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Nickel Anode MaterialsNickel Anode Materials
Productionand
Performance
Productionand
Performance
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Production ProcessProduction Process
?Electrolytic
?Chemical Vapor Deposition
(Nickel Carbonyl)
?Electrolytic
?Chemical Vapor Deposition
(Nickel Carbonyl)
Nickel Anode MaterialsNickel Anode Materials
Productionand
Performance
Productionand
Performance
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Electrolytic ProductionElectrolytic Production
?Electro winning with sulfide anodes:?Electro winning with sulfide anodes:
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Electrolytic ProductionElectrolytic Production
?Electro winning with sulfide anodes:?Electro winning with sulfide anodes:
Electrolytic ProductionElectrolytic Production
?Electro winning with sulfide anodes:?Electro winning with sulfide anodes:
Ni3S2 = 3Ni++ + 2S + 6e- (at the anode)
Ni++ + 2e- = Ni0 (at the cathode)
Ni3S2 = 3Ni++ + 2S + 6e- (at the anode)
Ni++ + 2e- = Ni0 (at the cathode)
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Electrolytic ProductionElectrolytic Production
?Electro winningwith sulfideanodes: (non-sheared products)?R- and S-Rounds
are made withoutshearing using
special coated
stainless steelmandrels(cathodes)
?Electro winningwith sulfideanodes: (non-sheared products)?R- and S-Rounds
are made withoutshearing using
special coated
stainless steelmandrels(cathodes)
Electrolytic ProductionElectrolytic Production
?Electro winning withsulfide anodes: (non-sheared products)?R- and S-Rounds are
made withoutshearing usingspecial coatedstainless steel
mandrels(cathodes)
?Electro winning withsulfide anodes: (non-
sheared products)?R- and S-Rounds are
made withoutshearing usingspecial coatedstainless steel
mandrels(cathodes)
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Electrolytic ProductionElectrolytic Production
?Electro winning withsulfide anodes:(sheared products)?Nickel starting sheets
are also produced atthe Inco Refinery.
?These starting sheetsare placed in refinerytanks for 10-12 days toproduce full-sizedcathodes.
?Squares and
electrolytic nickel stripare made by shearingthick, full-sized nickelcathodes
?Electro winning withsulfide anodes:(sheared products)?Nickel starting sheets
are also produced atthe Inco Refinery.
?These starting sheetsare placed in refinerytanks for 10-12 days toproduce full-sizedcathodes.
?Squares and
electrolytic nickel stripare made by shearingthick, full-sized nickelcathodes
Chemical Vapor DepositionChemical Vapor Deposition
Reactions occurring in the nickelcarbonyl process-
?Ni0 + H2 = Ni + H20
?Ni + 4C0 = Ni(C0)4 gas
40°C – 90°C
?Ni(C0)4 = Ni + 4C0150°C – 300°C
Reactions occurring in the nickelcarbonyl process-
?Ni0 + H2 = Ni + H20
?Ni + 4C0 = Ni(C0)4 gas
40°C – 90°C
?
Ni(C0)4 = Ni + 4C0150°C – 300°C
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Chemical Vapor DepositionChemical Vapor Deposition
?The reactions take place in large pelletdecomposers.
?S-Nickel pellet is made by addition ofa sulfur-containing compound tonickel carbonyl gas.
?Other carbonyl products-?Melting Pellet?Nickel Pellet for Plating
?Nickel Powder
?The reactions take place in large pelletdecomposers.
?S-Nickel pellet is made by addition ofa sulfur-containing compound tonickel carbonyl gas.
?Other carbonyl products-?Melting Pellet?Nickel Pellet for Plating
?Nickel Powder
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Inco Nickel Anode MaterialsInco Nickel Anode Materials
Electrolytic NickelStrip
25 mm x 25mmsquares
Nickel Pellet Plating(P-Pellet)R-Rounds
S-Nickel PelletS-Rounds
Carbonyl ProductsElectrolytic Products
Sulphur-ContainingSulphur-Containing
Sulphur-FreeSulphur-Free
?Anode maintenanceinvolves replenishing thenickel that has beendissolved.
? The size and shape of thebasket can be designedfor a particular
application
?Anode maintenanceinvolves replenishing thenickel that has beendissolved.
? The size and shape of the
basket can be designedfor a particular
application
Advantages…lower operating costs, improved qualityAdvantages…lower operating costs, improved quality
? Large, constant anodearea leads to uniformcurrent density at thecathode.
? Large, constant anodearea leads to uniformcurrent density at thecathode.
Titanium Anode BasketsTitanium Anode Baskets
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Titanium Anode BasketsTitanium Anode Baskets
?Titanium not attacked
by Watts, all-chloride,
sulfamate or
proprietary bright
nickel plating
solutions, unless
baskets are not kept
filled or if the load in
the basket bridges.
?Titanium not attacked
by Watts, all-chloride,
sulfamate or
proprietary bright
nickel plating
solutions, unless
baskets are not kept
filled or if the load in
the basket bridges.
?Titanium can not beused with solutions that
contain fluoride ions.
?Titanium can not beused with solutions that
contain fluoride ions.
Titanium Anode BasketsTitanium Anode Baskets
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Titanium Anode BasketsTitanium Anode Baskets
Anode BagsAnode Bags
?Anode residues cancause roughness atthe cathode.
?Anode bags made ofcotton orpolypropylene retainresidues.
? Tightly fitting anodebags arerecommended.
?Double anodebagging is common.
?Anode residues cancause roughness atthe cathode.
?Anode bags made ofcotton orpolypropylene retainresidues.
? Tightly fitting anodebags arerecommended.
?Double anodebagging is common.
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Dissolution Characteristics of
Sulfur-Free Nickel
Dissolution Characteristics of
Sulfur-Free Nickel?Forms an oxide
film anddissolves in the
passive state.
?Forms an oxide
film anddissolves in the
passive state.
Dissolution Characteristics of
Sulfur-Free Nickel
Dissolution Characteristics of
Sulfur-Free Nickel?Chlorides attack the oxide
film but do not eliminate it.?Dissolves non-uniformly.?Forms metallic residues.?Has a “high” dissolution
potential.
?Chlorides attack the oxidefilm but do not eliminate it.?Dissolves non-uniformly.?Forms metallic residues.?Has a “high” dissolution
potential.
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S-Rounds and S-Nickel
Pellet
S-Rounds and S-Nickel
Pellet
? Pack well in basketsdue to their uniqueshapes.
? Semi- and fully-automatic basketloading is possible.
?Dissolves uniformly,
settling well inbaskets.
?Pack well in basketsdue to their uniqueshapes.
?Semi- and fully-automatic basketloading is possible.
?Dissolves uniformly,
settling well inbaskets.
?Contain sulfur toimprove dissolutioncharacteristics.
?Contain sulfur toimprove dissolutioncharacteristics.
S-Rounds and S-Nickel
Pellet
S-Rounds and S-Nickel
Pellet
?Low dissolutionpotential reducespower costs by 2-20%.
?Low dissolutionpotential reducespower costs by 2-20%.
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S-Rounds and S-Nickel
Pellet
S-Rounds and S-Nickel
Pellet?Dissolve at 100%
anode efficiencywith or withoutnickel chloride insolution.
?Dissolve at 100%anode efficiencywith or withoutnickel chloride insolution.
S-Rounds and S-Nickel
Pellet
S-Rounds and S-Nickel
Pellet?Form a black, insoluble nickel sulfide
residue (less than 0.1% of the nickeldissolved).
?Sulfur from the anode does not enter thesolution & is not transferred to thecathode.
?Residues extracts copper impurities from
solution.
?Form a black, insoluble nickel sulfideresidue (less than 0.1% of the nickeldissolved).
?Sulfur from the anode does not enter thesolution & is not transferred to thecathode.
?Residues extracts copper impurities from
solution.
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S-Rounds and S-Nickel
Pellet
S-Rounds and S-Nickel
Pellet?High-purity
materials.
?Quality of Inco
packaging
preserves
product integrity.
?High-purity
materials.
?Quality of Inco
packaging
preserves
product integrity.
?R-Rounds are button-shaped.
?Nickel Pellets arespherical.
? Semi- or fully-automatic basket
loading is possible.? Packing and settling in
baskets is better than
with squares.
?R-Rounds are button-shaped.
?Nickel Pellets arespherical.
?Semi- or fully-automatic basket
loading is possible.?Packing and settling in
baskets is better than
with squares.
? Sulfur-free, non-activated, high purityproducts.
?Sulfur-free, non-activated, high purityproducts.
R-Rounds and Nickel Pellet for
Plating
R-Rounds and Nickel Pellet for
Plating
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R-Rounds and Nickel Pellet for
Plating
R-Rounds and Nickel Pellet for
Plating
?R-Rounds forms less than 0.05% residue.Nickel Pellet forms more residue thanR-Rounds.
?Packing density of Nickel Pellet is higherthan for other anode materials.
?R-Rounds forms less than 0.05% residue.Nickel Pellet forms more residue thanR-Rounds.
?Packing density of Nickel Pellet is higherthan for other anode materials.
?Form metallic residues when dissolved.?Form metallic residues when dissolved.
R-Rounds and Nickel Pellet for
Plating
R-Rounds and Nickel Pellet for
Plating?Available in convenient 10 kg plastic
bags and other packs.
?Available in convenient 10 kg plastic
bags and other packs.
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Electrolytic Nickel Squares and StripElectrolytic Nickel Squares and Strip
?Inco Electrolytic
Nickel Strip forplating without
anode baskets is
thicker thanmaterial from
other sources.
?Inco Electrolytic
Nickel Strip forplating without
anode baskets is
thicker thanmaterial from
other sources.
?Sulfur-free, non-activated, high-purity products.
?Sulfur-free, non-activated, high-purity products.
SummarySummary
?S-Rounds and S-Nickel Pellet contain
sulfur which improves dissolution.
?R-Rounds and Nickel Pellet are
sulfur-free and dissolve like regularelectrolytic nickel.
?S-Rounds and S-Nickel Pellet contain
sulfur which improves dissolution.
?R-Rounds and Nickel Pellet are
sulfur-free and dissolve like regularelectrolytic nickel.
?Inco produces high-purity nickelanode materials by electrowinningand by the carbonyl process.
?Inco produces high-purity nickelanode materials by electrowinningand by the carbonyl process.
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SummarySummary
?Button-shaped and spherical
products settle better in baskets thando squares.
?R- and S-Rounds are the most widelyused Inco nickel anode materials.
?S-Nickel Pellet is popular for
electroforming.
?Button-shaped and spherical
products settle better in baskets thando squares.
?R- and S-Rounds are the most widelyused Inco nickel anode materials.
?S-Nickel Pellet is popular for
electroforming.
?R-Rounds produces the least amountof residues.?R-Rounds produces the least amount
of residues.
ProductsProducts
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Nickel Anode MaterialsNickel Anode Materials
Productionand
Performance
Productionand
Performance
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