The fraction ¼ can be represented by the decimal equivalent of 0.25.
If the quantity is always LESS than 1.00, as in firearm calibers, correlation
coefficients, batting averages, and the like, a zero is typically omitted before the
decimal point.
The turret has a .50-caliber machine gun mounted on it.Ty Cobb’s average was .367.
p > .05
3.1.9 Percentages. Always use numerals for percentages. In technical, scientific, and
statistical copy (and especially in charts and graphs), the symbol % is used. In more
humanistic copy (such as system descriptions or marketing materials), the word
percent is more appropriate.
Apply approximately 75 percent of the final torque value.
Maximum gradient climbable: 60 percent
A mixture of 50% Ethylene Glycol (EG) antifreeze to 50% water will provide freeze
protection to -34°F (-37°C).
Figure 1-112. Assembly Torque Values (N·m +10% -0).
Note that percent and percentage are not interchangeable (90 percent is a high
percentage). Also notice that there is no space between the numeral and the
symbol % (e.g., 75%).
3.1.10 Dates. Always use numerals for dates. Do not add suffixes, such as th, st, rd, etc.,
to dates (November 1, not November 1st).
1 September 2009 January 25, 2002
October 13 February 2007
The all‐numeral style of writing dates (02/15/2002, etc.) should NOT be used in
formal writing. American usage differs from many other countries and most military
applications. Depending on the usage, “03/01/91” may refer to either “March 1” or
“January 3”.
3.1.11 Publications. Always use numerals when referring to volumes, chapters, pages,
figures, tables, and other divisions of a manual or a book. Pages of the front matter
are usually in lowercase roman numerals while the rest of the book uses arabic
numerals.
See Figure 3 on page 28.
Refer to Section 2 of Chapter 14.The Table of Contents is on pages vii–xiv and the System Overview is on pages 1–42.
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3.1.12 Military divisions. Spell out numbers of one hundred or less in ordinal form (text)
when designating military divisions. Numbers greater than one hundred are
expressed in cardinal form (numbers) with the appropriate suffixes.
Second Infantry Division
Seventy-Seventh Regiment
155th Ohio Volunteer Infantry4077th MASH
3.1.13 Numerical compounds. Use a space between the numerical quantity and the
descriptive second element when it is used as a noun. Use a hyphen in adjective
compounds between the numerical first element and the adjective second element.
(noun) 24 volts
(adjective) 12-volt system
(noun) The battery provides 12 volts for the electrical system.(adjective) The ASV has a 24-volt electrical system.
For more information on numerical compounds, see section 3.3 and the quick‐
reference chart in section 7.2.
3.1.14 Rounding. Round up if the digit is five or greater. Round down if the digit is less
than five.
For example, the nonrepeating decimal for the math constant pi ( π ) is written as a
rounded approximation. Depending on the degree of accuracy needed, you might
round 3.141592…
… down to the nearest hundred-thousandth… 3.14159
…up to the nearest ten-thousandth… 3.1416
…up to the nearest thousandth… 3.142
… down to the nearest hundredth… 3.14… down to the nearest tenth… 3.1
Rounded numbers are only approximations; exact answers cannot be obtained
using rounded numbers. Calculations using rounded numbers can only be as precise
as the least‐accurate number. To perform a calculation using some numbers with 5
decimal places and some with 2 decimal places only serves to confuse the accuracy
in the resulting answer.
When listing multiple rounded numbers, try to be consistent by having roughly the
same number of decimal places in each of the numbers.
Correct 2.54 1.61 3.28
Incorrect 1.609 2.5 3.141592
For more information on rounding and numerical conversions, see section 3.4.
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3.1.15 Mathematical notations. Some software programs designed to present math
expressions have automatic spacing. If you are entering an expression manually,
use a space between common operations and numerals.
a + b = c
Use displayed expressions (i.e., equationsError! Bookmark not defined. shown
indented on a separate line) for lengthy equations or special equations deserving
emphasis. Do not punctuate displayed expressions that continue a sentence in the
text. For example, do not place a period after the equation in the example below:
Calculate output voltage needed to obtain a power level of 30 joules with the
following formula:
V = C J / 2
When it is necessary to group equations using mathematical fences, start with
parentheses and work from the inside (This is just the opposite of the practice used
in ordinary text). Use the following order with equations:
( { [ ( ) ] } )
Parentheses
Braces
Brackets
Parentheses
3.2 U.S. Customary System (English) and the International System of
Units
(metric)
3.2.1 Background. For the past 200 years or so, engineers and scientists have used two
major systems of units in measurements: the U.S. Customary System (based on the
British Imperial System) and the International System (which is commonly called the
metric system and is abbreviated as “SI”).
In technical writing, both systems are often used together to express measurements
because the composition and preferences of the end‐users are not always evident
or consistent. The following sections deal with how the differences between the
two systems should be handled.
3.2.2 Decimal sign or marker. In U.S. publications, use a period to indicate a decimal.
For numbers less than one, a zero is written before the decimal marker. In
international publications, a comma is used as the decimal marker for metric units.
125.5 mi U.S. publication
0.25 sec U.S. publication
125,5 km International publication
0,25 sec International publication
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3.2.3 Grouping of metric digits. Since a comma is used as the decimal marker for metric
units, do not use the comma to separate digits into groups of three. Instead, digits
should be separated into groups of three, counting from the decimal marker
towards the left (and the right) by using a thin, fixed space.
This practice is generally NOT followed for numbers having only four digits on either
side of the decimal marker. The exception to this would be for uniformity within a
table.
English SI (metric)
4.33 4,33
76,483,522 76 483 52276,483,522.256 76 483 522,256
76,483,522.256,9 76 483 522,256 90.2569 0,256 9
3.2.4 Listing conversions. In U.S. publications, list the English unit of measure first,
followed by the metric unit in parentheses. Reverse the order in international
publications.
Torque screw to 29 lb-ft (39 N·m). U.S. publication
Torque screw to 39 N·m (29 lb-ft). International publication
Use software to simplify calculations and preserve consistency. Currently, O’Neil
makes available the program Convert It!™ Pro (v3.56). See a LAN support analyst
for help in getting this software installed on your PC.
For additional information on performing conversions, see section 3.4.
3.3 Numerical Compounds
3.3.1 Introduction. Use a hyphen in adjective compounds between the numerical first
element and the adjective. Numerical compounds are unit modifiers consisting of
the following elements:
Number Primary Hyphen
Unit of Measure
Secondary Hyphen (as required)
Numeric Direction (as required)
Space
Item Description
3.3.2 A simple numerical compound. A term describing a panel which is 12 inches in
length contains a number, the primary hyphen, the unit of measure, and an item
description. It would be written as:
12-inch panel
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3.3.3 Adding a numeric direction. If there were a mixture of panels (say, in a parts list),
you might need to differentiate between items that were 12 inches wide from those
that were 12 inches long by adding a numeric direction. The item would now be
written as:
12-inch-long panel
3.3.4 Adding a decimal. Modifying the number by adding a decimal to the number would
not change the way the term is written. The item would be written as:
12.5-inch-long panel
3.3.5 Adding a fraction. However, adding a fraction to the number does change the way
the term is written because the number and the fraction are hyphenated and the
hyphen after a fraction is always omitted. However, the unit of measure and the
numeric direction still get a hyphen. The item would now be written as:
12-1/2 inch-long panel
3.3.6 Adding additional item descriptions. The addition of any other adjectives that do
not apply directly to the number do not change the way in which the term is
expressed. For example:
12-1/2 inch-long wooden panel
3.3.7 Additional examples. For more information on creating numerical compounds, see
the quick‐reference chart in section 7.2.
3.4 Numerical Conversions
3.4.1 Customer standards and specifications. Rules concerning numerical conversions
from one system of measurement to another may be governed by customer
standards or military specifications. There may also be customer‐supplied
conversion charts that are part of a legacy data document. In these instances,
follow the rules supplied by the customer.
3.4.2 Significant digits. In cases where there are no specific customer‐supplied rules,
conversions should follow a rule of reason: do not use more significant digits than
justified by the precision of the original data.
For example, 36 inches should be converted to 91 centimeters, not 91.44
centimeters (36 inches x 2.54 centimeters per inch = 91.44 centimeters), and 40.1
inches converts to 101.9 centimeters, not 101.854.
This rule of reason is especially applicable when referring to tools and—in most
cases—parts. However, this has more to do with practicality and availability rather
than mathematical accuracy.
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For example, a 1/4‐inch socket would convert to a 6‐millimeter metric socket—not a
6.35‐millimeter socket. Likewise, replacing a 2‐inch piece of wire in an electrical
system would usually require a 5‐centimeter replacement in the metric world rather
than the more “precise” 5.08‐centimeter version.
3.4.3 Converting a range of numbers. Conversions involving a range of numbers (for
torque values, for instance) require that the converted values be within the range of
the original values, regardless of what rounding or significant digits would normally
signify.
Calculating the minimum value within a range requires the resulting converted value
to be at least as much as the original value. This means that if rounding is involved,
the converted value will always bne rounded up. Rounding down would make the
converted value less than the minimum value of the original range.
Calculating the maximum value within a range requires the resulting converted
value to be at most as much as the original value. This means that if rounding is
involved, the converted value will always be rounded down. Rounding up would
make the converted value more than the maximum value of the original range.
For example, converting pressures of 50 and 85 pounds per square inch into
kilopascals as simple values would give you the following results:
75 psi = 517.107 kPa (simple conversion) = 517 kPa (rounded down)
85 psi = 586.055 kPa (simple conversion) = 586 kPa (rounded down)
However, converting those same pressures of 50 and 85 pounds per square inch
into kilopascals as a range of values would give you different results:
75 psi = 517.107 kPa (simple conversion) = 518 kPa (rounded up)
85 psi = 586.055 kPa (simple conversion) = 586 kPa (rounded down)
In this example, the converted figure for the maximum value is the same in both
examples. This is because rounding down for the maximum value keeps the
converted value within the original range of pressures.
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The minimum value, however, is different for the two examples. In the first case, a
single value is being expressed in two different systems of measurement. In this
instance, simple rounding and the use of significant digits is applied. The US
Standard value of 75 psi is converted to 517 kPa in the metric system.
In the second case, the converted value needs to be at least as much or more than
the original value. Rounding down in this instance would make the converted value
too small. (When a reverse conversion is performed, 517 kPa equals 74.984 psi,
which would be less than the original value of 75 psi.) Since this value needs to be
within the original range of pressures, the converted value is rounded up instead.
3.4.4 Converting specific temperature values. To make conversions of values between
the Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales, use the formulas listed below.
NOTE: Some conversion formulas list decimal conversion factors (0.555…. and 1.8 )
instead of the fractional conversion factors (5/9 and 9/5). The fractional conversion
factors give a more accurate conversion since you do not have to worry about
repeating decimals. (Fortunately, your calculator’s memory chip will handle that for
you.) Unless your project specifies otherwise, it is better to use the conversion
formulas that contain the fractional conversion factors.
Fahrenheit to Celsius Celsius to Fahrenheit
°C = (5/9) x (°F – 32) °F = ((9/5) x °C) + 32
Convert 32°F to Celsius Convert 100°C to Fahrenheit
°C = (5/9) x (32°F – 32) °F = ((9/5) x 100°C) + 32
°C = (5/9) x (0°F) °F = (180°C) + 32
°C = 0° °F = 212°
3.4.5 Converting temperature tolerances. Converting temperature tolerances can be
confusing in that it involves a conversion of a delta range (±5 °F) rather than a
specific temperature value (60 °F). Use the following formulas to convert
temperature tolerances.
Fahrenheit to Celsius Celsius to Fahrenheit
C = (5/9) x °F °F = (9/5) x °C
Convert ±3°F to Celsius Convert ±10°C to Fahrenheit
°C = (5/9) x 3°F °F = (9/5) x 10°C
°C = ± 1.66666…° °F = ± 18°
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4. Word Style
4.1 Abbreviations and Acronyms
4.1.1 Common abbreviations. Consult a recent Webster’s dictionary or The Chicago
Manual of Style for a list of common abbreviations.
4.1.2 Periods in abbreviations. Eliminate periods in and after most
abbreviations/acronyms.
ANSI COEI ATA lb
UPA SGML rpm oz
The following are exceptions to the preceding rule:
Abbreviations that require periods by convention.
B.C. e.g. U.S.
Dr. Mrs. U.S.A.
Abbreviations that spell a normal word.
in. for inches rather than in
no. for number rather than no
Do not use spaces in abbreviations with periods.
Correct: A.D. (no space)
Incorrect: A. D. (with space)
Use a single period when an abbreviation ends a sentence.
The aluminum tubing should measure 4.75 in. (rather than in..)
4.1.3 Plural abbreviations. Use the same abbreviation for singular and plural units of
measurement.
10 lb and 1 lb
15 ft and 0.5 ft
4.1.4 Abbreviations and units of measure. Only abbreviate units of measurement if used
in conjunction with a number.
Length of tape is measured in inches.
Cut 1.5 in. of heat shrink tubing.
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4.1.5 Latin abbreviations. Use periods in Latin abbreviations (e.g., etc., and i.e.) and
follow them with a comma.
e.g (for example) all types of hardware (e.g., screws, washers, and nuts)i.e . (that is) four score and seven years (i.e., eighty-seven years)
etc. (and others) Handle parts carefully during removal, cleaning, inspection,
installation, etc., to protect from damage or contamination.
4.1.6 Abbreviations and dates. Do not abbreviate months or days in normal text. Use
abbreviations in chronologies, notes, tables, and charts.
4.1.7 Symbol form of abbreviations. Avoid the symbol form of abbreviations except in
charts, graphs, illustrations, and other visual aids.
3 ft rather than 3’
0.75 in. rather than 0.75”
4.1.8 First usage of an acronym. Spell out an acronym the first time it is used and follow
it with the abbreviated version in parentheses. Use only the acronym thereafter in a
defined section or chapter.
Repair of the Rollover Protective Structure (ROPS) may be performed only after
consulting the factory.
NOTE: If the manual has a list of acronyms and abbreviations, and their definitions,
at the front or back of the book, it is not necessary to include the spelled‐out
version in the text.
4.1.9 Acronym usage. Avoid using an acronym unless it is used more than once in the
text.
4.1.10 Articles and acronyms. To determine which article to use before an acronym,
consider the first sound, not the first letter, of the acronym according to how the
acronym is pronounced.
an NVM (en-vee-em) semiconductor an LED (el-ee-dee) display
a NASA (na-sa) astronaut a LAN (lan) connection
4.2 Contractions
4.2.1 Usage.
A
contraction
is
a
shortened
form
of
a
word
or
phrase
in
which
an
apostrophe substitutes for the omitted letter(s).
is not = isn’t do not = don’t he is = he’s
will not = won’t cannot = can’t it is = it’s
4.2.2 Tone. Contractions are normally used to convey an informal tone. Avoid using
them if possible.
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4.2.3 Contractions and possessives. Do not confuse contractions with possessive
pronouns.
(contraction for “it is”) it’s
(possessive) its
4.3 Plurals
4.3.1 Plurals and acronyms. When letters and numbers are used as nouns, form their
plurals by adding s if this can be done without confusion.
CMMs NHAs
IPLs 1920s
NOTE: Add an apostrophe plus s only if making a possessive, or if adding s makes a
word.
i’s, A’s, p’s
4.3.2 Plurals and compound terms. Add s or es to the most significant word in
compound terms.
bill s of material motion picture s brother s-in-law
cup s ful court s-martial machine screw s
tablespoon s of sugar housewives rite s of passage
4.4 Possessives
4.4.1 Usage. Distinguish between true possessives and descriptive terms.
the lamp’s housing – possessive
the lamp housing – descriptive
NOTE: Both of these are correct, but the latter is preferred.
4.4.2 Joint possession. Use a single apostrophe plus s when joint possession is intended.
Correct: the cam and gearshaft’s weight
Incorrect: the cam’s and the gearshaft’s weights
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4.5 Prefixes
4.5.1 Prefixes. Avoid using hyphens with most prefixes.
nonmetallic
antiseize
posttest preheat
The following exceptions retain the hyphen after prefixes:
a) The prefix precedes a capitalized word.
un-American
non-Christian
b) There are repeated vowels.
anti-ice
de-energized pre-engineered
co-owner
c) The prefix stands alone.
over- and underused
d) The word might be misleading or difficult to read.
re-mark (meaning “to mark something again”, NOT “to comment on”.)multi-ply (meaning “composed of several plies”, NOT “to increase in number”.)
NOTE: There may be exceptions to the exceptions (e.g., cooperate, no hyphen).
Consult a dictionary when unsure.
4.6 Symbols
4.6.1 Symbols and text. Use the spelled‐out version of signs and symbols in text unless
the nature of the text is such that readers would expect to see the symbols (e.g.,
dollar signs and percent symbols in financial/accounting documents).
15 percent (not 15%)
a + b = c (not a plus b equals c)
raise ramp 45 degrees (not 45° )
store at 45° F (not 45 degrees F)
NOTE: Use symbols in tables, charts, graphs, illustrations, and other visual aids.
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4.6.2 Symbols in a series. Do not repeat a symbol in a series of numerical values.
-55 to 165° F (-48 to 74° C)
4.6.3 Symbols and spacing. DO NOT insert a space between the symbol and the
numerical value.
32° F rather than 32° F
50% rather than 50 %
±5 rather than ± 5
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5. Sentence Style
5.1 Actions per Step
5.1.1 Usage. For ease of comprehension, use only one action per step.
Strip insulation from end of wire.
NOTE: There are rare exceptions for practicality.
5.2 Subject/Verb Agreement
5.2.1 Subjects with singular verbs. Subjects connected by either…or, neither…nor, and
not only…but also require a singular verb.
(Uses singular verb) Connector 1 or connector 2 is damaged.
5.2.2 Pronouns with singular verbs. When used as a subject or a modifier of a subject,
each, every, either, neither one, another, much, anybody, anyone, everybody,
everyone, somebody, someone, nobody, and no one require singular verbs.
(Uses singular verb) Every connector is damaged.
(Uses singular verb) Each of these connectors is damaged.
5.2.3 Collective nouns and singular verbs. Use a singular verb with data. Although data
is the plural form of datum, it is widely used as a collective noun much like the word
information.
(Uses singular verb) Make sure the data is correct.
5.2.4 Subjects with plural verbs. Subjects connected by and require a plural verb.
(Uses plural verb) Connector 1 and connector 2 are damaged.
5.2.5 Pronouns with plural verbs. When used as a subject or as a modifier of a subject,
both, few, several, many, and others require plural verbs.
(Uses plural verb) Both types of connectors are damaged.
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5.3 Articles (a, an, the)
5.3.1 Nonprocedural text. Use articles in descriptive, operational, and theoretical text.
The indicator light consists of a housing assembly, a lamp housing assembly, a circuit
card assembly, and three lamps.
As the cam rotates, it will interrupt the motor circuit across switch S1 and slow the
motor.
5.3.2 Procedural text. Do not use articles in procedural steps unless necessary for clarity.
Install rear enclosure end plate (23) to enclosure (1) using lockwasher (20) and nut (21).
Remove nuts and bolts from compressor stator case horizontal flanges.
NOTE: Use caution when removing articles before words that could act as nouns or
verbs.
(Clear meaning) Remove the clamp and the cover.
(Unclear meaning) Remove clamp and cover.
5.3.3 Articles and acronyms. To determine which article to use before an acronym, see
section 4.1.10.
5.4 Person and Voice
5.4.1 Procedural steps. Use the second person for procedures. The you that is usually
required for text in the second person is implied.
(Actual) Remove damaged lens (45) from inner shell (40).
(Implied) You remove damaged lens (45) from inner shell (40).
5.4.2 Active Voice. In cases when the doer of an action is known, use the active voice.
The circuitry limits startup surge in the power supply.
…rather than…
Startup surge is limited by the circuitry in the power supply.
In this example, we know the doer—the circuitry—so the doer becomes the subject
of the sentence.
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5.4.3 Passive Voice. In cases when the doer of an action is not known or is insignificant,
the passive voice is used.
The map light is designed to provide illumination in a small area to reduce distracting stray light.
In this example, we do not know the doer—the map light designer—nor is the doer significant.
5.5 Readability
5.5.1 Sentence length. Use clear and concise language to promote better understanding
of the text. There are a number of calculators and formulas that you can use that
will compute a readability index for you. However, a very crude and rough measure
of readability can be achieved by trying to keep most of your sentences between 14
and 22 words in length.
If your average sentence consistently contains more than 22 words, it is likely that
your writing is not clear, or there may be too much detail or content, or you are
trying to perform more than one action within a single step. This makes the writing
appear to be overly complex and may confuse the reader.
If you consistently use less than 14 words per sentence, your writing may still be
difficult to read. Instructions and descriptions may appear choppy and disjointed,
and your ideas may appear broken and discontinuous.
5.6 Syntax
5.6.1 Sentence syntax. Keep the syntax of the sentence as simple as possible to avoid
confusion. Keep subjects close to verbs. Keep modifiers close to the words they
modify. Use conjunctions and transitions to show progress, sequence, connection,
and contrast.
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6. Document Style
6.1 Lists
6.1.1 Use of lists. Lists are useful because they emphasize certain information in regular
text and can help clarify meaning. Use lists to:
• help readers understand, remember, and review key points;
• help readers follow a sequence of actions or events; and
• break up long stretches of straight text
6.1.2 Numbered lists and bulleted lists. Use numbers or letters to indicate importance of
order in lists. Use bullets to indicate items of equal importance (bulleted items
should not be referenced by number or letter in text).
6.1.3 Lists and colons. Use a colon to introduce a list preceded by a phrase like as follows
or the following.
6.1.4 Lists and punctuation. Do not use periods in lists unless all items form a complete
sentence.
Refer to the Testing and Adjusting manual for the following procedures:1. Determine the length of the connecting rod.
2. Determine the distortion of a connecting rod.
3. Replace the piston pin bearing.
Check the following components for correct operation or damage:
•
Coolant system• Fuel injection pump
• Wastegate
NOTE: Be consistent. If one item has a period, all items must have a period.
6.1.5 Lists and capitalization. Capitalize the first word of each item of a vertical list (set
apart from the paragraph). See example above. Do not capitalize the first word of
each item of a list in a sentence unless each item is a complete sentence or the item
begins with a proper noun.
Check for correct operation or damage in: (1) the coolant system, (2) the fuel
injection system, and (3) the wastegate.
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6.2 Simplified English
6.2.1 Usage. Simplified English is a controlled general vocabulary and a set of writing
rules developed by the aerospace industry and its customers to help foreign users of
English language documentation understand what they read.
Simplified, not simple. However, do not be misled by the term into thinking that
“simplified English” is the same thing as “simple English.” Many times a very simple
and natural sentence, such as “Turn on the faucet.” must be rewritten to conform to
the requirements of Simplified English as “Turn the faucet handle clockwise to start
the flow of water.”
The vocabulary has sufficient words to express any technical sentence. The words
are chosen for simplicity and ease of recognition to create clear, unambiguous
writing. Many of its rules come from technical writing textbooks: use active voice,
use articles wherever possible, use simple verb tenses, use language consistently,
avoid lengthy compound words, and use short sentences.
Current copies. The most current electronic copy of the ASD Simplified English
manual is named “The current electronic version of the manual is named:
“ASD Simplified Technical English 100 Issue 4 Jan 2007.pdf”
…and is located in the following directory on the L drive:
L:\Projects\QA\Style Guides and Editing Charts\Simplified English
A paper copy of the document is also located in the Binder section of the QC/QA
Reference Library located in the hallway near Quality Assurance.
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7. Appendices: Quick Reference Charts
7.1 Common Proofreading Marks
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7.2 Numerical Compounds Chart
NOTE: This use of hyphens only applies to numerical compounds that are being
used as an adjective. When numerical compounds are used as a dimension,
hyphens are not used in the sentence.
Numerical compound as an adjective: Install the 12-inch-wide panel.
Numerical compound as a dimension: Install the panel that is 12 inches wide.
For more information on numerical compounds, see section 3.3.
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7.3 Commonly Misspelled Words Chart
absence describe immediately paid rhythm
abundance desperate incidentally parallel ridiculous
accessible develop independent particularly sacrifice
accidentally difference inoculate peculiar safety
accommodate dilemma intelligent perceive satellite
achieve disappear interesting perform scissors
acquire disappoint interfere permanent secede
acronym discipline interpretation persevere secretary
across discrepancy interruption personally seize
adapter does invitation persuade separate
address during irrelevant picture sergeant
advertise easily irritable piece shining
advice efficiency island planning similar
algorithm eight jealous pleasant sincerely
among either judgment political soldier
apparent embarrass keyboard possess speech
argument environment knowledge possible stoppingathlete equipped laboratory practical strength
awful equivalent length precede strenuous
balance exaggerate lesson prefer studying
basically excellent library preference succeed
becoming except license prejudice successful
before exercise loneliness presence sufficient
beginning existence losing prevalent surely
believe expect lying privilege surprise
benefit experience maneuver probably susceptible
breathe experiment marriage proceed technique
brilliant explanation mathematics professional temperature
business familiar medicine promise temporary
calendar fascinating millennium proof through
camouflage finally miniature psychology tourniquet
careful fluorescent minute quantity toward
category foreign mysterious quarantine tries
ceiling forfeit naturally quarter truly
cemetery forty necessary quiet twelfth
certain forward necessity quit unanimous
chief friend neighbor quite unnecessary
citizen fundamental neither realize until
coming generally noticeable recede unusual
comparative government occasion receive using
competition grammar occasionally recognize usually
conscientious guarantee occurred recommend vacuum
continuous guerrilla occurrence reference village
convenience guidance official relieving weird
convenience happiness often religious welcome
criticize heroes omission renege wherever
decide humorous operate repetition whether
deferred identity optimism resemblance wholly
definite imaginary original reservoir writing
deposit imitation ought restaurant yield
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7.4 Commonly Confused Words and Expressions
The following words and expressions are frequently confused with each other.
Accept, except. Accept is a verb that means “to receive.” Except is used mostly as a prepositionmeaning “excluding.”
Affect, effect. Affect is always a verb and means “to influence.” Effect is most often used as a nounand means “result.” A lot, a lot of. These expressions are overused and are too informal in most contexts. Try usingoften or frequently for a lot and using many, a great deal, or much for a lot of. There is no such wordas alot. Among, between. Between is the only choice when two persons or objects are involved. It is alsoproper to use between when more than two are involved if you want to express relations taken onepair at a time (Exchanges between the five colleges were not uncommon). Use among when three ormore entities are considered collectively and no close relationship is implied (Funds are dividedamong the eight divisions). Assure, ensure, insure. All three of these verbs mean to make secure or certain. Ensure andinsure are interchangeable, except that insure is generally used in the sense of guaranteeing life orproperty against risk. Assure is the only one of the three that has the sense of setting a person’smind at rest. Cite, sight, site. The verb cite means to mention or quote as an authority or example. The nounsight refers to something that is seen or the power or process of seeing. The noun site means a
particular place.Compose, comprise. Comprise expresses the relation of the larger to the smaller, not the otherway around (think of comprise as meaning to embrace or take in). The whole comprises the parts;the whole is composed of its parts. The parts compose the whole and are comprised in it. Do not usecomprised of; use instead compose, constitute, or make up. (Include is not a synonym for comprise,but comprise has the sense of inclusion.)Farther, further. Farther is best used to indicate distance, further to indicate degree. (He ranfarther than she did. We discussed the issue further.) Fewer, less. Less refers to quantity (less course work); fewer refers to number (fewer courses).Flammable, inflammable. Both words mean easily ignitable and are interchangeable in their literalsense. Use nonflammable or noncombustible to describe something that does not burn.Its, it’s. Its is a possessive pronoun parallel to his, hers, yours, theirs. It’s is a contraction of it is orit has, not a possessive.Lay, lie. Lay means to put, place, or prepare. Lie means to recline or be situated. In sensesinvolving what people do with their bodies, use the forms lie (present), lay (past), lain (pastparticiple), lying (present participle). For what people do with objects, use lay (present), laid (past),
laid (past participle), laying (present participle).Maybe, may be. Maybe is an adverb meaning perhaps. May be is a verb phrase showing possibility.Set, sit. The transitive verb "set" means to put or to place; it takes a direct object, and its principalforms are "set," "set," and "set." The intransitive verb "sit" means to be seated; it does not take adirect object, and its principal forms are "sit," "sat," and "sat." Should, would. Use "should" to express an obligation. Use "would" to express a customary action.Sometime, some time, sometimes. "Sometime" means at an indefinite or unstated time in thefuture. "Some time" means a period of time. "Sometimes" means occasionally, now and then.Than, then. Use "than" to make a comparison. Use "then" when referring to time.Their, there, they're. "Their" is the possessive form of "they." "There" is an adverb (meaning atthat place) and a pronoun used to start a sentence. "They're" is a contraction of "they are."Were, we're, where. "Were" is a past form of the verb "to be." "We're" is a contraction of "we are.""Where" refers to a place.Which, who. The pronoun "which" refers to things; "who" refers to people.Who, whom. Use "who" when a sentence requires a subject pronoun (equivalent to "he" or "she").In formal English, use "whom" when a sentence requires an object pronoun (equivalent to "him" or"her").Whose, who's. “Whose" is the possessive form of "who." "Who's" is the contraction of "who is."Your, you're. "Your" is the possessive form of "you." "You're" is the contraction of "you are."
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7.5 O’Neil Abbreviations and Acronyms
This list includes abbreviations and acronyms from lists compiled by the U.S. Government,
the military, and the O’Neil Quality Assurance Group. Most of the terms are relatively
recent and appropriate for use within the manuals produced here at O’Neil & Associates.
°C ‐‐ degrees Celsius (formerly Centigrade)
°F ‐‐ Degrees Fahrenheit
A ‐‐ Ampere (See also AMP)
A/C ‐‐ Air Conditioning
AA&E ‐‐ Arms, Ammunition and Explosives
AAC ‐‐ Acquisition Advice Code
AAL ‐‐ Additional Authorization List
AC ‐‐ Alternating Current
ACN ‐‐ Administrative Change Notice
ACO ‐‐ Administrative Contracting Officer
ADI ‐‐ Australian Defense Incorporated
ADP ‐‐ Automatic Data Processing
ADPEC ‐‐ Automatic Data Processing
Equipment Code
AFLC ‐‐ Air Force Logistics Command
AFSC ‐‐ Air Force Specialty Code
AFTOMS ‐‐ Air Force Technical Order
Management System
AIC ‐‐ Allowance Item Code
ALC ‐‐ Additional Logistics
ALCNC ‐‐ Alternate LSA Control Number
Code
ALIN ‐‐ Attachment Line Item Number
ALW ‐‐ Allowance
AMC ‐‐ Army Materiel Command
AMCOM ‐‐ Aviation and Missile Command
AMDF ‐‐ Army Master Data File
AMP ‐‐ Amperes (See also A)
AMSA ‐‐ Area Maintenance Support Activity
ANPT ‐‐ Aeronautical Pipe Taper
ANSI ‐‐ American National Standards
Institute
AOA ‐‐ Angle of Attack
AOAP ‐‐ Army Oil Analysis Program
AOR ‐‐ Annual Operating Requirements
AQL ‐‐ Acceptable Quality Level
AR ‐‐ Army Regulations or As required
ARN ‐‐ Additional Reference Number
ARO ‐‐ After Receipt of Order
ASCII ‐‐ American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
ASD ‐‐ Aeronautical Systems Division
ASIOE ‐‐ Associated Support Item of
Equipment
ASL ‐‐ Authorized Stock List ASP ‐‐ Application Service Provider
ASRL ‐‐ Army SGML Registry and Library
ASTM ‐‐ American Society for Testing
Materials
ATE ‐‐ Automatic Test Equipment
ATI ‐‐ Automated Technical Information
ATOS ‐‐ Automated Technical Order System
ATPD ‐‐ Army Tank Purchase Description
AVFUEL ‐‐ Aviation Fuel
AVIM ‐‐ Aviation Intermediate Maintenance
AVUM ‐‐ Aviation Unit Maintenance
BBP ‐‐ Break Bulk Point
BCU ‐‐ Battery Coolant Unit
BDAR ‐‐ Battle Damage Assessment and
Repair
BII ‐‐ Basic Issue Item
BIT ‐‐ Built ‐‐ in Test
BITE ‐‐ Built ‐‐ in Test Equipment
BMO ‐‐ Battalion Maintenance Officer
BO ‐‐ Blackout
BOI ‐‐ Basis of Issue
BOM ‐‐ Bill of Material
BRT ‐‐ Bright
CAD ‐‐ Computer Aided Design
CAGE ‐‐ Commercial and Government Entity
CAGEC ‐‐ Commercial and Government
Entity Code
CALS ‐‐ Computer Aided Acquisition and
Logistics Support
CAM ‐‐ Computer Aided Manufacturing
CARC ‐‐ Chemical Agent Resistant Coating
CAS ‐‐ Caution Advisory
CB ‐‐ Circuit Breaker
CBIL ‐‐ Common and Bulk Item List
CBR ‐‐ Chemical, Biological, Radiological
CBT ‐‐ Common Bridge Transporter or
Computer Based Training
CCA ‐‐ Circuit Card Assembly or Cold
Cranking Amps
CCSS ‐‐ Commodity Command Standard
System
CD ‐‐ Compact Disc
CDA ‐‐ Control Display Assembly
CDR ‐‐ Critical Design Review
CDRL ‐‐ Contract Data Requirements List
CD ‐‐ ROM ‐‐ Compact Disc ‐‐ Read Only
Memory
CEI ‐‐ Components of End Item
CERL ‐‐ Construction Engineering and
Research Laboratory
CES ‐‐ Common Equipment Storage
CFAE ‐‐ Contractor Furnished Airborne
Equipment
CFE ‐‐ Contractor Furnished Equipment
CFI ‐‐ Card Format Identifier cfm ‐‐ Cubic Feet per Minute
CGM ‐‐ Computer Graphics Metafile
CHU ‐‐ Container Handling Unit
CID ‐‐ Cubic Inch Displacement
CIIC ‐‐ Controlled Inventory Item Code
CKT ‐‐ Circuit
CLIN ‐‐ Contract Line Item Number
CLOS ‐‐ Common List Object System
cm ‐‐ Centimeter
CMD ‐‐ Catalog Management Data
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CMM ‐‐ Component Maintenance Manual
COEI ‐‐ Components of End Item
COMSEC ‐‐ Communications Security
CONUS ‐‐ Continental United States
COPAD ‐‐ Contractor Operated Parts Depot
COTPI ‐‐ Change Other Than Product
Improvement
COTR ‐‐ Contracting Officer's Technical
Representative
CP ‐‐ Cannibalization Point
CPC ‐‐ Current Production Code or
Corrosion Prevention and Control
CPI ‐‐ Characters Per Inch
CROP ‐‐ Container Roll ‐‐ in/Out Platform
CSC ‐‐ Card Sequence Code
CSI ‐‐ Critical Safety Item
CST ‐‐ Close Support Tanker
CTA ‐‐ Common Table of Allowance
CTIC ‐‐ Contractor Technical Information
Code
CTIS ‐‐ Central Tire Inflation System
CTRL ‐‐ Control
CZ ‐‐ Command Zone
DA ‐‐ Department of the Army
DAC ‐‐ Days after Contract (Award) or
Document Availability Code
DACM ‐‐ Days after Contract Modification
DAMPL ‐‐ Department of the Army Master
Parts List
DAR ‐‐ Defense Acquisition Regulation
DARCOM ‐‐ Defense Acquisition Regulation
Command
DAS ‐‐ Data Acquisition System
DC ‐‐ Direct Current
DCACAS ‐‐ Data Collection Analysis and
Corrective Action System
DCAS ‐‐ Defense Contract Administration
Service
DCN ‐‐ Design Change Notice
DCNUOC ‐‐ Design Change Notice Usability
on Code
DDN ‐‐ Defense Data Network
DED ‐‐ Data Element Description
DEP ‐‐ Draft Equipment Publication
DESCOM ‐‐ Depot System Command (US
Army)
DFARS ‐‐ Defense Federal Acquisition
Regulation Supplement
DI ‐‐ Data Item
dia ‐‐ diameter
DIC ‐‐ Direct Image Copy or Document
Identifier Code
DID ‐‐ Data Item Description
DIIP ‐‐ Defense Inactive Item Program
DIM ‐‐ Direct Image Master
DLA ‐‐ Defense Logistics Agency
DLIS ‐‐ Defense Logistics Information
Services
DLSC ‐‐ Defense Logistics Service Center
DMIL ‐‐ Demilitarization
DMM ‐‐ Digital Multimeter
DMRL ‐‐ Data Module Requirements List
DMWR ‐‐ Depot Maintenance Work
Requirement
DOD ‐‐ Department of Defense
DODAAC ‐‐ Department of Defense Activity
Address Code
DODAC ‐‐ Department of Defense
Ammunition Code
DODISS ‐‐ Department of Defense Index of
Specifications and Standards
DRP ‐‐ Designated Rework Point
DS ‐‐ Direct Support
DS/GS ‐‐ Direct Support/General Support
DTD ‐‐ Document Type Definition
DX ‐‐ Direct Exchange
EC ‐‐ Essentiality Code
ECM ‐‐ Electronic Countermeasures
ECN ‐‐ Engineering Change Notice
ECO ‐‐ Engineering Change Order
ECP ‐‐ Engineering Change Proposal
ECU ‐‐ Environmental Control Unit
EDFP ‐‐ Engineering Data for Provisioning
EDIF ‐‐ Electronic Design Interchange
Format
EDS ‐‐ Electronic Display System
EDSML ‐‐ Expendable/Durable Support and
Material List
EG ‐‐ Exciter Generator
EGS ‐‐ Electronic Gear Shift
EI ‐‐ End Item
EIAC ‐‐ End Item Acronym Code
EIC ‐‐ End Item Code
EIR ‐‐ Equipment Improvement
Recommendations
EIR MD ‐‐ Equipment Improvement Report
and Maintenance Digest
EIR MS ‐‐ Equipment Improvement Report
and Maintenance Summary
ELIN ‐‐ Exhibit Line Item Number
EMD ‐‐ Engineering Manufacturing
Design/Development
EMI ‐‐ Electromagnetic Interference
EMP ‐‐ Electromagnetic Pulse
EMS ‐‐ Electronic Maintenance System
EO ‐‐ Engineering Order
ERRC ‐‐ Expendability, Recoverability,
Repairability Category
ESD ‐‐ Electrostatic Discharge
ESDS ‐‐ Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive
ESOP ‐‐ Employee Stock Ownership Plan
ETM ‐‐ Electronic Technical Manual
F ‐‐ Fahrenheit
FAA ‐‐ Federal Aviation Administration
FADEC ‐‐ Full Authority Digital Electronic
Controls
FAI ‐‐ First Article Inspection
FAR ‐‐ Federal Acquisition
Regulation/Requirement or Failure Analysis
Report
FAT ‐‐ First Article Test
FBA ‐‐ FET Bridge Assembly
FDEP ‐‐ Final Draft Equipment Publication
FEL ‐‐ Front End Loader
FET ‐‐ Field Effect Transistor
FGC ‐‐ Functional Group Code
FHTV ‐‐ Family of Heavy Tactical Vehicles
FIIG ‐‐ Federal Item Identification Guide
FIPS ‐‐ Federal Information Processing
Standard
fl oz ‐‐ Fluid Ounce
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FLA ‐‐ Front Lift Adapter
FLIS ‐‐ Federal Logistics Information System
FMECA ‐‐ Failure Mode, Effect and
Criticality Analysis
FMS ‐‐ Foreign Military Sales
FOD ‐‐ Foreign Object Damage
FOPS ‐‐ Falling Object Protective Structure
FOSI ‐‐ Formatting Output Specification
Instance
FPVI ‐‐ First Production Vehicle Inspection
FR ‐‐ Flatrack
FRACAS ‐‐ Failure Reporting Analysis and
Corrective Action System
FRC ‐‐ Final Reproducible Copy
FRET ‐‐ Fielding Requirements Data Base
FRS ‐‐ Forward Repair System
FSC ‐‐ Federal Supply Class
FSCAP ‐‐ Flight Safety Critical Aircraft Parts
FSCM ‐‐ Federal Supply Code for
Manufacturers
ft ‐‐ Foot
FTTS ‐‐ Future Tactical Truck System
FUE ‐‐ First Unit Equipped
FWSOV ‐‐ Firewall Shutoff Valve
FY ‐‐ Fiscal Year
FYI ‐‐ For Your Information
gal ‐‐ gallon
GAPL ‐‐ Group Assembly Parts List
GC ‐‐ Gaining Command
GCA ‐‐ Graphic Communication Association
GCU ‐‐ Generator Converter Unit
GCWR ‐‐ Gross Combination Weight Rating
GFE ‐‐ Government Furnished Equipment
GFM ‐‐ Government Furnished Material
GFP ‐‐ Government Furnished Property
GIDEP ‐‐ Government/Industry Data
Exchange Program
GIF ‐‐ Graphics Interchange Format
GL ‐‐ Grade Level
GPFU ‐‐ Gas Particulate Filter Unit
gpm ‐‐ Gallons per Minute
GPS ‐‐ Global Positioning System
GRAPH ‐‐ Graphical Repair/Discard Analysis
Procedures Handbook
GRD ‐‐ Ground
GS ‐‐ General Support
GSA ‐‐ General Services Administration
GSE ‐‐ Ground Support Equipment
GUI ‐‐ Graphical User Interface
GVW ‐‐ Gross Vehicle Weight
GVWR ‐‐ Gross Vehicle Weight Rating
HC ‐‐ Heater Cathode
HCI ‐‐ Hardness Critical Item
HCP ‐‐ Hardness Critical Process
HDI ‐‐ High Definition Information
HEMTT ‐‐ Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical
Truck
HETS ‐‐ Heavy Equipment Transporter
System
HFE ‐‐ Human Factors Engineering
HFEA ‐‐ Human Factors Engineering
Assessment
HHAR ‐‐ Health Hazard Assessment Report
HIMARS ‐‐ High Mobility Artillery Rocket
System
hp ‐‐ Horsepower
HPA ‐‐ High Power Amplifier
HQ ‐‐ Headquarters
HR ‐‐ Hand Receipt
HTML ‐‐ Hypertext Markup Language
HVPS ‐‐ High Voltage Power Supply
HVTA ‐‐ High Voltage Tank Assembly
Hz ‐‐ Hertz
I & S ‐‐ Interchangeability and
Substitutability
I&KP ‐‐ Instructor and Key Personnel
I/O ‐‐ Input/Output
IAW ‐‐ In Accordance With
IC ‐‐ Interchangeability Code
ICC ‐‐ Item Category Code
ID ‐‐ Inside Diameter or Identification
IEC ‐‐ International Electromechanical
Commission
IETM ‐‐ Interactive Electronic Technical
Manual
IFB ‐‐ Invitation for Bid
IGES ‐‐ Initial Graphics Exchange
Specification
IHMEE ‐‐ Interim High Mobility Engineering
Excavator
IL ‐‐ Indenture Level
ILDR ‐‐ Item Logistics Data Record
ILS ‐‐ Integrated Logistics Support
ILSP ‐‐ Integrated Logistics Support Plan
in. ‐‐ Inch
IND CD ‐‐ Indenture Code
IOT&E ‐‐ Initial Operational Test and
Evaluation
IPB ‐‐ Illustrated Parts Breakdown
IPL ‐‐ Illustrated Parts List
IPR ‐‐ In ‐‐ process Review
IPT ‐‐ Initial Production Test
IRCC ‐‐ Integrated Logistics Support
Requirements Category Code
ISC ‐‐ Information Systems Group
ISIL ‐‐ Interim Support Items List
ISO ‐‐ International Organization for
Standardization
ISP ‐‐ Integrated Support Plan
ITAR ‐‐ International Trade in Arms
Regulations
ITML ‐‐ Information Technology Markup
Language
JCP ‐‐ Joint Certification Program
JPEG ‐‐ Joint Photographic Experts Group
JTA ‐‐ Joint Table of Allowances
JTCI ‐‐ Joint Technical Committee for
Information Technology
kg ‐‐ Kilogram
kHz ‐‐ kilohertz
kmh ‐‐ Kilometers per Hour
kPa ‐‐ Kilopascal
kW ‐‐ Kilowatt
L ‐‐ Liter
L/mi ‐‐ Liters per Minute
LAN ‐‐ Local Area Network
lb ‐‐ Pound
lbf ‐‐ Pound Force
lbf/ft ‐‐ Pound Force per Foot
lbf/in ‐‐ Pound Force per Inch
lb ‐‐ ft ‐‐ Pound Foot
lb ‐‐ in ‐‐ Pound ‐‐ Inch
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LCA ‐‐ Logistics Control Activity
LCC ‐‐ Life Cycle Cost
LCN ‐‐ Logistics Control Number
LED ‐‐ Light Emitting Diode
LEP ‐‐ List of Effective Pages
LHS ‐‐ Load Handling System
LIF ‐‐ Logistics Intelligence File
LIN ‐‐ Line Item Number
LISP ‐‐ List Processing Programming Model
LLC ‐‐ Limited Liability Company
LLR ‐‐ Long Life Reusable
LLTIL ‐‐ Long Lead Time Items List
LMI ‐‐ Logistics Management Information
LOAP ‐‐ List of Applicable Publications
LOEP ‐‐ List of Effective Pages
LOGSA ‐‐ Logistics Support Activity
LORA ‐‐ Level of Repair Analysis
LP ‐‐ Liquid Petroleum
LPG ‐‐ Liquefied Petroleum Gas
LRNC ‐‐ Long Reference Number Code
LRU ‐‐ Line Replacement Unit
LSA ‐‐ Logistics Support Analysis
LSAR ‐‐ Logistics Support Analysis Record
m ‐‐ Meter
M3/MIN ‐‐ Cubic Meters per Minute
MA ‐‐ Manprint Assessment
mA ‐‐ milliamp
MAC ‐‐ Maintenance Allocation Chart or
Maintenance Action Code
MANPRINT ‐‐ Manpower Personnel
Integration
MAOT ‐‐ Maximum Allowable Operation
Time
MAP ‐‐ Military Assistance Program
MCFA ‐‐ Mitsubishi Caterpillar Forklift
America
MEL ‐‐ Maintenance Expenditure Limit
MFD ‐‐ Multifunction Display
mi ‐‐ Mile
MIPR ‐‐ Military Interdepartmental
Purchase Request
MIS ‐‐ Management Information System
ml ‐‐ Milliliter
MLC ‐‐ Military Load Classification
mm ‐‐ Millimeter
MOC ‐‐ Maintenance Operational Checks
MOE ‐‐ Mission Organizational Entity
MOP ‐‐ MetaObject Protocol
MOS ‐‐ Military Occupational Specialty
MPA ‐‐ MegaPascal
MPC ‐‐ Mission Phase Code
mph ‐‐ Miles Per Hour
MPT ‐‐ Manpower, Personnel and Training
MRB ‐‐ Maintenance Review Board
MRL ‐‐ Materiel Requirements List
MRP ‐‐ Mandatory Replacement Part or
Missile Round Pallet
MRR ‐‐ Maintenance Replacement Rate
MRSA ‐‐ Material Readiness Support
Activity
MRU ‐‐ Minimum Replacement Unit
MSO ‐‐ Marketing Services Organization
MSP ‐‐ Maintenance Support Plan
MST ‐‐ Maintenance Support Team
MTBCM ‐‐ Mean Time Between Corrective
Maintenance
MTBF ‐‐ Mean Time Between (or Before)
Failures
MTD ‐‐ Maintenance Task Distribution
MTF ‐‐ Maintenance Test Flight
MTMC ‐‐ Military Traffic Management
Command or Military Transportation
Movement Command
MTOE ‐‐ Modified Table of Organization and
Equipment
MTTR ‐‐ Mean Time to Repair
MTVR ‐‐ Medium Tactical Vehicle
Replacement
MUX ‐‐ Multiplex
MWO ‐‐ Modification Work Order
N ‐‐ Neuton
N•m ‐‐ Newton Meters
NATO ‐‐ North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NBC ‐‐ Nuclear, Biological, Chemical
NBS ‐‐ National Bureau of Standards
NC ‐‐ Numerical Control
NCB ‐‐ National Codification Bureau
NDTI ‐‐ Nondestructive Testing Inspection
NG ‐‐ Next Generation
NHA ‐‐ Next Higher Assembly
NIIN ‐‐ National Item Identification Number
NPSM ‐‐ National Pipe Straight Mechanical
NPT ‐‐ National Pipe Taper
NPTFF ‐‐ National Pipe Taper Female Fixed
NRTS ‐‐ Not Repairable This Station
NRZI ‐‐ Non Return to Zero Inverted
NSN ‐‐ National Stock Number
NSP ‐‐ Not Separately Priced
NSS ‐‐ Not Serviced Separately
OD ‐‐ Outside Diameter
ODA/ODIF ‐‐ Office Document
Architecture/Interchange Format
ODS ‐‐ Ozone Depleting Substance
OGL ‐‐ Overall Grade Level
OIP ‐‐ Overhaul Inspection Procedure
ORFS ‐‐ O ‐‐ ring Face Seal
ORR ‐‐ Overhaul Replacement Rate
OS ‐‐ Output Specification
OSHA ‐‐ Occupational Safety and Health Act
OTC ‐‐ Oshkosh Truck Corporation
OTS ‐‐ Off the Shelf
oz ‐‐ Ounce
P/N ‐‐ Part Number
PA ‐‐ Provisioning Activity
PAO ‐‐ Polyalphaolefin
PCAM ‐‐ Punch Card Accounting Machine
PCB ‐‐ Printed Circuit Board
PCCN ‐‐ Provisioning Contract Control
Number
PCL ‐‐ Post Conference List
PCM ‐‐ Punch Cards, Mechanized
PCN ‐‐ Parts Change Notice
PDES ‐‐ Product Data Exchange
Specification
PDF ‐‐ Portable Document File
PDL ‐‐ Page Description Language
PE ‐‐ Phase Encoded
PHSMS ‐‐ Pan Head Sheet Metal Screw
PI ‐‐ Parts Information
PII ‐‐ Procurement Instrument Identifier
PIO ‐‐ Provisioned Item Order
PL ‐‐ Parts List or Provisioning List
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PLC ‐‐ Public Limited Company
PLCC ‐‐ Provisioning List Category Code
PLISN ‐‐ Provisioning List Item Sequence
Number
PLL/ASL ‐‐ Prescribed Load List/Authorized
Stockage List
PLS ‐‐ Palletized Loading System
PLT ‐‐ Production Lead Time
PM ‐‐ Preventive Maintenance
PMA ‐‐ Portable Maintenance Aid
PMAC ‐‐ Preliminary Maintenance
Allocation Chart
PMC ‐‐ Preventive Maintenance Checklist
PMCS ‐‐ Preventive Maintenance Checks
and Services
PMCS ‐‐ Preventive Maintenance Checks
and Services
PMG ‐‐ Permanent Magnet Generator
PMI ‐‐ Phased Maintenance Inspection
PMIC ‐‐ Precious Metal Indicator Code
PMR ‐‐ Parts Master Record or Provisioning
Master Record
PMS ‐‐ Preventive Maintenance Services
POV ‐‐ Privately Owned Vehicle
PPC ‐‐ Power Plant Change
PPHDSMS ‐‐ Pan Head Phillips Drive
Standard Sheet Metal Screw
PPHSMS ‐‐ Pan Head Phillips Drive Sheet
Metal Screw
PPIO ‐‐ Priced Provisioned Item Order
PPL ‐‐ Provisioning Parts List
PPLI ‐‐ Provisioning Parts List Index
PPS ‐‐ Provisioning Performance Schedule
PPSL ‐‐ Program Parts Selection List
PPU ‐‐ Prime Power Unit
PQT ‐‐ Production Quality Test
PR ‐‐ Purchase Request
PRS ‐‐ Provisioning Requirements
Statement
PS/PC ‐‐ Physical Security/Pilferage Code
PSA ‐‐ Preshop Analysis
psi ‐‐ Pound ‐‐ force per Square Inch
psia ‐‐ Pounds per Square Inch Absolute
PSIC ‐‐ Provisioning System Identifier Code
psig ‐‐ Pounds per Square Inch Gauge
PSML ‐‐ Provisioning Services Markup
Language
PSR ‐‐ Provisioning Screening Requests
PST ‐‐ Pre ‐‐ shakedown Test
PSTC ‐‐ Provisioning Services Technical
Committee
PT ‐‐ Pint
PTD ‐‐ Provisioning Technical
Documentation
PTO ‐‐ Power Takeoff
QA ‐‐ Quality Assurance
QAR ‐‐ Quality Assurance Representative
QC ‐‐ Quality Control
QDR ‐‐ Quality Deficiency Report
ONA ‐‐ O'Neil & Associates, Inc.
QPL ‐‐ Quality Products List
qt ‐‐ Quart
qty ‐‐ Quantity
Qty/Assy ‐‐ Quantity per Assembly
QTY/EI ‐‐ Quantity per End Item
QTY/UP ‐‐ Quantity per Unit Pack
R&I ‐‐ Removal and Installation
rad ‐‐ radius
RAM ‐‐ Reliability, Availability, and
Maintainability
RAT ‐‐ Ram ‐‐ Air ‐‐ Turbine
RCM ‐‐ Reliability Centered Maintenance
RCT ‐‐ Repair Cycle Time
RDA ‐‐ Research, Development, and
Acquisition
RDC ‐‐ Reference Designation Code
RDI ‐‐ Radio Frequency Interference
RDOC ‐‐ Reference Designation Overflow
Code
RFI ‐‐ Radio Frequency Interference
RFP ‐‐ Request for Proposal
RFQ ‐‐ Request for Quotation
RGL ‐‐ Reading Grade Level
RID ‐‐ Report Item Discrepancy
RIL ‐‐ Repairable Items List
RISS ‐‐ Recommended Initial System Stock
RLA ‐‐ Repair Level Analysis
RMS ‐‐ Reliability, Maintainability, and
Supportability
RMSS ‐‐ Recommended Minimum System
Stock
RNAAC ‐‐ Regional Network Associated
Analysis Center
RNCC ‐‐ Reference Number Category Code
RNFC ‐‐ Reference Number Format Code
RNJC ‐‐ Reference Number Justification
Code
RNSC ‐‐ Reference Number Status Code
RNVC ‐‐ Reference Number Variation Code
ROPS ‐‐ Rollover Protection Structure
rpm ‐‐ Revolutions per Minute
RPSTL ‐‐ Repair Parts and Special Tools List
RPT ‐‐ Resident Provisioning Team
RSR ‐‐ Repair Survival Rate
RTD ‐‐ Replacement Task Distribution
RTF ‐‐ Rich Text Format
RTLL ‐‐ Recommended Tender Load List
SADC ‐‐ Sequential Analog Digital Code
SAE ‐‐ Society of Automotive Engineers
SAIP ‐‐ Spares Acquisition Integrated with
Production
SAMS ‐‐ Standard Army Maintenance
System
SC ‐‐ Subcommittee
SCAR ‐‐ Supplier Corrective Action Request
SCBA ‐‐ Self ‐‐ Contained Breathing
Apparatus
SCC ‐‐ Submission Control Code
SCPL ‐‐ System Configuration Provisioning
List
SE ‐‐ Support Equipment
SER ‐‐ Service
SERD ‐‐ Support Equipment
Recommendation Data
SERL ‐‐ Support Equipment Requirement
List
SFPPL ‐‐ Short Form Provisioning Parts List
SGML ‐‐ Standard Generalized Markup
Language
SHSC ‐‐ Safety Hazard Severity Code
SIC ‐‐ Standard Industrial Classification
SISC ‐‐ Support Item Sequence Code
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SL ‐‐ Shelf Life
SLAC ‐‐ Shelf Life Action Code or Support
List Allowance Computation (or Cards)
(produced by CCSS)
SLC ‐‐ Skill Level Code
SLIC ‐‐ Systems and Logistics Integration
Capability
SMCC ‐‐ Special Material Content Code
SML ‐‐ Support Materials List
SMMP ‐‐ System Manprint Management
Plan
SMR ‐‐ Source, Maintenance, and
Recoverability
SOP ‐‐ Standard Operating Procedure
SOW ‐‐ Start of Work, or Statement of
Work, or Scope of Work
SPO ‐‐ Systems Program Offices
SPS ‐‐ Statement of Prior Submission
SPTD ‐‐ Supplementary Provisioning
Technical Documentation (drawings)
SRU ‐‐ Shop Replaceable Unit
SRW ‐‐ Self Recovery Winch
SSAR ‐‐ System Safety Assessment Report
SSP ‐‐ System Support Program
STE/ICE ‐‐ R ‐‐ Simplified Test
Equipment/Internal Combustion Engine –
Reprogrammable
STEP ‐‐ Standard for the Exchange of
Product Model Data
STMDE ‐‐ Special Test, Measurement, and
Diagnostic Equipment
Supply Catalog ‐‐
TACOM ‐‐ U.S. Army Tank ‐‐ automotive
and Armaments Command
TAMMS ‐‐ The Army Maintenance
Management System
TAR ‐‐ Tactical Aircraft Refueler
TBD ‐‐ To Be Determined
TBO ‐‐ Time Between Overhauls
TC ‐‐ Technical Committee
TCP/IP ‐‐ Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
TCTO ‐‐ Time Compliance Technical Order
TDP ‐‐ Technical Data Package
TE ‐‐ Test Equipment
TED ‐‐ Tool Equipment Designator
TIC ‐‐ Total Item Change
TIFF ‐‐ Tagged Image File Format
TIO ‐‐ Technical Information Operation
TIR ‐‐ Test Incident Report or Total Item
Record
TM ‐‐ Technical Manual
TMDE ‐‐ Test Measurement and Diagnostic
Equipment
TMP ‐‐ Technical Manual Plan
TO ‐‐ Technical Order
TOCC ‐‐ Type of Change Code
TOE ‐‐ Table of Organization and Equipment
TOMA ‐‐ Technical Order Management
Agency
TOPS ‐‐ Technical Order Page Supplement
TOSS ‐‐ Technical Order Status and
Schedule
TPS ‐‐ Test Program Sets
TQR ‐‐ Total Quantity Recommended
TRADOC ‐‐ U.S. Army Training and Doctrine
Command
TTEL ‐‐ Tools and Test Equipment List
UI ‐‐ Unit of Issue
UIC ‐‐ Unit Identification Code
UM ‐‐ Unit of Measure
UMFP ‐‐ Unit Materiel Fielding Point
UMT ‐‐ Unit Maintenance Team
UOC ‐‐ Useable on Code
UUT ‐‐ Unit Under Test
V ‐‐ volt(s)
VAC ‐‐ Voltage (??) Alternating Current
VDC ‐‐ Voltage (??) Direct Current
VHDL ‐‐ VHSIC Hardware Description
Language
VHSIC ‐‐ Very High Speed Integrated Circuit
VIM ‐‐ Vehicle Interface/Input Module
VR ‐‐ Takeoff Rotation Speed
VRIL ‐‐ Vendor Recoverable Items List
W ‐‐ watt(s)
WBS ‐‐ Work Breakdown Structure
WP ‐‐ Work Package
WUC ‐‐ Work Unit Code
X ‐‐ Country ‐‐ Cross Country
XHD ‐‐ Extra Heavy Duty
XML ‐‐ eXtensible Markup Language
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7.6 O’Neil Preferred Spellings
A
abrasive‐blast (v)
acid‐etch (v)
acidproof (v/adj)
aerodynamics (n)
aft‐end‐down (adj)
aft‐end‐up (adj)
aftmost (adj)
age‐harden (v)
air‐blast (v)
air‐blow (v)
airborne (adj)
air‐bound (adj)
air brake (n)
airbrush (n/v)
air‐carrying (adj)
air check (n/v)
air‐condition (v)
air‐conditioned (adj)
air‐conditioning (n)
air‐cool (v)
air‐cooled (adj)
aircraft (n)
aircrew (n)
air cube (n)
air‐dried (adj)
air‐driven (adj)
air‐dry (v)
air duct (n)
airfield (n)
airflow (n/adj)
airfoil (n)
airframe (n)
air‐free (adj)
air grinder (n)
airhole (n)
air‐impingement
(adj)
air intake (adj)
air line (tube) (n)
air load (n)
airlock (n)
air‐oil (adj)
airport (n)
airscoop (n)
airseal (n)
airship (n)
airsleeve (n)
airspace (n)
airspeed (n)
air‐start (v/adj)
airstream (n)
airtight (adj)
align (v)
alignment (n/adj)
aline (v) (U.S. Army
only)
all‐purpose (adj)
alphanumeric (adj)
angle‐checking (adj)
angle iron (n)
angle‐setting (n)
anglewise (adj)
anodic coating (n)
antifriction (adj)
anti‐icer (n/adj)
anti‐icing (n/adj)
antirotation (adj)
antiseize (adj)
antitorsion (adj)
arc‐weld (v)
argon (n)
armorplate (n)
artwork (n)
audio frequency (n)
augmentor (n)
autoignition (n)
automatically (adv)
avgas (n)
B
back‐flush (v)
backlash (n/adj)
backoff (adj)
back off (v)
backplate (n)
back‐pressure (n)
backrest (n)
back side (n)
backup (n/adj)
back up (v)
ball‐bearing (adj)
ball bearing (n)
ball‐lock pin (n)
ball peen (hammer)
(n)
ballpoint (n/adj)
bank‐clean (v)
baseblock (n)
baseline (n)
base‐plate (n)
beeswax (n)
bellcrank (n)
bellmouth (n)
benchmark (n)
bench‐mark (v)
bench‐test (v)
benchwork (n/v)
beveled (adj)
bifurcated (adj)
black‐light (adj)
black light (n)
black‐light‐inspect
(v)
black‐light
inspection (n)
black‐oxide (adj)
black oxide (n)
blankoff (n/adj)
blank off (v)
bleed‐through (n)
blowback (n)
blow holes (n)
blowoff (n/adj)
blow off (v)
blowout (n/adj)
blow out (v)
blowup (n)
blueprint (n/v/adj)
bluish (adj)
body‐bound (adj)
bolt‐circle (adj)
bolt circle (n)
bolteye (n)
boltface (n/adj)
bolthead
(n)
bolthole (n)
bombsight (n)
borescope (n/v)
bottom plate (n)
box section (n)
brakedrum (n)
brakeshoe (n)
brake wheel (n)
braze‐repair (v)
braze repair (n)
breakaway (n/adj)
break away (v)
break‐in (n/adj)
break in (v)
breakpoint (n)
breakthrough
(n/adj)
break through (v)
brush‐plating (n)
buildup (n/adj)
build up (v)
built‐in (adj)
built‐up (adj)
bulkhead (n)
bulkhead tee (n)
bulletnose (n)
bulletproof (adj)
burned (adj)
burnout (n)
burn out (v)
burn‐through (n)
bus bar (n)
butt‐ joint (v)
butt joint (n)
butt‐weld (v/adj)
butt weld (n)
bypass (n/v/adj)
C
cableholder (n)
cadmium plate (n)
cadmium‐plated
(adj)
cadmium plating (n)
callout (n)
camel's‐hair (adj)
cam link (n)
camshaft (n)
candlepower (n)
cap bolt (n)
capnut (n)
capscrew (n)
carbon steel (n)
carbon tetrachloride
(n)
case‐harden (v)
case‐hardened (adj)
case hardening (n)
casing‐half (n)
cast‐iron (adj)
cast iron (n)
cast steel (n)
cast‐weld (n/v/adj)
C‐clamp (n)
chafing (n/adj)
chalkline (n)
change‐bar (n)
change‐finger (n)
change‐hand (n)
changeover (adj/n)
chartboard (n)
check‐balance (v)
checklist (n)
checknut (n/adj)
checkoff (adj)
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check off (v)
checkout (adj/n)
check out (v)
checkpoint (n)
check valve (n)
cheesecloth (n)
chill‐bar (n)
chill‐block (n)
chill‐plug (n)
chill‐strip (n)
chordwise (adj)
chrome‐plate (v)
chrome plate (n)
chrome‐plated (adj)
chrome plating (n)
clamped (v/adj)
clamp plate (n)
clamp ring (n)
cleanup (n/adj)
clean up (v)
clevises (plural) (n)
clockwise (adj/adv)
C‐mark (n)
cockpit (n)
coilbox (n)
cold‐draw (v)
cold‐form (v)
cold‐roll (v)
cold‐work (v)
cold‐worked (adj)
color‐code (n/v)
color‐coded (adj)
combustible (adj)
compressed‐air (adj)
compressed air (n)
concentricity (n)
cone‐shaped (adj)
consistent (adj)
contaminant (adj)
cool‐down (adj)
cool‐grinding (adj)
cooling‐air (adj)
copilot (n)
corrosion‐preventive
(adj)
cotter pin (n)
counterbalance (n/v)
counterbore (n/v)
counterbored (adj)
counterclockwise
(adj/adv)
counter‐rotate (v)
counter‐rotating
(adj)
countersink (n/v)
countersunk (adj)
counterweight (n/v)
cover place (n)
coverplate (n)
cover up (v)
crack repair (n)
crankcase (n)
crank‐handle (n)
crankpin (n)
crankshaft (n)
crisscross (n/v/adj)
crisscrossed (adj)
crocus cloth (n)
crossbleed (adj)
cross brace (n)
crossed out (adj)
crossfeed (n/adj)
cross flow (n)
cross‐hair (n)
cross hatching (n)
crosshatch‐marked
(v/adj)
cross‐ignition (adj)
crossline (n)
crossmember (n)
crossover (n/adj)
crosspiece (n)
cross‐reference (n/v)
cross‐section (v)
cross section (n)
cross‐shaft (n)
cross‐slide (n)
cross‐threaded (adj)
cross‐threading (n)
cross‐tighten (v)
cross‐torque (v)
crowfoot (wrench)
(n)
C‐sump (n)
cure‐dated (v)
cure‐time (n)
cut‐edge (n)
cut‐end (n)
C‐washer (n)
D
damper strip (n)
dashline (n)
deactivate (v)
deaerated (adj)
de‐energize (v)
deep‐throat (adj)
deice (v)
deicing (adj)
deionized (adj)
desiccant (n)
dew point (n)
diagonal‐cutting
(adj)
dip‐rinse (v)
dipstick (n)
direct current (n)
disc (n) –for CDs,
DVDs, etc.
disk (n) – for floppys
diskshaft (n)
dovetail (n/v/adj)
dowel‐aligned (adj)
driftmeter (n)
driftpin (n)
drivebar (n)
drive gear (n)
drive nut (n)
drive pin (n)
drivescrew (n)
drive shaft (n)
drop cloth (n)
drop‐forge (v)
dropout (n/adj)
drop‐test (v)
drop test (n)
drop‐through (v)
dry‐blast (v/n/adj)
dry‐clean (v)
dry cleaner (n)
dry‐cleaning (adj)
dry‐film lubricant
(adj)
duckbill (adj)
dustproof (adj)
dusttight (adj)
dynamically balance
(v)
dynamometer (n)
E
eddy current (n)
edge‐weld (v)
edge weld (n)
electric‐arc‐scribe
(v/adj)
electric‐etch (v)
electric etching (n)
electrochemical‐
etch (v/adj)
electrode (n)
electrolyte (n)
electroplate (v)
e‐mail (n/v/adj)
end‐hold (n)
end‐plate (n)
end‐play (n)
engine‐driven (adj)
epoxied (adj)
epoxy repair (n)
epoxy resin (not
epoxy) (n)
equaling (n)
equally spaced (adj)
equipment (adj)
equipped (v/adj)
equivalent (adj)
even‐numbered
(adj)
existent (adj)
expendable (adj)
explosionproof (adj)
extension (n/adj)
eyebolt (n)
eyedropper (n)
eyepiece (n)
F
faceplate (n)
fail‐
safe
(adj)
fairlead (n)
farmed‐out (adj)
farmout (n)
farm out (v)
feather‐edges (n)
featherweight (adj)
feedback (n/adj)
feedpipe (n)
fiber (n)
fiberglass (n)
fillercap (n)
filler rod (n)
filler‐weld (n/v)
filler wire (n)
fillet‐weld (v)
fillet weld (n)
fillister head (adj)
fill‐tube (n)
fill‐weld (v)
fill weld (n)
final‐machine (v)
fingermark (n)
finger‐pressure (n)
fingerprint (n)
finger‐tight (adj)
finger‐tighten (v)
fingertip (n)
finish‐grind (v)
finish‐ground (adj)
finish‐machine (v)
fireproof (v/adj)
firewall (n)
first stage (adj)
flameholder (n)
flameout (n)
flameproof (v/adj)
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flammable (adj)
flashback (n)
flashlight (n)
flashover (n)
flashpoint (n)
flathead (n/adj)
flat‐lap (n)
flat washer (n)
flight‐hour (n)
flight‐line (adj)
flight line (n)
floorbeam (n)
floorboard (n)
floorline (n)
flow‐check (n/v)
flow line (n)
flowmeter (n)
flowpath (n)
fluid ounce (n)
flush‐head rivet (n)
flywheel (n)
follow‐up (n/adj)
follow up (v)
foot‐pound (n)
forwardmost (adj)
framework (n)
friction bearing (n)
fuel‐carrying (adj)
fuel line (n)
full‐length (adj)
fuse (n/v)
fuze (detonating
device) (n)
G
gang channel (n/adj)
gearbox (n)
gearcase (n)
gear‐driven (adj)
gear‐locking (adj)
gear ratio (n)
gearshaft (n)
geartooth (n)
gladhand (n) tech
term
glad hand (adj) tech
term
gram‐inch (n)
gray (adj)
greaseproof (adj)
grind‐mark (n)
gritblast (v)
grit‐blast (adj)
grit blast (n)
grit roll (n)
ground‐handling
(adj)
ground‐start (adj)
guncrew (n)
gunfire (n)
gun mount
gunrack (n)
gunsight (n)
H
hacksaw (n)
hairline (n/adj)
half hour (n)
half ‐ring (n)
half ‐speed (adj/adv)
halftone (adj)
half turn (n)
halfway (adj)
handbrake (n)
handcrank (n)
handgrip (n)
hand lever (n)
hand‐pressure (n)
hand pump (n)
handrail (n)
handstamp (n/v)
handtight (adv)
hand‐tight (adj)
hand‐tighten (v)
hand tool (n)
hand valve (n)
handwheel (n)
hardcoat (n)
hard‐coat (v)
harnesses (plural)
(n)
hatchmarks (n)
H‐drop (n/adj)
head‐end (n/adj)
headphone (n)
headpiece (n)
headrest (n)
headset (n)
headwind (n)
heat‐affected (adj)
heat‐checked (adj)
heat‐checking (n)
heat‐created (adj)
heatproof (adj)
heat‐resistant (adj)
heat shield (n)
heat sink (n)
heat‐tint (v)
heat‐treat (v)
heat‐treating (adj)
heat treatment (n)
heavier‐than‐air
(adj)
heavy‐duty (adj)
heck valve (n)
helical (adj)
hertz (n)
hex head (n/adj)
hex key (n)
high‐frequency (adj)
high‐pressure (adj)
high‐temperature
(adj)
holddown (adj)
hold down (v)
honeycomb (n)
hookup (n)
hook up (v)
horsepower (n/adj)
I
I‐beam (n)
inch‐pound (n)
indicator (n)
in‐flight (adj)
infrared (adj)
inhibitor (n)
in‐house (adj)
inkmark (n)
in‐line (adj)
innermost (adj)
in‐process (adj)
input (n)
inrush (n)
inspect (v)
inspection (n)
interchangeable
(adj)
interfering (adj)
interlock (v)
interstage (adj)
interturbine (adj)
isolator (n)
J
jack box (n)
jackscrew (n)
jackshaft (n)
jackstand (n)
jamnut (n)
J‐bolt (n)
jet‐
propelled
(adj)
jet propulsion (n)
jig‐drill (v)
K
keyhole (n)
keyring (n)
key slot (n)
key washer (n)
keyway (n)
kickback (n/adj)
kick back (v)
knockout (n/adj)
knock out (v)
L
labeled (adj)
landing gear (n)
lap joint (n)
lapweld (v)
lap weld (n)
lap‐welded (adj)
lap welding (adj)
layout (n/adj)
lay out (v)
L‐block (n)
leakage (n)
leak‐check (v)
leakproof (adj)
leak‐test (v)
least‐worn (adj)
left‐hand (adj)
leftmost (adj)
left‐sided (adj)
lengthways (adv)
lengthwise (adj/adv)
life‐limited (adj)
life raft (n)
lifteye (n)
lifting eye (n)
light bands (n)
lightoff (n/adj)
light off (v)
lightweight (adj)
like‐parts (n)
limit switch (n)
line‐bore (v)
lined‐out (adj)
line‐drill (v)
line‐drilled (adj)
line out (v)
liner bolt (n)
line‐ream (v)
linerhanger (n)
lineup (n/adj)
line up (v)
linkpin (n)
link‐rod (n)
lint‐free (adj)
lipring (n)
lipwasher (n)
load‐sharing (adj)
load‐test (v)
load test (n)
load‐tested (adj)
locator (n)
lockbolt (n)
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locking‐pliers (n)
locking strip (n)
locknut (n/adj)
lockpin (n)
lockplate (n)
lockring (n)
lockscrew (n)
lock‐tab (n)
lockwasher (n)
lockwire (n/v/adj)
logbook (n)
longnose (adj)
long‐nosed (adj)
loop‐type (adj)
louver (do not use
louvre) (n)
low‐cycle (adj)
lower half (n)
lowermost (adj)
low‐frequency (adj)
low‐power (adj)
low‐pressure (adj)
low‐smoke (adj)
L‐shaped (adj)
M
machine‐finished
(adj)
magnetic‐particle‐
inspect (v)
magnetic particle
inspection (n)
main crank (n)
mainframe (n)
mainspring (n)
makeup (n/adj)
make up (v)
man‐hour (n)
man‐minute (n)
manometer (n)
markup (n)
mark up (v)
master rod (n)
matchmark (n/v)
matchmarked (adj)
measurable (adj)
megohmmeter (n)
mercury‐vapor lamp
(n)
metal‐spray (v/adj)
metal spray (n)
metal‐stamp (v)
methyl ethyl ketone
(n)
microinch (n)
mid‐bearing (adj)
mid bearing (n)
middle‐sized (adj)
midframe (n)
midpoint (n)
midrange (n)
mid sump (n)
midway (adv)
milligram (n)
milliohm (n)
millivolt (n)
mockup (n)
mock up (v)
moistureproof (adj)
moment weight
(n/v/adj)
motor‐driven
(adj/adv)
movable (adj)
multimeter (n)
multipurpose (adj)
N
nameplate (n)
needle‐nose (adj)
nickel‐graphite (n)
nickelplate (v)
nickel plate (n)
nickel‐plated (adj)
night‐flying (adj)
noncarbon (adj)
noncenter‐vent (n)
noncorrosive (adj)
noncritical (adj)
nonetching (adj)
noninsulated (adj)
non‐low‐smoke (adj)
nonmarring (adj)
nonmatching (adj)
nonmating (adj)
nonradial (adj)
nonserviceable (adj)
nosedive (n)
nose‐down (adj)
nose‐high (adj)
nose‐up (adj)
nutplate (n)
nutrunner (n/adj)
O
odd‐numbered (adj)
offcenter (adj)
offset (n/v/adj)
off ‐the‐shelf (adj)
ohm‐ammeter (n)
ohmmeter (n)
oil‐carrying (adj)
oil‐fed (adj)
oil filter (n)
oil‐free (adj)
oil‐harden (v)
oilhole (n)
oil‐impregnated
(adj)
oil pan (n)
oilproof (v/adj)
oilproofing (n)
oil seal (n)
oiltight (adj)
oil‐wetted (adj)
oil‐wetting (n)
old‐form (v)
one‐half (n/adj)
one‐piece (adj)
one‐way (adj)
onset (n)
on‐wing (adj)
open‐end (adj)
ordnance (n)
O‐ring (n)
out‐of ‐balance (adj)
out‐of ‐contour (adj)
out‐of ‐flat (adj)
out‐of ‐flatness (n)
out‐of ‐limits (adj)
out‐of ‐position (adj)
out‐of ‐round (adj)
out‐of ‐roundness (n)
out‐of ‐the‐way (adj)
output (n)
oven‐dry (v)
overadjusted (adj)
over‐age (v)
overbend (v)
overhead (n)
overheat (v)
overlap (n/v)
overload (n/v)
override (v/adj)
overrun (n/v/adj)
oversize (adj)
oversped (adj)
overspeed (n/v/adj)
overtemperature (n)
overtorque (v)
P
pan‐weigh (v)
pan‐weight (n)
parent‐metal (adj)
parent metal (n)
partway (adv)
patch‐repair (v)
patch repair (n)
pencil‐mark (v)
penetrant method
(n)
penmark (n)
percent (n)
photo mechanical
transfer (PMT)
(n)
pickup (n/adj)
pick up (v)
pin bolt (n)
pin boss (n)
pinhead (n)
pinhole (n)
pinion (n)
pinpunch (n)
pipeline (n)
plasma‐spray (v/adj)
plasma spray (n)
plate nut (n)
plug‐weld (v)
plug weld (n)
plug‐welded (adj)
polyurethane (n)
post‐emulsifiable
fluorescent
penetrant (n)
post‐shutdown (adj)
posttest (n)
pound‐foot (n)
pound‐inch (n)
power‐driven (adj)
power‐operated
(adj)
powerplant (n)
prebend (v)
precede (v)
prechill (v)
predrill (v)
preferred (adj)
preflight (adj)
preground (v)
preheat (v)
preignition (n)
press‐fit (v)
press fit (n)
pressure‐check (v)
pressure check (n)
pressure‐flush (v)
pressure‐measuring
(adj)
pressure‐rinse (n/v)
pressure‐sensing
(adj)
pressure‐test (n/v)
preventive (not
preventative)
(n/adj)
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prickmark (n)
prick‐punch (v)
prick punch (n)
programmed (adj)
proof ‐pressure‐
testing (n/adj)
puddle‐weld (v)
puddle weld (n)
pull‐check (v)
pull check (n)
pulloff (n)
pull off (v)
pullout (n/adj)
pull out (v)
pullup (n)
pull up (v)
punchmark (n)
push bar (n)
push‐button (adj)
push button (n)
push out (v)
pushpin (n)
push‐pull (adj)
pushrod (n)
Q
quarter‐turn (adv)
quick‐change (v/adj)
quick‐disconnect
(adj)
quick‐release (n/adj)
R
rabbet (n)
raceway (n)
radial‐type (adj)
ramjet (n)
readvance (v)
realign (v)
reassemble (v)
re‐cap (v)
receptacle (n)
re‐enter (v)
referred (v)
referring (v)
re‐form (reshape) (v)
reindex (v)
reinstall
(v)
relief valve (n)
re‐mark (to mark
again) (v)
repair area (n)
repair‐braze (v)
repair‐weld (v)
repair weld (n)
reposition (v)
rerig (v)
re‐run (v)
resecure (v)
reshape (v)
reshot‐peen (v)
resistance‐to‐ground
(adj)
resize (v)
re‐sort (v)
restrictor (n)
restrike (v)
rest run (n)
retorque (v)
retrofit (n/v)
retro‐fit (v)
reusable (adj)
reuse (n/v)
reverse‐flush (v)
rework (n/adj)
re‐work (v)
rigged (adj)
rigging (n/adj)
right‐angle (adj)
right‐hand (adj)
right‐handed (adj)
rig pin (n)
ring‐shaped (adj)
riveted (adj)
rod‐end (n/adj)
rolled over (adj)
roller bearing (n)
roll pin (n)
rotameter (n)
rough‐coat (v)
rough‐cut (v/adj)
rough‐machine (v)
rough‐polish (v)
roundhead (adj)
rundown (n)
run‐in (n/adj)
runoff (n/adj)
run‐on (n/adj)
runout (n/v/adj)
runup (n/adj)
rustproof (adj)
S
safekeeping (n)
safety lock (n)
safety nut (n)
safety screw (n)
safety‐wire (v/adj)
safety wire (n)
sandblast (n/v)
saw‐cut (n/v/adj)
scavenge (v)
screwdown (adj)
screw‐driven (adj)
screwdriver (n)
screwhead (n)
screwhole (n)
screw thread (n)
scribe (v)
scribed (adj)
scriber (n)
seal ring (n)
seam‐weld (v)
seam weld (n)
seam‐welded (adj)
seam‐welding (adj)
self ‐balanced (adj)
self ‐locking (adj)
self ‐sealing (adj)
self ‐supporting (adj)
semiconductor (n)
separate (v/adj)
separator (n)
servocontrol (n)
servomechanism (n)
servomotor (n)
servovalve (n)
setmaster (n)
setscrew (n)
setup (n/adj)
set up (v)
shaft bolt (n)
shaftgear (n)
shank nut (n)
sharp‐edged (adj)
shear bolt (n)
shearpin (n)
sheetmetal (n/adj)
shelf ‐life (n)
shellblasting (n)
shimming (n/v)
shock mount (n)
shockproof (adj)
shop‐made (adj)
short‐circuit (v)
short circuit (n)
shorted out (adj)
short‐to‐ground (n)
shot‐blast (v)
shotpeen (n)
shot‐peen (v)
shotpeening (n)
shoulder pin (n)
shutdown (n/adj)
shut down (v)
shutoff (n/adj)
shut off (v)
side‐cue (adj)
sidecutting (adj)
side‐load (n)
sideplay (n)
silicone (n)
silver‐braze (v)
silverplate (v)
silver plate (n)
silver‐plated (adj)
silver‐plating (adj)
skip‐weld (n/v)
sleeve nut (n)
sleeving (n)
slip‐fit (n)
slip joint (n)
slipring (n)
smoke‐check (v)
smooth‐working
(adj)
snapping (adj)
snapring (n)
snugged (adj)
snugging (n)
snugly (adv)
socket head (adj)
solution‐treat (v)
solution‐treated
(adj)
solution‐treating (n)
solution‐treatment
(n)
soundproof (v/adj)
source‐coded (adj)
spark plug (n)
spin‐test (v)
spin test (n)
spiral‐wrap (n)
splashproof (adj)
splined (adj)
splitline (n/adj)
split‐plate (n)
split ring (n)
spotface (n/adj)
spot‐face (v)
spot‐fluorescent‐
penetrant‐
inspect (v)
spot fluorescent
penetrant
inspection (n)
spotweld (v)
spot weld (n)
spotwelded (adj)
spotwelding (n/adj)
spraybar (n)
spray cone (n)
spray‐rinse (v)
spray‐wash (v)
springback (v/adj)
spring finger (n)
spring‐loaded (adj)
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spring pin (n)
spur gear (n)
square‐faced (adj)
square‐shaped (adj)
stabilize (v)
stackup (n/adj)
stack up (v)
stand‐alone (adj)
standoff (n/adj)
standpipe (n)
starting‐torque (n)
startup (adj)
start‐up (n)
start up (v)
static‐balance (v)
static‐test (v)
stator‐half (n)
steady‐state (adj)
steady state (n)
steam‐clean (v)
steam‐rinse (n/v)
stepdown (adj)
stopcock (n)
stop‐cock (v)
stop‐drill (v)
stop drill (n)
stopnut (n)
stop screw (n)
stop‐to‐stop (adj)
stopwatch (n)
straightedge (n)
straight‐edged (adj)
straight line (n/adj)
straight‐sided (adj)
strapnut (n)
stress fluorescent
penetrant (adj)
stress‐relieve (v)
stress‐relieve‐anneal
(v)
strobotron (n)
strokable (adj)
stub‐shaft (n)
stud extractor (n)
supercharger (n)
supersede (v)
superstructure (n)
surface‐cooled (adj)
swaybar (n)
sway brace (n)
sway‐brace (v)
sweptwing (n)
switchbox (n)
synchronizing (v/adj)
T
tab‐lock (n)
tabwasher (n)
tackweld (v)
tack weld (n)
tackwelded (adj)
tailpiece (n)
tailpipe (n)
tailspin (n)
tailstock (n)
tailwheel (n)
tailwind (n)
takeoff (n/adj)
take off (v)
taper pin (n)
taxied (v)
taxiing (v)
T‐bolt (n)
teardown (n/adj)
tear down (v)
tee (n)
test block (n)
test run (n)
test strip (n)
tetraethyl (n)
T‐fitting (n)
T‐handle (n)
thermal‐spray
(v/adj)
thin‐walled (adj)
thread gauge (n)
three‐piece (adj)
three‐ply (adj)
through bolt (n)
through hole (n)
throughout
(adv/prep)
throwaway (n/adj)
throwout (n/adj)
throw out (v)
thrust nut (n)
thumbnut (n)
thumbscrew (n)
tiebar (n)
tie bolt (n)
tiedown (n/adj)
tie‐down (adj)
tie rod (n)
tight‐fitting (adj)
time‐code (n/v/adj)
time‐coding (n/adj)
timelag (n)
tip‐movement (n)
tipover (adj)
tip‐rub (n)
tip‐shake (n)
toe‐in (n/v/adj)
toluene (n)
tool grinder (n)
toolholder (n)
tool kit (n)
toolmark (n)
torch‐temper (v)
torque (n/v/adj)
touch‐up (n/adj)
touch up (v)
trail‐fit (v)
transferring (v)
transmitter (n)
trial‐assemble (v)
trial assembly (n)
trial‐fit (v)
trichloroethane (n)
trichloroethylene (n)
trichlorotrifluoroeth
ane (n)
troublelight (n)
troubleshoot (v)
troubleshooting
(n/adj)
truing (v)
trunnion (n)
T‐shaped (adj)
T‐slot (n)
tuneup (n/adj)
tune up (v)
turbojet (n)
turboprop (n)
turnaround (n/adj)
turnbuckle (n)
turntable (n)
two‐piece (adj)
two‐speed (adj)
two‐way (adj)
U
ultrahigh frequency
(n)
ultrasonic (adj)
ultraviolet (adj)
undercut (n/v)
underside (n)
undersurface (n)
undertorque (v)
update (v)
upper half (n)
up‐position (adv)
upset (n/v/adj)
upstream (n/adj)
upstroke (n)
up‐to‐date (adj)
upwind (n/adj/adv)
usable (adj)
usage (n)
U‐section (n)
U‐shaped (adj)
V
vacuum‐check (n/v)
vapor‐blast (n/v)
vapor‐degrease (n/v)
V‐band (n)
V‐block (n)
vebropeen (v/adj)
venthole (n)
V‐groove (n/v)
viewfinder (n)
viewport (n)
voltammeter (n)
volt‐ampere (n/adj)
voltmeter (n)
volt‐ohmmeter (n)
V‐roll (n)
V‐shaped (adj)
W
warmup (n/adj)
warm up (v)
warping (v)
water brake (n)
water‐cool (v)
water‐cooled (adj)
water‐flow‐test (v)
water‐flow test (n)
waterline (n)
water pressure (n)
waterproof (n/v/adj)
water‐soluble (adj)
watertight
(n/adj/adv)
water‐wash (v/adj)
water wash (n)
water‐washable
(adj)
water‐washing (n)
waveform (n)
waveguide (n)
wavelength (n)
wavemeter (n)
wear‐in (adj)
wearmetal (n)
wearstrip (n)
wear test (n)
Web
(World
Wide
Web)
Web site (n)
wedge‐shaped (adj)
weld area (n)
weld bead (n)
weld crack (n)
weld‐repair (n/v/adj)
well‐ventilated (adj)
wet‐blast (n/v/adj)
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white‐light‐inspect
(v)
white‐light
inspection (n)
wigglestrip (n)
windspeed (n)
wingbolt (n)
wire‐brush (v)
wire brush (n)
withheld (v)
withhold (v)
workbench (n)
work‐harden (v)
work load (n)
workpiece (n)
workplace (n)
workstand (n)
workstation (n)
worktable (n)
worm gear (n)
wraparound (n)
wrapping (n)
wrench‐arc (n/adj)
wrist pin (n)
write‐up (n/adj)
XYZ
X ray (n) [no
hyphen]
x‐ray (v/adj)
[hyphen]
Y‐adapter (n)
zero‐degree (adj)
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Index
a, an, the (articles) .................................................................... 36abbreviations ............................................................................ 30
and dates ............................................................................ 31and periods ......................................................................... 30and the symbol form ........................................................... 31and units of measure .......................................................... 30in Latin ................................................................................ 31
single and plural references ................................................ 30acronyms .................................................................................. 30
and articles ......................................................................... 31first usage of ....................................................................... 31spelling out ......................................................................... 31usage of .............................................................................. 31
actions per step ........................................................................ 35apostrophe
and contractions ................................................................. 17and omissions ..................................................................... 17and plurals .......................................................................... 16and possessives ................................................................. 17and time expressions .......................................................... 16use of .................................................................................. 16
apostrophes .............................................................................. 16articles ...................................................................................... 36
and nonprocedural text ....................................................... 36and procedural text ............................................................. 36and unclear terms ............................................................... 36
brackets .................................................................................... 16use of .................................................................................. 16versus parentheses ............................................................ 16
capitalization ............................................................................. 19and computer terms ............................................................ 20and equipment names ........................................................ 20and proper names............................................................... 20and titles ............................................................................. 19and units of measure .......................................................... 20overview ............................................................................. 19sentence case .................................................................... 19title case ............................................................................. 19uppercase ........................................................................... 19
charts, quick-referenceCommon Proofreader’s Marks ............................................ 41Commonly Confused Words and Expressions ................... 44
Commonly Misspelled Words ............................................. 43Numerical Compounds ....................................................... 42O’Neil Abbreviations and Acronyms ................................... 45O’Neil Preferred Spellings .................................................. 51
colon ......................................................................................... 11expressing a ratio ............................................................... 11expressing time................................................................... 11introducing a list .................................................................. 11use of .................................................................................. 11with introductory phrase ...................................................... 11
comma........................................................................................ 9consecutive adjectives ........................................................ 10introductory phrase ............................................................... 9parenthetical information ...................................................... 9setting off a year ................................................................. 10setting off supplementary material ...................................... 10three or more items ............................................................... 9two complete thoughts and a conjunction ............................. 9
use of .................................................................................... 9contractions .............................................................................. 31
and possessives ................................................................. 32and usage ........................................................................... 31definition of ......................................................................... 31
conversions, listing ofInternational System ........................................................... 26U.S. Customary system ...................................................... 26
dashem dash .............................................................................. 13en dash ............................................................................... 13use of .................................................................................. 13use of longer ....................................................................... 13
dashes ...................................................................................... 13decimal sign
International System ........................................................... 25U.S. Customary system ...................................................... 25
document style ......................................................................... 38lists ..................................................................................... 38Simplified English ............................................................... 39
em dashuse of .................................................................................. 13
en dashuse of .................................................................................. 13
English systemsee U.S. Cutomary system ................................................. 25
exclamation point ..................................................................... 12use of .................................................................................. 12
fractionsbuilt ..................................................................................... 22case .................................................................................... 22decimal ............................................................................... 23mixing case and text fractions ............................................ 22text ...................................................................................... 22
grammar versus usage ............................................................... 3hyphens .................................................................................... 13
and adverb-adjective compounds ....................................... 14and descriptive compounds ................................................ 14and new compounds........................................................... 14and numbered compounds ................................................. 14and prefixes .................................................................. 15, 33and single-letter compounds ............................................... 14and the hyphen test ............................................................ 14use of .................................................................................. 13
International Systembackground ......................................................................... 25decimal sign ........................................................................ 25grouping of digits ................................................................ 26listing conversions .............................................................. 26
International System of Units (SI) ............................................. 25lists ........................................................................................... 38
and capitalization ................................................................ 38and periods ......................................................................... 38bulleted lists ........................................................................ 38introducing .......................................................................... 38
numbered lists .................................................................... 38use of .................................................................................. 38metric system
see International System of Units ....................................... 25names....................................................................................... 20numbers ................................................................................... 21
and case fractions............................................................... 22and consistency .................................................................. 21and dates ............................................................................ 23and decimal fractions .......................................................... 23and fractions ....................................................................... 22and mathematical notations ................................................ 25and military divisions ........................................................... 24and numerical compounds .................................................. 24and percentages ................................................................. 23and publication identifiers ................................................... 23and punctuation .................................................................. 21and rounding ....................................................................... 24
and text fractions ................................................................ 22beginning a sentence .......................................................... 21decimal values .................................................................... 22rule for spelling out ............................................................. 21
numerical compounds ........................................................ 26, 27additional information .......................................................... 27and customer standards ..................................................... 27overview ............................................................................. 26simple compounds .............................................................. 26using the Rule of Reason ................................................... 27with decimals ...................................................................... 27with fractions ....................................................................... 27with item descriptions ......................................................... 27
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with numeric directions ....................................................... 27numerical conversions
converting a range of numbers ........................................... 28converting specific temperature values ............................... 29converting temperature tolerances ..................................... 29using significant digits ......................................................... 27
O’Neil Style Guide usage ........................................................... 3parentheses .............................................................................. 15
acronyms ............................................................................ 15
and brackets ....................................................................... 16and commas ....................................................................... 16figure callouts ..................................................................... 15including additional information .......................................... 15including entire sentences .................................................. 15index numbers .................................................................... 15measurement equivalencies ............................................... 15use of .................................................................................. 15versus brackets................................................................... 16
period ......................................................................................... 9use of .................................................................................... 9
person ...................................................................................... 36person, second
and procedural steps .......................................................... 36plurals ....................................................................................... 32
and apostrophes ................................................................. 32and compound terms .......................................................... 32of acronyms ........................................................................ 32of characters ....................................................................... 32
possessives .............................................................................. 32and descriptive terms .......................................................... 32
joint possession .................................................................. 32prefixes ..................................................................................... 33punctuation ................................................................................. 9punctuation, use of
apostrophes ........................................................................ 16brackets .............................................................................. 16colons ................................................................................. 11commas ................................................................................ 9em dashes .......................................................................... 13en dashes ........................................................................... 13exclamation points .............................................................. 12hyphens .............................................................................. 13longer dashes ..................................................................... 13parentheses ........................................................................ 15
periods .................................................................................. 9question marks ................................................................... 11quotation marks .................................................................. 12semicolons .......................................................................... 10serial comma ........................................................................ 9slashes ............................................................................... 17
punctuation,use ofintroductory phrase ............................................................... 9
QC/QA Reference Library .......................................................... 4question mark ........................................................................... 11
use of .................................................................................. 11quick-reference charts .............................................................. 41quotation marks ........................................................................ 12
citing another source .......................................................... 12incorrect usage of ............................................................... 12use of .................................................................................. 12
readability ................................................................................. 37sentence length .................................................................. 37
reference libraryQC/QA reference materials .................................................. 4
semicolon ................................................................................. 10three or more items with commas ....................................... 10two complete thoughts with a transition .............................. 11two complete thoughts without a conjunction ..................... 10
use of .................................................................................. 10sentence style .......................................................................... 35
actions per step .................................................................. 35articles ................................................................................ 36person ............ ............. ............ ............ ............. ............ ....... 36readability ........................................................................... 37subject agreement .............................................................. 35syntax ................................................................................. 37voice ................................................................................... 36
Simplified English ..................................................................... 39slash
and abbreviations ............................................................... 17and dates ............................................................................ 18and fractions ....................................................................... 17and technical usage ............................................................ 17backslash ............................................................................ 17computer terms ................................................................... 18forward slash ...................................................................... 17Internet terms ..................................................................... 18signifying alternatives ......................................................... 17use of .................................................................................. 17
slashes ..................................................................................... 17subject agreement .................................................................... 35
and collective nouns ........................................................... 35and plural pronouns ............................................................ 35and plural verbs .................................................................. 35and singular pronouns ........................................................ 35and singular verbs .............................................................. 35
symbols .................................................................................... 33and spacing ........................................................................ 34repeating symbols in a series ............................................. 34usage in tables and charts .................................................. 33usage in text ....................................................................... 33
syntax ....................................................................................... 37sentence ............................................................................. 37
systemEnglish ................................................................................ 25International System of Units (SI) ....................................... 25metric .................................................................................. 25U.S. Customary .................................................................. 25
title caseand articles ......................................................................... 19and conjunctions ................................................................. 19and hyphenated words ....................................................... 20
and main words .................................................................. 19and prepositions ................................................................. 19titles .......................................................................................... 19
and capitalization ................................................................ 19sentence case .................................................................... 19title case ............................................................................. 19uppercase ........................................................................... 19
U.S. Customary system ............................................................ 25background ......................................................................... 25decimal sign ........................................................................ 25listing conversions .............................................................. 26
units of measure ....................................................................... 21usage versus grammar ............................................................... 3voice ......................................................................................... 36
passive ............................................................................... 37voice, active .............................................................................. 36word style ................................................................................. 30
abbreviations ...................................................................... 30
acronyms ............................................................................ 30contractions ........................................................................ 31plurals ................................................................................. 32possessives ........................................................................ 32prefixes ............................................................................... 33symbols .............................................................................. 33
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