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This opinion was filed for record
GHIEFJUSTtGe
''.CX)t<Ur\ ond-^AA J
SUSAN L. CARLSON
SUPREME COURT CLERK
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
MICHAEL GILMORE, a single man,
Petitioner,
V.
JEFFERSON COUNTY PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION BENEFIT AREA, d/b/aJefferson Transit Authority, a municipalcorporation.
Respondent.
J
No. 94559-4
En Banc
Filed APR 1 9 2018
MADSEN, J.—In 2008, an employee of Jefferson County Public Transportation
Benefit Area (Jefferson Transit) caused a vehicle collision with Michael Gilmore.
Gilmore brought a personal injury suit against Jefferson Transit for injuries he allegedly
sustained in that collision. At trial, the jury awarded Gilmore $1.2 million for past and
future economic losses.
This case concerns three issues—whether the trial court abused its discretion (1) in
excluding Dr. Allan Tencer's expert biomechanical testimony, (2) in barring evidence of
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No. 94559-4
Department of Labor and Industries (L&I) payments to Gilmore, and (3) in determining
that Gilmore's counsel's closing argument did not require a new trial.
In an unpublished decision, the Court of Appeals reversed, holding that the trial
court abused its discretion with respect to each issue. Gilmore v. Jefferson County Pub.
Transp. Benefit Area, No. 48018-2-11, slip op. (Wash. Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2017)
(unpublished), https://www.courts.wa.gov/opini-ons/pdf/D2%2048018-2-
ll%20Unpublished%200pinion.pdf. We reverse the Court of Appeals.
FACTS
Background
Gilmore was stopped at a traffic light. Charles Cotterill, a Jefferson Transit
employee, was driving a bus behind Gilmore. Cotterill failed to stop his bus in time and
collided with Gilmore's vehicle. Gilmore was working for Brother's Plumbing and
driving a van owned by his employer at the time of the collision. While the damage to
both vehicles was minimal,' Gilmore described the collision as "devastating." 5
Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) at 773.
Immediately after the collision, Gilmore was taken to the emergency room. He
complained of nausea and headache, as well as pain in his neck, hip, and lower back. A
few days later, Gilmore returned to the emergency room, complaining of headaches and
numbness in his hands. As a result, Gilmore received L&l payments for wage loss and
' The cost to replace the bike rack on the front of Jefferson Transit's bus was $1,200, andGilmore's employer never brought a claim against Jefferson Transit for any damage done to itsvan.
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No. 94559-4
time loss. He also received a $40,000 lump sum L&I payment for permanent partial
disability. Additionally, Gilmore was already receiving disability compensation from the
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Gilmore was given a 60 percent disability rating
for, among other things, degenerative arthritis in his thoracicolumbar spine, left elbow,
and both of his hips and knees.
In April 2008, Gilmore underwent an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), which
revealed several disc bulges in his neck. In the following months, Jefferson Transit hired
a private investigator to take video surveillance of Gilmore. The investigator
documented Gilmore engaging in several physical activities. Gilmore's pain subsided
until 2009 when he opened his own plumbing business and began working again. A
subsequent MRI revealed that Gilmore's disc bulges worsened and required surgery.
Gilmore did not get the recommended surgery at that time because he just started his own
plumbing business and could not afford to take time away from work. Instead, Gilmore
was prescribed opioids and placed on a "high risk medication management" program. He
finally underwent neck surgery in 2015.
In 2010, Gilmore sued Jefferson Transit in the underlying action for his injuries.
Jefferson Transit admitted liability for the collision but maintained that it did not cause
Gilmore's injuries.
Pretrial
The trial court ruled on several motions in limine before trial. The court granted
Jefferson Transit's motion to exclude "golden rule arguments," which are arguments
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No. 94559-4
encouraging jurors to put themselves in Gilmore's place when deciding the ease.
Additionally, after reconsideration, the trial court granted Gilmore's motion to exclude
evidence of his L&I and VA payments.
The trial eourt also granted Gilmore's motion to exclude Dr. Tencer's testimony.
Dr. Tencer is a mechanical engineer and former professor who has done "researeh in the
field of biomechanics related to injury prevention." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 365. He
holds a bachelor's degree, a master's degree, and a PhD in meehanical engineering. Dr.
Tencer is a well-known expert in Washington, having contributed biomechanical
testimony in many personal injury cases. Dr. Tencer does not offer any medieal opinion,
but rather is primarily concerned with the severity of the impact in a given collision. His
intended testimony here relates to a "quantitative deseription of the forces experienced by
the Plaintiff in the crash and a comparison of those forees to forees of common
experience." Id. at 366. In order to calculate a collision's impact. Dr. Tencer relies on
several factors, including the "weights of the vehicles based on information provided by
the automobile industry, the speed of the striking vehicle based on its level of damage,
and the coefficient of restitution[,] which describes the elasticity of the impact and
braking forces, to compute the speed change and acceleration of the struck vehicle." Id.
Before granting Gilmore's motion to exclude Dr. Tencer's testimony, the trial
court engaged in a lengthy discussion with counsel. Gilmore's counsel argued that "Dr.
Teneer's opinion [is] based on rank speculation and conjecture." 1 VRP at 35. He
argued that Dr. Teneer's testimony would be irrelevant since he would not be offering
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No. 94559-4
any information that the "jury can't figure out on their own." Id. at 37. Gilmore's
counsel suggested that there was enough other evidence for the jury to determine the
severity of the impact between the vehicles, including photographs of the collision and
testimony from Gilmore, a passenger on the bus, and potentially the bus driver.
Gilmore's counsel argued that Dr. Tencer's testimony is unreliable and would lend
scientific authority that is overly prejudicial.
In response, Jefferson Transit's counsel argued that the admissibility of Dr.
Tencer's testimony should be based on whether the court thinks it will be helpful to the
jury. In granting Gilmore's motion, the trial court explained:
As far as what I can tell from what I read, and the way I understandit, um, he makes a number of assumptions, some of which are based onfacts that are not going to be in evidence. And it does — and he does create,um ~ he does ~ he does — well, it's ~ to me, it's intended to create aninference, um, of ~ well, I don't know, it's create ~ it's intended to createan inference with some aura of authority that I don't think is reasonable orjustified. And I think that ~ I think it will be confusing to the jury. I thinkthat it will be misleading to the jury.
And, um, so I'm going to grant the motion to exclude Dr. Tencer,based on ~ based on what I ~ what I read.
Id. at 39.
Trial
At trial, Gilmore's sons, Alex and Matthew Gilmore, each testified to Gilmore's
physical and mental condition after the collision. Alex Gilmore testified:
Um, well, it was ~ it was such a long time ago, but I do my best here, uh.He, well, wasn't able to work as soon as the collision happened. He had tostop working, uh. And he, pretty much, at ~ things, kind of, hit the fanwhen, uh, he wasn't able to work. And, uh, it was hard to pay the bills.
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No. 94559-4
He — he and my mom didn't exactly get along very well for ~ formuch longer after [the collision] happened. Uh, lots of financial issuescausing them to argue. And my dad and I, at one point, ended up, uh,moving out into a travel trailer, uh, with some friends and ~ because of thearguments between them ~ between my parents.
4 VRP at 508. And Matthew Gilmore testified:
Um, after the collision he started drinking. Uh, he, I guess, didn'tfeel like he was able to provide for his family the way he should and wasn'table to work. You know, he - he was working 80 hours a week prior to theaccident. Uh, sat records with Brother's Plumbing for, uh, installs on waterheaters and all sorts of stuff.
Um, and to go from that to nothing he didn't know what to do. Hewent way downhill, uh, you know. You could see the sadness in his eyes.You could see the pain. Um, and he started drinking and eventuallybecame addicted to it. I ~ I guess he was addicted to it years and years andyears ago. Uh, well before I was ever bom, he quit and, uh, picked it backup. And that's when our relationship started going way downhill.
Id. at 532. After Matthew Gilmore's direct examination, Jefferson Transit argued that
Alex and Matthew Gilmore's testimony opened the door to collateral source payments
since it violated the motion in limine prohibiting any "mention of Plaintiff s financial
status," and Jefferson Transit moved to allow evidence of Gilmore's L&I payments. Id.
at 536. The trial court denied this request, but also explained:
[I]f there's a case out there that suggests to me that she's opened the doorand this L&I stuff can come in, then it'll probably come in. But as of rightnow, I haven't seen that case or anything so I'm not going to go down thatroad.
Id. at 543.
Closing Argument
During closing arguments, Gilmore's counsel made some questionable statements
to the jury. She said:
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No. 94559-4
So what do we do? Do we let the government win?
Mike can't fight the government alone. He can't.
Can't fight the government. We certainly can't fight the governmentin this case without you. Because it's you who are going to determine theamount that's going to fairly and reasonably compensate Mike for theseinjuries.
7 VRP at 989, 991,996. She added:
I'm going to tell you something, that there has been a fraud perpetuated inthis courtroom during this trial. There has been. There has been someonein this trial who has continually tried to mislead you, who has continuallythrown evidence at you to try to take you off what's really at issue in thiscase. And that's the Defense.
I'm going to talk to you about some of the . . . frauds that the Defense hastried to perpetuate.
Id. at 978-79. And again on rebuttal, she said:
But that's what the government does. Why do they do that? Theydo that because no one holds them accountable. They do that because theycan. They do that because nobody stands up and fights.
. . . And you know that if you don't hold the governmentaccountable, that they will just keep doing what they're doing. That theywill feel like they can run into anybody in this community and just walkaway.
Id. at 1031-32. Jefferson Transit's counsel did not object to Gilmore's counsel's closing
argument or her rebuttal. Instead, he told the jury:
You know, it looks like a lot of theater. And you know what, you're right.A lot of this is theater. It's putting on a show. The attorneys are trying topersuade this jury. That's the whole point. And the reason jury trials workso well is because you've got somebody trying to persuade the jury thisway, but somebody else trying to persuade the jury that way. And somehowthe two kind of, you know, boil to the surface.
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No. 94559-4
One of the ~ one of the techniques that lawyers use to persuade thejury is to, uh, try to turn the tables and - and demonize the other side.
Um, and then you demonize the other side by saying, well, it's thegovernment. You can't fight the government. Look how bad they are.You know, look how nasty they are. They keep pointing to all thisevidence and all these facts which are, uh, outrageous to us. You know, wedon't like them. They don't like them because they reveal the truth ofwhat's going on. But that's how ~ that's how you present your case.
Id. at 1007-08.
Verdict and Procedural Historv
The jury found in Gilmore's favor, and awarded him $1.2 million for past and
future noneconomic damages. Jefferson Transit subsequently moved for a new trial and
remittitur. The trial court denied the motion because it did "not find, in the context of the
entire record, that there was any event, misconduct, or discovery violation sufficient to
justify a new trial or a remittitur." CP at 724.
Jefferson Transit appealed, and the Court of Appeals reversed in an unpublished
decision. Gilmore, No. 48018-2-II, slip op. at 1. The Court of Appeals held that the trial
court committed reversible error by excluding Dr. Tencer's expert testimony. Id.
Additionally, it chose to address the admissibility of Gilmore's L&I payments and
whether Gilmore's counsel's closing argument constituted misconduct. Id. at 19, 21.
Gilmore sought review of the Court of Appeals decision.
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No. 94559-4
ANALYSIS
Standard of Review
We review a trial court's evidentiary rulings for an abuse of discretion. State v.
Ellis, 136 Wn.2d 498, 504, 963 P.2d 843 (1998). '"A court abuses its discretion when an
"order is manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds.'"" In re Pers.
Restraint ofRhome, 172 Wn.2d 654, 668, 260 P.3d 874 (2011) (quoting State v. Rafay,
167 Wn.2d 644, 655, 222 P.3d 86 (2009) (quoting Wash. State Physicians Ins. Exch. &
Ass'n V. Fisons Corp., 122 Wn.2d 299, 339, 858 P.2d 1054 (1993))). Rulings that are
manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds include those that are
unsupported by the record or result from applying the wrong legal standard. State v.
Salgado-Mendoza, 189 Wn.2d 420, 427, 403 P.3d 45 (2017). Furthermore, "[a]
reviewing court may not find abuse of discretion simply because it would have decided
the case differently—it must be convinced that "'«o reasonable person would take the
view adopted by the trial court.'"" Id. (quoting State v. Perez-Cervantes, 141 Wn.2d 468,
475, 6 P.3d 1160 (2000) (quoting State v. Huelett, 92 Wn.2d 967, 969, 603 P.2d 1258
(1979))).
We also review the admissibility of expert testimony under this standard.
Johnston-Forbes v. Matsunaga, 181 Wn.2d 346, 352, 333 P.3d 388 (2014) (citing re
Marriage ofKatare, 175 Wn.2d 23, 38, 283 P.3d 546 (2012)). In this context, "[i]f the
basis for admission of the evidence is '"fairly debatable,"' we will not disturb the trial
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No. 94559-4
court's ruling." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Grp. Health Coop, of
Puget Sound, Inc. v. Dep't of Revenue, 106 Wn.2d 391, 398, 722 P.2d 787 (1986)).
A trial eourt's decision to grant or deny a motion for a new trial is reviewed for an
abuse of diseretion. Alum. Co. of Am. v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 140 Wn.2d 517, 537,
998 P.2d 856 (2000). The pertinent inquiry is whether "'such a feeling of prejudiee [has]
been engendered or located in the minds of the jury as to prevent a litigant from having a
fair trial.'" Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Moore v. Smith, 89 Wn.2d
932, 942, 578P.2d 26 (1978)).
Excluding Dr. Teneer's Testimonv
The central issue in this ease is whether the trial eourt abused its discretion in
excluding Dr. Teneer's expert testimony. In Washington, trial eourts generally look to
three elements in determining the admissibility of expert testimony—^whether
(1) the expert is qualified, (2) the expert relies on generally acceptedtheories in the scientific community, and (3) the testimony would be helpfulto the trier of fact.
Johnston-Forbes, 181 Wn.2d at 352; see ER 702 (a qualified expert may testify if the
expert's "scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact
to understand the evidenee or to determine a fact in issue").
Dr. Teneer is often ealled to testify as an expert in Washington personal injury
cases. Because the accuracy of using biomechanics to assess impaet severity is
controversial, courts disagree as to whether and under what cireumstances to admit Dr.
Teneer's expert testimony. For example, in Johnston-Forbes, the plaintiff in a personal
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No. 94559-4
injury suit appealed a trial court ruling denying her motion in limine to exclude Dr.
Tencer's testimony. 181 Wn.2d at 351. In affirming, we held that trial courts have wide
discretion in determining the admissibility of biomechanical testimony, and that a trial
court does not abuse that discretion if it follows "the analytical framework required under
the ERs." Id. at 354. Understanding that the admissibility of such testimony could vary
from case to case, we added that it is "not remarkable that trial judges have sometimes
allowed biomechanical engineering testimony, and specifically Tencer's testimony,
where sometimes trial judges have excluded it." Id. at 353-54 ("'[t]he broad standard of
abuse of discretion means that courts can reasonably reach different conclusions about
whether, and to what extent, an expert's testimony will be helpful to the jury in a
particular case'" (quoting Stedman v. Cooper, 172 Wn. App. 9, 18, 292 P.3d 764
(2012))).
In Stedman, the trial court excluded Dr. Tencer's expert testimony, finding that it
may be more "misleading than helpful." 172 Wn. App. at 20-21. The Court of Appeals
in that case affirmed the trial court, holding that it did not abuse its discretion. Id. at 21;
see Johnston-Forbes, 181 Wn.2d at 358 (Yu, J., concurring) ("Moreover, our decision in
this case does not overrule Stedman.").
Here, Jefferson Transit complains that the trial court abused its discretion because
it failed to consider the ER 702 factors. It argues the trial court did not discuss the
scientific credibility of Dr. Tencer's testimony and did not address the analytical
framework set forth in case law for excluding experts or, indeed, any of the elements of
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No. 94559-4
ER 702 in excluding Dr. Tencer's testimony. However, reading the trial court's ruling in
conjunction with Gilmore's arguments, it is apparent that the trial court had these
concerns in mind.
Specifically, Gilmore argued that
{Dr. Tencer^ adds this sort of scientific authority.It's simply not reliable, and it is overly prejudicial in that it gives an
air of superiority to testimony that's . . . based on simply Dr. Tencerguessing as to the factors that would be involved.
1 VRP at 38 (emphasis added).
The trial court apparently agreed with Gilmore when it concluded that Dr.
Tencer's testimony "intended to create an inference with some aura of authority that I
don't think is reasonable or justified." Id. at 39. Indeed, Dr. Tencer's research is not
without controversy. And, while the trial court did not mention ER 702, it also addressed
the third element in the ER framework—^whether the expert's testimony would be helpful
to the trier of fact and explained the testimony would be confusing and misleading to the
jury.2
^ The Court of Appeals disagreed with the trial court's ruling:Tencer's testimony, however, was neither cumulative nor speculative.
Because a disputed issue existed as to the cause and nature and extentof Gilmore's injury, Tencer's testimony would have allowed the jurors to make amore informed decision, especially given the contradictory evidence that thecollision was not significant enough to cause injury. His testimony would havebeen subject to cross-examination and the weight of his testimony would havebeen determined by the jury.
Gilmore, No. 48018-2-II, slip op. at 17-18. But the appellate court may not substitute itsjudgment for that of the trial court. See Salgado-Mendoza, 189 Wn.2d at 427 ("A reviewingcourt may not find abuse of discretion simply because it would have decided the casedifferently.").
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No. 94559-4
Jefferson Transit also argues that by excluding Dr. Tencer's testimony, it could not
present its theory of the case—^that the accident was minor and was not the cause of
Gilmore's injuries. We disagree. Jefferson Transit stated that causation was a disputed
issue and that its "theory of the case was that Mr. Gilmore's condition was preexisting,
and that he was not injured in the impact." Suppl. Br. of Resp't at 12. Dr. Tencer's
testimony does not include a medical opinion, likelihood of injuries sustained, or
causation assessment. Rather, his testimony deals with his estimated severity of impact.
Jefferson Transit had photographic and testimonial evidence to argue the speed of the
vehicle and severity of impact.
Jefferson Transit further argues that the trial court abused its discretion by relying
on the wrong legal standard. The Court of Appeals agreed the trial court excluded Dr.
Tencer's testimony because he "made 'a number of assumptions, some .. . based on facts
that [were] not going to be in evidence,"' which is not only the wrong legal standard, but
rather, an acceptable form of expert testimony. Gilmore, No. 48018-2-II, slip op. at 17
(second alteration in original) (quoting 1 VRP at 39).
It is true that an expert may rely on facts not in evidence to formulate an opinion.
ER 703. It is also true that the trial court noted that Dr. Tencer relies on facts not in
evidence before it decided to grant the motion to exclude his testimony. However, as
discussed, the trial court also excluded Dr. Tencer's testimony because it would create
unreasonable inferences, and confuse and mislead the jury. Assuming the trial court
incorrectly believed that Dr. Tencer could not base his testimony on facts not in evidence.
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No. 94559-4
the trial court also stated other reasons for its ruling. "A trial court's ruling on the
admissibility of evidence will not be disturbed on appeal if it is sustainable on alternative
grounds." Thomas v. French, 99 Wn.2d 95, 104, 659 P.2d 1097 (1983). Here, the trial
court found Dr. Teneer's expert testimony to be unreliable, misleading, and confusing.
We find no abuse of discretion.
Excluding L&I Pavments
The admissibility of collateral source income, such as L&I payments, is governed
by both the statutory and common law collateral source rules.
RCW 51.24.1003 provides:
The fact that the injured worker or beneficiary is entitled to compensationunder this title shall not be pleaded or admissible in evidence in any thirdparty action under this chapter.
See Entila v. Cook, 187 Wn.2d 480, 489, 386 P.3d 1099 (2017) ("[RCW 51.24.100] is
unambiguous that an employee's receipt of benefits is inadmissible in a third party
action"). The common law collateral source rule is consistent with RCW 51.24.100, in
that we have generally held that evidence of collateral source income should be strictly
excluded. See Cox v. Spongier, 141 Wn.2d 431, 439, 5 P.3d 1265, 22 P.3d 791 (2000),
("[CJourts generally exclude evidence that the plaintiff has received compensation from a
third party for an injury for which the defendant has liability. The 'rule is designed to
prevent the wrongdoer from benefitting from third-party payments.'" (quoting Cox v.
3 Jefferson Transit urges this court to hold that RCW 51.24.100 does not apply in situationswhere a plaintiff is requesting only general damages. We decline to do so. Neither ourprecedents nor the statute's plain text requires us to limit RCW 51.24.100's application tosituations where the plaintiff requests special damages.
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No. 94559-4
Lewiston Grain Growers, Inc., 86 Wn. App. 357, 375, 936 P.2d 1191 (1997))); see also
Johnson v. Weyerhaeuser Co., 134 Wn.2d 795, 798, 953 P.2d 800 (1998) ("In the context
of personal injury actions, the collateral source rule has been the rule in Washington for
85 years." (citing Boeke v. Int'lPaint Co., 27 Wn. App. 611, 618, 620 P.2d 103 (1980)
("We agree that the rule of strict exclusion represents the better view."))).
While Jefferson Transit agrees with the general rule that evidence of collateral
source income is excluded, it argues that such evidence should have been admissible here
because Gilmore "opened the door." Jefferson Transit's argument relies on our decision
in Johnson, 134 Wn.2d at 804, where we held that a plaintiff may "waive the protections
of the collateral source rule by opening the door to evidence of collateral benefits."
However, we also held that the trier of fact is free to determine whether the door has been
opened. Id. We will not reverse the trial court's decision unless it abused its discretion.
Johnston-Forbes, 181 Wn.2d at 352. A trial court abuses its discretion in making
evidentiary rulings if those rulings are unsupported by the record or result from applying
the wrong legal standard. Salgado-Mendoza, 189 Wn.2d 427.
Jefferson Transit's first contention is that the trial court, in barring evidence of
collateral source income, applied the incorrect legal standard because it ruled that an
injured party "could never open the door to 'this L&I stuff" Suppl. Br. of Resp't at 7
(quoting 4 VRP at 543-44). We disagree.
The trial court stated:
[F]or now, I'm going to . . . deny the request [to introduce collateral sourceevidence].
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No. 94559-4
. . . absent some case and authority on opening the door on thecollateral source rule. . . . [I]f there's a case out there that suggests to methat she's opened the door and this L&I stuff can come in, then it'llprobably come in. But as of right now, I haven't seen that case or anythingso I'm not going to go down that road.
4 VRP at 543. In context, it is apparent that the trial court believed that there was
insufficient basis to conclude that the door had been opened in this instance. Notably,
Jefferson Transit was given the opportunity to provide some authority that suggested
Gilmore opened the door to collateral source evidence and did not do so until after the
jury reached its verdict.
Jefferson Transit also argues that in situations similar, where the injured party
introduces evidence of financial hardship in violation of the collateral source rule and his
own motion in limine, the court should allow the noninjured party to rebut that evidence
to preserve fairness.
In State v. Gefeller, we held that "[i]t would be a curious rule of evidence which
allowed one party to bring up a subject, drop it at a point where it might appear
advantageous to him, and then bar the other party from all further inquiries about it." 76
Wn.2d 449, 455, 458 P.2d 17 (1969). However, in Cox, we held that even if collateral
source evidence is relevant, in order to be admissible, such relevance must not be
outweighed by the unfair influence this evidence would likely have had on the jury. 141
Wn.2dat441.
Here, Gilmore's sons testified that these financial struggles adversely affected his
mental health and personal life:
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No. 94559-4
He, well, wasn't able to work as soon as the collision happened. He had tostop working .... And he, pretty much,. . . kind of, hit the fan when .. .he wasn't able to work. And ... it was hard to pay the bills.
.. . [H]e and my mom didn't exactly get along very well... formuch longer after [the collision] happened. . . . [LJots of financial issuescausing them to argue.
. . . [AJfter the collision he started drinking. . . . [H]e, I guess, didn'tfeel like he was able to provide for his family the way he should and wasn'table to work. You know, he . . . was working 80 hours a week prior to theaccident.
. . . [T]o go from that to nothing he didn't know what to do.
4 VRP at 508, 532. Jefferson Transit argues that it "sought to introduce evidence of Mr.
Gilmore's L&I payments only to refute his testimony of his allegedly dire financial
situation," and that "exclusion of that evidence significantly harmed Jefferson Transit's
defense." Answer to Pet. for Review at 14. Admissibility of evidence is reviewed for
abuse of discretion. Salgado-Mendoza, 189 Wn.2d at 427.
Whether the court abused its discretion will depend on the facts of each case. For
example, in Cox, we found that evidence of collateral source income had "some marginal
relevance regarding the apportionment of [the plaintiff s] damages, to show malingering,
or to attack her experts' credibility," but were outweighed by the prejudicial effect on the
Jury. Cox, 141 Wn.2d at 441. Similarly, here, it is certainly possible for a person
receiving L&I benefits to suffer financial struggle and stress. Moreover, introducing
evidence of Gilmore's L&I payments does not necessarily rebut his sons' testimonies.
The feelings associated with losing the ability to work and meaningfully provide for
one's family are arguably not negated by L&I payments. And evidence of L&I payments
arguably do not supplant the sense of purpose one may get from having a job and
17
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No. 94559-4
responsibilities. Instead, such evidence may influence the jury into incorrectly believing
that Gilmore endured no pain or suffering because he had some other sources of money.
Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in barring
Jefferson Transit from introducing evidence of Gilmore's L&I payments.
Attomev Misconduct
During closing arguments, Gilmore's counsel painted the government in a
negative light and asked the jury to hold it responsible for the injuries sustained by
Gilmore. Counsel also made several claims accusing Jefferson Transit of perpetrating a
fraud in this case.
A trial court's decision to grant or deny a motion for new trial is reviewed for an
abuse of discretion. Alum. Co. of Am., 140 Wn.2d at 537. We will not disturb the trial
court's decision unless '"such a feeling of prejudice [has] been engendered or located in
the minds of the jury as to prevent a litigant from having a fair trial.'" Id. (quoting
Moore, 89 Wn.2d at 942). The pertinent inquiry is whether Gilmore's counsel's
statements prejudiced the jury to the extent that Jefferson Transit did not have a fair trial.
Here, in her closing argument, Gilmore's counsel said:
Mike can't fight the government alone. He can't.
. . . We certainly can't fight the government in this case without you.Because it's you who are going to determine the amount that's going tofairly and reasonably compensate Mike for these injuries.
. .. [N]o one holds them accountable.
. .. And you know that if you don't hold the governmentaccountable, that they will just keep doing what they're doing. That theywill feel like they can run into anybody in this community and just walkaway.
18
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No. 94559-4
7 VRP at 991, 996, 1031-32. Gilmore's counsel also added:
I'm going to tell you something, that there has been a fraud perpetuated inthis courtroom during this trial. There has been. There has been someonein this trial who has continually tried to mislead you, who has continuallythrown evidence at you to try to take you off what's really at issue in thiscase. And that's the Defense.
... I'm going to talk to you about some of the . . . frauds that theDefense has tried to perpetuate.
Id. at 978-79. Jefferson Transit's counsel did not object. Instead, he told the jury that
this "looks like a lot of theater," and "one of the techniques that lawyers use to persuade
the jury is to . . . demonize the other side." Id. at 1007. He concluded by saying, "[Tjhen
you demonize the other side by saying, well, it's the government. You can't fight the
government. . . . But that's how . . . you present your case." Id. at 1008.
In denying Jefferson Transit's motion for a new trial, the trial court explained that
"[tjhis was a hard-fought case characterized by aggressive advocacy, but the Court does
not find, in the context of the entire record, that there was any event, misconduct, or
discovery violation sufficient to justify a new trial or a remittitur." CP at 724.
Unless some prejudicial effect is clear from the record, we must defer to the trial
court. See Clark v. Teng, 195 Wn. App. 482, 492, 380 P.3d 73 (2016) (holding that "the
trial court is 'in the best position' to gauge the prejudicial impact of counsels' conduct on
the jury. Particularly when the grounds for a new trial involve the assessment of
misconduct during the trial and its potential effect on the jury" (footnote omitted)).
19
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No. 94559-4
Nothing in the record suggests that Gilmore's counsel's closing argument was
incurably prejudicial.'^ We have held that "the lack of a clear and prompt objection is
strong evidence that counsel perceived no error." In re Det. of Black, 187 Wn.2d 148,
154, 385 P.3d 765 (2016), review granted, 189 Wn.2d 1015, 404 P.3d 480 (2017). In
other words, this rule is meant to prevent parties from "'wait[ing] and gambl[ing] on a
favorable verdict' before claiming error." Teter v. Deck, 174 Wn.2d 207, 225, 274 P.3d
336 (2012) (quoting A^e/^on v. Martinson, 52 Wn.2d 684, 689, 328 P.2d 703 (1958)).
Here, after closing arguments but before the jury delivered the verdict, the trial judge
gave Jefferson Transit a final opportunity to object. The trial judge asked, "[I]s there
anything we need to put on the record or do? . . . [Ajnything else?" VRP at 1036-37.
Jefferson Transit's counsel responded "[n]o" both times. Id. at 1037.
By rationalizing Gilmore's counsel's statements as a "technique" and failing to
object after being given several opportunities, it is clear that Jefferson Transit's counsel
perceived no error and was "gambling on the verdict."
We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Jefferson
Transit a new trial on the basis of counsel's remarks.
The Court of Appeals also held that despite Jefferson Transit's failure to "object to theseremarks, the issue can still be raised on appeal because the lawyer's misconduct was so flagrantand ill-intentioned that no curative instmction could have obviated the prejudice engendered bythe misconduct." Gilmore, No. 48018-2-II, slip op. at 24. We disagree and decline to reachwhat appears to be Jefferson Transit's independent argument based on attorney misconduct sincethese remarks were raised in Jefferson Transit's motion for a new trial, and we find the trial courtdid not abuse its discretion in denying a new trial.
20
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No. 94559-4
CONCLUSION
We reverse the Court of Appeals and hold that the trial eourt did not abuse its
discretion in its evidentiary rulings or in its denial of a motion for a new trial.
21
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No. 94559-4
WE CONCUR:
m
/
A
22
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Gilmore v. Jefferson County Pub. Trans. Benefit Area, No. 94559-4Yu, J. (concurring)
No. 94559-4
YU, J. (concurring)—I concur with our affirmance of the trial court's
evidentiary rulings and write only to emphasize the importance of carefully
evaluating proposed expert testimony to determine its relevance and admissibility
in each individual case. The trial court in this case correctly found that Dr. Allan
Tencer's proposed testimony would be "confusing" and "misleading" because it
invited the jury to draw unjustified conclusions based on unreasonable inferences
with no supporting evidence. 1 Verbatim Report of Proceedings (June 5, 2015) at
39. The court therefore properly excluded this testimony as irrelevant.
The only disputed issues in this case were the extent of Michael Gilmore's
injuries and the amount of his damages. While Dr. Tencer admitted that the
dispute is "the severity of injury," he described his proposed testimony as relating
only to "the severity of the impact," that is, "the forces of the collision and the
forces experienced by the Plaintiff." Clerk's Papers at 365. Therefore, according
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Gilmore v. Jefferson County Pub. Trans. Benefit Area, No. 94559-4Yu, J. (concurring)
to Dr. Tencer, the proposed testimony was "not medical," but was intended to
"help the jury assess the validity of the opinions of the Plaintiff s and Defendant's
medical doctors." Id. at 365-66.
Dr. Tencer provided no factual foundation and pointed to no reliable
evidence regarding the forces actually experienced by Mr. Gilmore in this
particular accident. Instead, he asserted that he "compute[s] the speed change" of a
vehicle following a crash by applying "engineering principles" based on the
vehicle's weight (according to the automobile industry), the speed of the impact
(based on the amount of damage to the vehicle), and the "elasticity of the impact."
Id. at 366. He then uses that calculation to determine the force experienced by the
victim based on the design and placement of restraints in the vehicle and the
injured person's "age, weight, and height." Id.
In light of this explanation, the trial court properly did not credit Dr.
Tencer's assertion that his proposed testimony "is not related to any averages." Id.
at 365. To the contrary, it is clear that Dr. Tencer intended to import "average
person" studies of vehicle crash tests to speculate what the transfer of energy might
have been in this case and, assuming that initial speculation was accurate, whether
the impact on Mr. Gilmore could really have caused the alleged injuries.
This testimony would not have been helpful to the jury in determining the
actual level of injury sustained by this particular plaintiff in this particular accident.
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Gilmore v. Jefferson County Pub. Trans. Benefit Area, No. 94559-4Yu, J. (concurring)
However, that is always the actual question at issue because all personal injury
defendants must take all plaintiffs as they are, even if the plaintiff is not an average
person. In other words, "[tjhere is no 'one size fits all' approach to collisions or
injury threshold levels." Johnston-Forbes v. Matsunaga, 181 Wn.2d 346, 358, 333
P.3d 388 (2014) (Yu, J., concurring).
An individualized inquiry into the severity of injuries caused by a particular
crash is properly within the province of the jury. The trial court in this case
properly determined that the jury would not benefit from Dr. Tencer's speculative
conclusions and therefore properly excluded his proposed testimony. To do
otherwise might well have been an abuse of discretion.
I respectfully concur.
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Gilmore v. Jefferson County Pub. Trans. Benefit Area, No. 94559-4Yu, J. (concurring)
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