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12/06/2015 noobtutsUnity2DSnakeTutorial

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Unity2DSnakeTutorial

Foreword

ThisTutorialwillexplainhowtomakeasimple2DSnakeGameinUnity.Snakeisanarcadegamethatwascreatedbackinthe1970s.Andlikemostarcadegamesitsstillawholelotoffunandeasytodevelop,whichmakesitagreatgameforaTutorial.

Requirements

KnowledgeOurTutorialdoesnotrequireanyspecialskillsexceptsomeknowledgeabouttheUnitybasicslikeGameObjectsandTransforms.Evenifyoudontknowthoseconceptsyet,theTutorialshouldstillbedoable.

FeelfreetoreadoureasierUnityTutorialslikeUnity2DPongGametogetusedtothisamazinggameengine.

UnityVersionOurSnakeTutorialwilluseUnity5.0.0f4.Newerversionsshouldwork



neaswell,olderversionsmayormaynotwork.ThefreeversionofUnity5nowcomeswithalltheenginefeatures,whichmakesittherecommendedversion.

ProjectSetup

Letsgettoit.WewillstartUnityandselectNewProject:

Wewillnameitsnake,selectanylocationlikeC:\,select2DandclickCreateProject:

IfweselecttheMainCameraintheHierarchythenwecansettheBackgroundColortoblack,adjusttheSizeandthePositionlikeshown



inthefollowingimage:

Note:Sizeispreymuchthezoomfactor.

AddingBorders

Wewilluseonehorizontalandoneverticalwhitelineimageforourborders:

border_horizontal.pngborder_vertical.pngNote:rightclickeachlink,selectSaveAs...andsavetheimagesintheprojectsAssetsfolder.

OncewehavetheminourProjectsAssetsfolder,wecanselecttheminUnitysProjectArea:

AfterwardswecanchangetheirImportSeingsintheInspectortomakethemappearintherightsizewiththerightlooks:



Note:PixelsPerUnitistheratiobetweenonepixelintheimageandoneunitintheworld.TheSnakewillhaveasizeof1x1pixel,whichshouldbe1unitinthegameworld.ThisiswhywewilluseaPixelsPerUnitvalueof1forallourtextures.

Nowwecandrageachborderimageintothescenetwiceandpositionthemsotheyformonerectangularborder:

Note:thehorizontalborderimageisusedforthetopandboomborders.Theverticalborderimageisusedfortheleftandrightborders.

LetsrenametheborderstoBorderTop,BorderBoom,BorderLeftandBorderRight.WewillselectoneafteranotherintheHierarchyandtheneitherpressF2orrightclickitandselectRename.Hereistheresult:



Rightnowthebordersarejustimagesinthegame.Theymaylooklikeborders,buttheyarenotpartofthephysicalworldjustyet.IfwewanttheSnaketocollidewiththeborders,thenwehavetoaddColliderstothem.WecandosobyrstselectingallthebordersintheHierarchy:

Rightnowthebordersarejustimages,theyarentreallyborders.Thesnakecouldwalkrightthroughthembecausetheyarenotpartofthephysicsworldyet.LetstakealookattheInspectorandselectAddComponent>Physics2D>BoxCollider2D.Andsincewehaveallbordersselectedrightnow,thiswilladdaBoxCollider2Dtoeachofthem:

Andthatsallthereistoit.Wejustcreatedthebordersforourgame



withoutwritingasinglelineofcode,thankstothispowerfulgameengine.

CreatingtheFoodPrefab

Wedontwantoursnaketogethungry,soletsrandomlyspawnsomefoodinthegame.Asusualwewillstartwithafoodimage,inourcaseacoloredpixel:

food.pngNote:rightclickonthelink,selectSaveAs...andsaveitintheprojectsAssetsfolder.

WewillusethefollowingImportSeingsforthefoodimage:

Alright,letsdragthefoodimageintotheScenetocreateaGameObject:



TheSnakeshouldreceivesomekindofinformationwheneveritcollideswithfood.Thismeansthatthefoodhastobepartofthephysicsworld,whichcanbedonewithaCollider.

AGameObjectwithoutaColliderisjustavisualthing,itsnotpartofthephysicsworld.AGameObjectwithaColliderispartofthephysicsworld,justlikeawall.Itwillcauseotherthingstocollidewithit,anditwilltriggertheOnCollisionEnter2Devent.AGameObjectwithaColliderthathasIsTriggercheckedwillnotcauseotherthingstocollidewithit,butitwillstilltriggertheOnTriggerEnter2Devent.

TheSnakeshouldgetnotiedwhenitwalksthroughfood,butitsnotsupposedtocollidewithitlikeifthefoodwasawall.SoletsselectthefoodintheHierarchyandthenchooseAddComponent>Physics2D>BoxCollider2DintheInspectorandenableIsTrigger:

Okay,nowwedontwantthefoodtobeintheScenefromthebeginning.InsteadwewantaPrefabsothatwecanInstantiateitwheneverweneedit.InordertocreateaPrefab,allwehavetodoisrenamethefoodtoFoodPrefabandthendragitfromtheSceneintotheProjectArea:



NowwecandeletetheFoodPrefabGameObjectfromtheHierarchy,becausewedontwantittobeinthegameworldjustyet.

SpawningFood

Letsspawnnewfoodatsomerandompositioneveryfewseconds.ThiskindofbehaviorcanbeimplementedwithaScript,soletscreateaSpawnFoodScript.TheScriptshouldbeintheSceneallthetime,sowewillkeepitsimpleandaddittotheMainCamera(becauseitwillbeintheSceneallthetime,too).LetsselecttheMainCameraintheHierarchyandthenclickonAddComponent>NewScript,nameitSpawnFoodandselectCSharpforthelanguage:

AfterwardswewilldoubleclickitintheProjectAreatoopenit:



usingUnityEngine;usingSystem.Collections;

publicclassSpawnFood:MonoBehaviour{

//UsethisforinitializationvoidStart(){}//UpdateiscalledonceperframevoidUpdate(){}}

WewontneedtheUpdatefunction,soletsremoveit:usingUnityEngine;usingSystem.Collections;

publicclassSpawnFood:MonoBehaviour{

//UsethisforinitializationvoidStart(){}}

OurScriptneedstoknowwherethefoodPrefabis.WewilladdapublicvariableoftypeGameObject:usingUnityEngine;usingSystem.Collections;

publicclassSpawnFood:MonoBehaviour{//FoodPrefabpublicGameObjectfoodPrefab;//UsethisforinitializationvoidStart(){}}

Thefoodshouldbespawnedwithintheborders,notoutside.SowewillalsoneedavariableforeachoftheborderssothatourScriptknowstheirpositions:usingUnityEngine;usingSystem.Collections;

publicclassSpawnFood:MonoBehaviour{//FoodPrefabpublicGameObjectfoodPrefab;

//BorderspublicTransformborderTop;publicTransformborderBottom;publicTransformborderLeft;publicTransformborderRight;

//UsethisforinitializationvoidStart(){



}}

Note:theyarealreadyoftypeTransformsowedonthavetowriteborderTop.transform.positionallthetime.InsteadwewillbeabletoaccesstheirpositionslikeborderTop.position.

LetscreatetheSpawnfunctionthatspawnsonepieceoffoodwithintheborders.Atrstwewillchoosethexpositionsomewhererandomlybetweentheleftandrightborder.Thenwewillchoosetheypositionrandomlybetweenthetopandboomborder.AfterwardswewillinstantiatethefoodPrefabatthatposition://SpawnonepieceoffoodvoidSpawn(){//xpositionbetweenleft&rightborderintx=(int)Random.Range(borderLeft.position.x,borderRight.position.x);

//ypositionbetweentop&bottomborderinty=(int)Random.Range(borderBottom.position.y,borderTop.position.y);

//Instantiatethefoodat(x,y)Instantiate(foodPrefab,newVector2(x,y),Quaternion.identity);//defaultrotation}

Note:xandyareroundedvia(int)tomakesurethatthefoodisalwaysspawnedatapositionlike(1,2)butneveratsomethinglike(1.234,2.74565).

NowletsmakesurethatourScriptcallstheSpawnfunctioneveryfewseconds.WecandosobyusingInvokeRepeating://UsethisforinitializationvoidStart(){//Spawnfoodevery4seconds,startingin3InvokeRepeating("Spawn",3,4);}

Hereisourfullscript:usingUnityEngine;usingSystem.Collections;

publicclassSpawnFood:MonoBehaviour{//FoodPrefabpublicGameObjectfoodPrefab;

//BorderspublicTransformborderTop;publicTransformborderBottom;publicTransformborderLeft;publicTransformborderRight;

//UsethisforinitializationvoidStart(){//Spawnfoodevery4seconds,startingin3InvokeRepeating("Spawn",3,4);



}

//SpawnonepieceoffoodvoidSpawn(){//xpositionbetweenleft&rightborderintx=(int)Random.Range(borderLeft.position.x,borderRight.position.x);

//ypositionbetweentop&bottomborderinty=(int)Random.Range(borderBottom.position.y,borderTop.position.y);

//Instantiatethefoodat(x,y)Instantiate(foodPrefab,newVector2(x,y),Quaternion.identity);//defaultrotation}}

IfwesavetheScriptandselecttheMainCamerathenwecanseethatallourpublicvariablesarenowshownintheInspector.TheyarestillNone,soletsdragtheFoodPrefabfromtheProjectAreaintotheFoodPrefabvariableandtheBordersfromtheHierarchyintotheircorrespondingslots:

Note:wecandragsomethingintoaScriptsvariablebyliterallydraggingitwiththemousefromtheHierarchyorProjectAreaintothoseslotthingsthatcanbeseenintheabovepicture.

Alright,nowitstimetopressPlayandwaitafewseconds.Weshouldbeabletoseesomenewfoodspawninbetweentheborders:



CreatingtheSnake

Letsnishthemainpartoftheourgame:theSnake.Asusualwewillstartbydrawingthesnakeimage,whichisjusta1x1pixeltexture:

snake.pngNote:rightclickonthelink,selectSaveAs...andsaveitintheprojectsAssetsfolder.

WewillusethefollowingImportSeingsforit:

NowwecandragthesnakeimageintothemiddleoftheScene:

SofaritsjusttheSnakeshead,soletsrenameittoHeadtokeepthingsclean:



Thesnakeshouldbepartofthephysicsworld,whichmeansthatweneedtoaddaCollidertoitagain,soletsselectAddComponent>Physics2D>BoxCollider2D:

Note:theColliderhasthesize(0.7,0.7)insteadof(1,1)sothatitdoesntcollidewithotherpartsofthesnakethatarerightnexttoit.WesimplywanttogiveUnitysomespace.

Nowthesnakeisalsosupposedtomovearound.Asaruleofthumb,everythinginthephysicsworldthatissupposedtomove,needsaRigidbody.ARigidbodytakescareofthingslikegravity,velocityandmovementforces.WecanaddonebyselectingAddComponent>Physics2D>Rigidbody2D.Wewillusethefollowingseingsforit:

Notes:TheRigidbodysGravityScaleis0becausewedontwantthesnaketofalltowardstheboomofthescreenallthetime.TheIsKinematicoptiondisablesthephysicalbehavioroftheRigidbody,soitdoesntreacttogravityorcollisions.Weonlyneedtoknowifthesnakecollidedwithsomething.WedontneedUnitysphysicstopushthingsaroundincaseofcollisions.Moreinfo:Rigidbody2DUnityDocs.

Thenalsnakewillconsistofmanylileelements.TherewillalwaysbetheHeadatthefrontandthentherewillbeseveralTailelementslikehere:



ooooox

TheonlydierencebetweentheTailelementsandtheHeadisthattheheaddoesallthethinking.WewilladdaScripttoitlater.

LetsdragthesnakeHeadfromtheHierarchyintotheProjectAreatocreateaPrefabandthennameitTailPrefabsowecanloaditwheneverthesnakegrows:

Note:someUnityversionswillautomaticallyrenameGameObjectintheHierarchytoo,somakesurethattheoneintheHierarchyisstillnamedHead.

Alright,letsselectthesnakeHeadintheHierarchyagainandclickonAddComponent>NewScript,nameitSnakeandselectCSharpasthelanguage:

WecanopentheScriptbydoubleclickingitintheProjectArea:usingUnityEngine;usingSystem.Collections;

publicclassSnake:MonoBehaviour{

//UsethisforinitializationvoidStart(){}//UpdateiscalledonceperframevoidUpdate(){}}

LetsmodifythetopoftheScripttoincludesomeListfunctionalitythatwewillneedlateron:usingUnityEngine;usingSystem.Collections;usingSystem.Collections.Generic;usingSystem.Linq;


//UsethisforinitializationvoidStart(){



}//UpdateiscalledonceperframevoidUpdate(){}}

TheSnakeshouldalwaysmoveexactlyoneunitintowhateverdirectionitwantstomove.NowifwewouldallowittomoveineveryUpdatecall,thenitwouldbereallyfast.Insteadwewillonlyallowmovementevery300millisecondsbyusingUnitysInvokeRepeatingfunction.ItslikewecreateourownUpdatemethodthatonlygetscalledevery300msinsteadofeveryframe:usingUnityEngine;usingSystem.Collections;usingSystem.Collections.Generic;usingSystem.Linq;


//UsethisforinitializationvoidStart(){//MovetheSnakeevery300msInvokeRepeating("Move",0.3f,0.3f);}//UpdateiscalledonceperframevoidUpdate(){}voidMove(){//DoMovementStuff..}}

TheSnakeshouldalwaysbemovingintosomedirection,itshouldneverstandstill.SoletsdeneadirectionvariableanduseittomovethesnakeintheMovefunction:usingUnityEngine;usingSystem.Collections;usingSystem.Collections.Generic;usingSystem.Linq;

publicclassSnake:MonoBehaviour{//CurrentMovementDirection//(bydefaultitmovestotheright)Vector2dir=Vector2.right;

//UsethisforinitializationvoidStart(){//MovetheSnakeevery300msInvokeRepeating("Move",0.3f,0.3f);}//UpdateiscalledonceperframevoidUpdate(){}



voidMove(){//Moveheadintonewdirectiontransform.Translate(dir);}}

Note:transform.Translatemeansaddthisvectortomyposition.

ThedirectionvariableisoftypeVector2,whichmeansthatithasanxandyvalue.ThefollowingimageshowsdierentdirectionsforaVector2:

IfwepressplaythenwecanalreadyseetheSnakemovetotheright:

Theusershouldbeabletochangethemovementdirectionbypressingoneofthearrowkeys.NowwecouldjustcheckforkeypressesinourMovefunction,butthatwouldmakethegamefeellaggybecausethenwewouldonlydetectkeypressesevery300ms.InsteadwewillusetheUpdatefunctiontodetectkeypressesallthetime://UpdateiscalledonceperFramevoidUpdate(){//MoveinanewDirection?if(Input.GetKey(KeyCode.RightArrow))



dir=Vector2.right;elseif(Input.GetKey(KeyCode.DownArrow))dir=Vector2.up;//'up'means'down'elseif(Input.GetKey(KeyCode.LeftArrow))dir=Vector2.right;//'right'means'left'elseif(Input.GetKey(KeyCode.UpArrow))dir=Vector2.up;}

Note:ifyouarenotsurewhyweusedUpdateandMoveinsteadofjustUpdateorjustMove,feelfreetoputthecodefromMoveintoUpdateorthecodefromUpdateintoMove,thenyouwillseethatthesnakemovesrapidlyfastorthatthekeypressesaredetectedonlyrarely.

IfwepressplaythenwecannowmovetheSnakewiththearrowkeys:

TheSnakesTail

LetsthinkabouthowtheSnakestailwillwork.Firstofall,letsassumewehaveasnakewithoneheadandthreetailelements:ooox

Nowassoonastheheadmovestotheright,theobviousthingwouldbetomoveeverytailelementtowhereitsprevioustailelementwas,likethis:step1:ooox//snakedidn'tmoveyetstep2:ooox//headmovedtotherightstep3:ooox//firsttailfollowsstep4:ooox//secondtailfollowsstep5:ooox//thirdtailfollows

Thiswouldwork,butitwouldalsobesomecomplicatedcode.Letsuseaneatliletricktomakeourliveseasier.Insteadofmovingonetailelementafteranother,wewillsimplymovethelasttailelementintothegaplikehere:step1:ooox//snakedidn'tmoveyetstep2:ooox//headmovedtotherightstep3:ooox//lasttailelementmovedintothegap



Nowthatsoundslikeaneasyalgorithm.Ineverymovementcall,allwehavetodoismovethelasttailelementtowheretheheadwasbefore.

Atrstwewillneedsomekindofdatastructuretokeeptrackofallthetailelementsthatwewilladdlateron://KeepTrackofTailListtail=newList();

Note:itsreallyimportanttoaddusingSystem.Collections.Generic;andusingSystem.Linq;tothetopinorderforliststowork.

Letsgettothecodethattakesthelasttailelement,removesitfromthebackandputsitintothegapmentionedabove:voidMove(){//Savecurrentposition(gapwillbehere)Vector2v=transform.position;

//Moveheadintonewdirection(nowthereisagap)transform.Translate(dir);

//DowehaveaTail?if(tail.Count>0){//MovelastTailElementtowheretheHeadwastail.Last().position=v;

//Addtofrontoflist,removefromthebacktail.Insert(0,tail.Last());tail.RemoveAt(tail.Count1);}}

Note:Translatesimplymeansaddthisvectortomyposition.Afterwardswecheckifthereisanythinginthetaillist,inwhichcasewechangethelasttailelementspositiontothegapposition(wheretheheadwasbefore).Wealsohavetokeepourlistorder,hencetheInsertandRemoveAtcallsattheend.Theymakesurethatthelasttailelementisnowtherstelementinthelist,too.

AndthatwastheonlyslightlycomplicatedpartofourUnity2DSnakeTutorial.Nowwearealmostdone.

FeedingtheSnake

WewillusetheOnTriggerEnter2Dfunctiontoreceivecollisioninformation(whichwillhappenwheneverthesnakewalksintofoodorintoaborder).

Wheneveritrunsintofood,wewillusetheexactsamemechanicsthatweusedforourmovementabove,exceptthatthistimeinsteadofremovingthelasttailelementandmovingitintothegap,wewillonlyInstantiateanewelementintothegap:ooox//gapoooox//gapfilledwithnewelement

ItsimportanttounderstandthatwewillnotmaketheSnakelonger



immediatelyafteriteatssomething.Justlikewithourarrowkeypresses,wewillwaituntilitactuallymoves.ThereforewewillneedanewvariablethatwewillsettotruewhenevertheSnakeatesomething://Didthesnakeeatsomething?boolate=false;

WewillalsoneedapublicvariablethatletsusassigntheTailPrefablateron://Didthesnakeeatsomething?boolate=false;

//TailPrefabpublicGameObjecttailPrefab;

Note:thetwovariablesaredenedatthetopofourSnakescript.

NowletsgettotheOnTriggerEnter2Dfunction.Thisonewillbestraightforwardagain.WewillndoutiftheSnakecollidedwithfood,inwhichcasewesettheatevariabletotrueanddestroythefood.Ifitdidntcollidewithfood,theniteithercollidedwithitselforwithaborder:voidOnTriggerEnter2D(Collider2Dcoll){//Food?if(coll.name.StartsWith("FoodPrefab")){//GetlongerinnextMovecallate=true;//RemovetheFoodDestroy(coll.gameObject);}//CollidedwithTailorBorderelse{//ToDo'Youlose'screen}}

Note:weusecoll.name.StartsWithbecausethefoodiscalledFoodPrefab(Clone)afterinstantiatingit.ThemoreelegantwaytondoutifcollisfoodornotwouldbebyusingaTag,butforthesakeofsimplicitywewillusestringcomparisoninthisTutorial.

Alright,letsmodifyourMovefunctionsoitmakestheSnakelongerwheneverateistrue:voidMove(){//Savecurrentposition(gapwillbehere)Vector2v=transform.position;

//Moveheadintonewdirection(nowthereisagap)transform.Translate(dir);

//Atesomething?TheninsertnewElementintogapif(ate){//LoadPrefabintotheworldGameObjectg=(GameObject)Instantiate(tailPrefab,v,Quaternion.identity);



//Keeptrackofitinourtaillisttail.Insert(0,g.transform);

//Resettheflagate=false;}//DowehaveaTail?elseif(tail.Count>0){//MovelastTailElementtowheretheHeadwastail.Last().position=v;

//Addtofrontoflist,removefromthebacktail.Insert(0,tail.Last());tail.RemoveAt(tail.Count1);}}

Note:allwedidwascheckifateistrue,thenInstantiatethetailprefabatthepositionvwiththedefaultrotation(Quaternion.identity).Afterwardsweaddittothetaillistandresettheateag.Therestofthecodewasalreadythere.

NowwecanselectthesnakeHeadintheHierarchy,takealookattheInspectoranddragtheTailPrefabfromtheProjectAreaintotheScript:

IfwepressPlaythenwecannowplayaniceroundofSnake:

Summary

SnakeisoneawesomegameforaUnityTutorial.ThereisalotofvalueinunderstandinghowtodopixelexactgameslikethisandhowtoaddmovementwithInvokeRepeating.Yetagainwesawhowamazinglyeasy2DgamesarewithUnitys2Dfeaturesthatwereintroducednotverylongago.



Nowitsuptothereadertomakethegamefun!Therearetonsofimprovementstobemadelikeawin/losescreen,abeerlookingsnaketexture,multiplelevels,powerups,increasingspeed,highscores,multiplayerandsoon.

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