Neuroregulation of Autonomic, Endocrine and Immune Systems
edited by
Robert C.A. Frederickson Monsanto Company St. Louis, Missouri
Co-editors
Hugh C. Hendrie Joseph N. Hingtgen Morris H. Aprison
Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana
Martinus Nijhoff Publishing a member of the Kluwer Academic Publishers Group
Boston / Dordrecht / Lancaster
Distributors for North America: Kluwer Academic Publishers 190 Derby Street Hingham, Massachusetts 02043, USA
Distributors for the UK and Ireland: Kluwer Academic Publishers MTP Press Limited Falcon House, Queen Square Lancaster LAIIRN, UNITED KINGDOM
Distributors for all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group Distribution Centre Post Office Box 322 3300 AH Dordrecht, THE NETHERLANDS
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Neuroregulation of autonomic, endocrine, and immune systems
Includes index. I. Medicine, Psychosomatic-Congresses. 2. Psycho
neuroendocrinology-Congresses. 3. Neuroimmunology -Congresses. 4. Neuroendocrinology-Congresses. 5. Stress (Physiology)-Congresses. 6. Neurotransmitters -Congresses. I. Frederickson, Robert C.A. RC49.N49 1986 612 '.8 86-1431 ISBN-13:978-1-4612-9424-5 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4613-2315-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4613-2315-0
Copyright © 1986 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, Boston Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the Publisher, Martinus Nijhoff Publishing, 190 Derby Street, Hingham, Massachusetts 02043.
CONTENTS
Local Organizing Committee x External Advisory Committee x List of Participants xi Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix
Introduction - The Brain and the Biopsychosocial Approach to Medicine H. C. Hendrie
I CENTRAL NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS: DISTRIBUTION AND FUNCTION
2 Brain Monoaminergic Neurons: Distribution and Function in Relation to Regulation of Autonomic, Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems 9 R. W. Fuller
3 Distribution and Function of Amino Acid Neurotransmitters: Roles in Central Modulation of the Autonomic, Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems 29 l.A. DiMicco and M.H. Aprison
4 Neuropeptides and Their Possible Role as Auxiliary Messengers 61 T. H6k/elt, T. Melander, W. Staines, S. Weisen/eld-Hallin, A.-L. Hulting, S. Werner, P. Eneroth, l. -A. Lindgren, B. Samuelsson, C. Patrono, A. Rokaeus, l. Fahrenkrug, S.A. loseph, and l.A. Fischer
5 Plasticity of Neuronal Interactions: Monoamines and Neuropeptides 89 l.R. Sladek, P.F. Avrich, l. Collier, B.J. Davis, and C.l. Phelps
II THE A UTONOMIC SYSTEM 6 An Overview of the Efferent Autonomic Nervous System 109 S. Y. Felten, S.L. Carlson, D.L. Bellinger, and D.L. Felten
7 Brain Stem Mechanisms Regulating the Tonic and Reflex Control of Blood Pressure 127 D. Reis
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8 Opiods and Other Neuropeptides: Functional Interactions with Autonomic Systems 151 J. W. Holaday
9 Assessment of Autonomic Function in Essential Hypertension 183 S. Julius, B. Egan, and A. Hinderliter
10 The Importance of Autonomic Innervation of the Heart in the Genesis of Cardiac Arrhythmias 199 D.P. Zipes, M.J. Barber, N. Takahashi, and R.F. Gilmour, Jr.
III THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM 11 The Neuroendocrine System 223 W.F. Ganong
12 Monoaminergic Control of the Neuroendocrine System 243 J.A. Clemens
13 Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone: Localization of Specific Hypothalamic and Extrahypothalamic Sites of CNS Modulation 265 M.J. Kubek
14 Neurohumoral Mechanisms in Asthma 303 S. C. Lazarus
IV THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 15 An Overview of the Immune Response or An Immunologist's View of the Nervous System Control of the Immune System 323 E.S. Golub
16 Interactions Among the Nervous, Endocrine and Immune Systems (NIM) 329 N.H. Spector
17 Stress, Opioid Peptides and Immune Function 343 Y. Shavit, J. W. Lewis, G. W. Terman, R.P. Gale, and J.C. Liebeskind
18 Stress, Depression and Immunity 367 M. Stein, S.J. Schleifer, and S.E. Keller
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V THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AND DISEASE 19 Overview of Central Control Mechanisms and Disease Development 391 H. Weiner
20 Biosynthesis and Targeting of {1-Endorphin 405 D.G. Smyth
21 Endorphins-Development of the Therapeutic Utility of Enkephalin Analogues 421 R.C.A. Frederickson
22 A Hypersensitive Serotonergic Receptor Theory of Depression: The Role of Stress 443 M.H. Aprison and 1.N. Hingtgen
23 Neuropeptides and other Mediators in the Central Nervous System 461 F.E. Bloom
VI SHORT COMMUNICA TJONS 24 Glutamate, GABA and Cholinergic Systems in the NTS, DMN and Hypoglossal Nucleus of the Rat 475 1.R. Simon, S.K. DiMicco, and M.H. Aprison
25 Single Unit Responses to Catecholamines in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii and Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus 483 P.D. Feldman and H.c. Moises
26 In Vivo Cardiovascular Responses to Isoproterenol, Dopamine and Tyramine Following Prolonged Infusion of Isoproterenol 487 1.S. Hayes, G.D. Pollock, and R. W. Fuller
27 Cardiac Arrhythmia in Sleep Apnea Syndromes: State, Sinus Arrhythmia, and Concurrent Pathophysiology 493 R.B. Trelease, E.G. Zimmerman, D.L. Arand, R.M. Harper, R.E. Hall, and G. Heit
28 Does Mental Stress Lead to Permanent Vascular Alterations? 499 S.M. Mueller, D.M. Latimer, and B.J. Watts
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29 Immobilisation Stress in Rats: Gastric Mucosal Depletion and Effects of Central Noradrenaline Depletion 503 R. Murison, H.K. Bakke, B. Walther, and H. Ursin
30 Glucagon and Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptor Localization and Characterization in Rat Brain and Pituitary 509 R.S. Gurd and N.M. Hoosein
31 Appetitive Behavior May Serve as a Model for Studying the Neural Facilitation and Inhibition of Plasma Corticosterone Levels in Rats 515 G. Coover, C. Lints, D. Stearn, and G. T. Satterfield
32 Suspense Increases Salivary Cortisol 521 D.H. Hellhammer, K. Rottger, l. Lorenzen, and W. Hubert
33 Corticosterone Responses in Maternal and Neonatal Plasma Induced by Tryptophan Diets Fed During the Third Trimester 525 M. Sakuma
34 Influence of a-Endorphin on the Antigen-Induced PFC Response of Human Blood B Lymphocytes in vitro 533 C.J. Heijnen, N. de Fouw, and R.E. Ballieux
35 Interaction Between the Central Nervous System and the Immune System: The Influence of a Short and Mild Emotional Stress on the Proliferative Response of Rat Spleen Cells 539 C.J. Heijnen, G. Croiset, C. Bevers, H.D. Veldhuis, D. de Weid, and R.E. Ballieux
36 In Vivo Voltammetric Evidence that d-Amphetamine and Phenethylamine Release Ascorbic Acid Into Striatal Extracellular Fluid 551 l.A. Clemens and L.A. Phebus
37 Serotonin, Imipramine Binding, Cortisol and Anxiety in Humans Under Stress 559 D.D. Davis, P.A. Shea, S.R. Dunlop, H. Brittain, and H.C. Hendrie
38 Bioavailability of the Opioid Peptide, Metkephamid 565 D.R. Holland, R.C.A. Frederickson, K.S.E. Su, and C.J. ParU
39 The Opioid Antagonist, ~-Funaltrexamine (~-FNA) Differentially Antagonizes the Analgesic Activity of Morphine and Metkephamid (L YI27623), A Methionine-Enkephalin Analog 573 M.D. Hynes, D.M. Zimmerman, P.D. Gesel/chen, and R.C.A. Frederickson
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40 Temperature and Feeding Responses of Normal and Dystrophic Hamsters to Morphine 587 l.A. Thornhill and M. Desautels
Index 593
LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
H. C. Hendrie, M. B. Ch.B. Chairman and Albert B. Sterne Professor of Psgchiatry
Indiana Universitg School of Medicine
M. H. Aprison, Ph.D. Distinguished Professor of Neurobiology and Biochemistry
Indiana Universitg School of Medicine
R. C. A. Frederickson, Ph.D. Senior Director, Central Nervous Sgstem Research
Searle Research & Development G. D. Searle & Co.
J. N. Hingtgen, ph.D. Professor of Psgchology and Neurobiology
Indiana Universitg School of Medicine
EXTERNAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE
D. L. Felton, M.D., Ph.D. Universitg of Rochester School of Medicine
Rochester, New York
D. H. Hellhammer, Ph.D. Universitg of Munster and Max Plank Institute
MUnster, Federal Republic of Germang
R. C. Murison, Ph.D. universitg of Bergen
Bergen, Norwag
H. Weiner, M.D. UCLA School of Medicine Los Angeles, California
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
M. B. Aprison Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology & Psgchiatry Program in Medical Neurobiologg Indiana Vniversitg School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana 46223
D. L. Arand UCLA Sleep Disorders Clinic Reed Neurological Research Center Los Angeles, California 90024
Paul F. Arvich Department of Neurobiology and
Anatomy Vniversitg of Rochester School of
Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, New York 14642
B. K. Bakke Institute of Phgsiological
Psgchologg and Biochemistry Vniversitg of Bergen Arstadveien 21, 5000 Bergen, Norwag
R. E. Ballieux Department of Clinical Immunology Vniversitg Hospital utrecht, The Netherlands
Michael J. Barber The Krannert Institute of Cardiology Departments of Medicine,
Pharmacology and Toxicologg Indiana Vniversitg School of Medicine and Richard C. Roudebush veterans
Administration Medical Center Indianapolis, Indiana
Denise Lorton Bellinger Department of Anatomy Vniversitg of Rochester School
of Medicine Rochester, New York 14642
caroline Bevers Department of Immunologg Vniversitg Hospital for Children
and Youth Vniversitg of Utrecht Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Floyd E. Bloom Division of Preclinical Neuroscience
and Endocrinologg scripps Clinic and Research
Foundation 10666 North Torreg Pines Road La Jolla, California 92037
B. Brittain Department of Psgchiatry Indiana Vniversitg School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana 46223
Sonia L. Carlson Department of Anatomy Vniversitg of Rochester School of
Medicine Rochester, New York 14642
James A. Clemens The Lillg Research Laboratories Eli Lillg and Compang Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
Timothy J. Collier Department of Neurobiologg and
Anatomy Vniversitg of Rochester School of
Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, New York 14642
Gary Coover Department of Psgchologg Northern Illinois Vniversitg Dekalb, Illinois 60015
Gerda Croiset Departments of Immunologg and
Clinical Immunologg Universitg Hospital for Children
and Youth and Universitg Hospital Universitg of Utrecht Utrecht, The Netherlands
Barbara J. Davis Department of Neurobiologg and
Anatomy Universitg of Rochester School of
Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, New York 14642
D. Davis Department of Psychiatry Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana 26223
Nanneke de Fouw Department of Immunology University Hospital for Children
and Youth ''Bet Wilhelmina Kinderziekenhuis"; Utracht, The Netherlands
M. Desautels Department of Physiology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada S7N OJl1O
D. De Wied Rudolf Magnus Institute for
Pharmacology University of utrecht Utrecht, The Netherlands
J. A. DiMicco Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology & Psychiatry Program in Medical Neurobiology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana 46223
s. Dunlop Department of Psychiatry Indiana university School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana 46223
Brent Egan Division of Hypertension Department of Internal Medicine university of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan
P. Eneroth Department of Endorinology and the
Hormone Laboratory Karolinska Hospital Stockholm, Sweden
J. Fahrendrug Department of Pharmacology Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden Department of Clinical Chemistry Bispebjerg Hospital Copenhagen, Denmark
Peter D. Feldman Department of Physiology University of Michigan School of
Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
David t. Felten Department of Anatomy Univers~ty of Rochester School of
Medicine Rochester, New York 14642
Suzanne Y. Felten Department of Anatomy University of Rochester School of
Medicine Rochester, New York 14642
J. A. Fischer Neuroendocrine Unit University of Rochester Rochester, New York
R. C. A. Frederickson Central Nervous System Research Searle Research and Development G. D. Searle & Co. Skokie, Illinois 60077
Ray W. Fuller Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis, IN 46285
Robert Peter Gale Department of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, California 90024
William F. Ganong Department of Physiology University of California, San
Francisco San Francisco, California 94143
Paul D. Gessellchen Department of Central Nervous System
Research The Lilly Research Laboratories ELi J;.illy and Company Inianapolis, Indiana 47285
Robert F. Gilmour, Jr. The Krannert Institute of Cardiologg Departments of Medicine, Pharmacologg
and Toxicologg Indiana University School of Medicine
and Richard C. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center
Indianapolis, Indiana
Edward S. Golub Department of Biological Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 49707
Ruth S. Gurd Medical Sciences Program and
Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405
R. E. Hall UCLA Sleep Disorders Clinic Reed Neurological Research Center Los Angeles, California 90024
R. M. Harper UCLA Sleep Disorders Clinic Reed Neurological Research Center Los Angeles, California 90024
J. Scott Hayes Eli Lilly and Company Lilly Research Laboratories Departments of Cardiovascular
Pharmacologg and Central Nervous System Research
Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
Alan Hinderliter Division of Hypertension Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan
Cobi J. Heijnen Department of Immunologg University Hospital for Children
and Youth "Het Wilhelmina Kinderziekenhuis"i Utrecht, The Netherlands
G. Heit UCLA Sleep Disorders Clinic Reed Neurological Research Center Los Angeles, California 90024
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D. H. Hellhammer Institute for Psychologg University of Munster, F. R. Germany
Hugh C. Hendrie, M.B. Ch.B. Department of Psychiatry Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana 46223
Joseph N. Hingtgen Section of Applied and Theoretical
Neurobiologg The Institute of Psychiatric Research
and Departments of Psychiatry and Biochemistry
Indiana University School of Medicine Indiana University Medical Center Indianapolis, Indiana 46223
T. Hokfelt Department of Histologg Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
John W. Holaday Neuropharmacologg Branch Department of Medical Neurosciences Division of Neuropsychiatry Walter Reed Army Institute of
Research Washington, DC 20307-5100
D. R. Holland Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
Naseema M. Hoosein Medical Sciences Program and Department of Chemistry Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana 47405
W. Hubert Institute for Psychologg University of Munster, F.R. Germany
A.-L. Hulting Department of Endocrinologg and the
Hormone Laboratory Karolinska Hospital Stockholm, Sweden
Martin D. Hynes Department of Central Nervous System
Research The Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
S. A. Joseph Neuroendocrine Unit University of Rochester Rochester, New York
stevo Julius Division of Hypertension Department of Internal Medicine University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan
steven E. Keller Department of Psychiatry Mount Sinai School of Medicine City University of New York New York, New York 10029
Michael J. Kubek Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry Indiana University School of Medicine & R.L. Roudebush V.A. Medical Center Indianapolis, Indiana 46223
Deborah M. Latimer Departments of Neurology and
Physiology Indiana University school of Medicine Regenstrief Health Center 1001 11'. lOth st. Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
stephen C. Lazarus cardiovascular Research Institute University of California, San
Francisco San Francisco, California 94143
James W. Lewis Department of Psychology University of California Los Angeles, California 90024
John C. Liebeskind Department of Psychology University of California Los Angeles, California 90024
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J.-A. Lindgren Department of Physiological Chemistry Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
Carlton Lints Department of Psychology Northern Illinois University Dekalb, Illinois 60015
J. Lorenzen Institute for Psychology University of Munster, F.R. Germany
T. Melander Department of Histology Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
Hylan Moises Department of Physiology University of Michigan
School of Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
Shirley M. Mueller, M.D. Department of Neurology
and Physiology Indiana University School of Medicine
Regenstrief Health Center 1001 11'. 10th Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
R. Murison Institute of Physiological Psychology and Biochemistry
University of Bergen Arstadveien 21, 5000 Bergen, Norway
C. J. Parli Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
C. Patrono Department of Pharmacology Catholic University Rome, Italy
L. A. Phebus The Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
Carol J. Phelps Department of Neurobiology and
Anatomg university of Rochester School of
Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, New York 14642
G. Donald Pollock Department of Cardiovascular Research Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
Donald J. Reis Laboratory of Neurobiology Cornell university Medical College New York, NY 10021
A. Rokaeus Department of Pharmacology Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
K. Rottger Institute for Journalism university of Munster F.R. Germany
M. Sakuma, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Psychiatry Wayne State university Detroit, Michigan 48207
B. Samuels son Department of Physiological Chemistry Karolinska Institute Stockholm, Sweden
G. Thomas Satterfield Department of Psychology Northern Illinois university Dekalb, Illinois 60115
Steven J. Schleifer, M.D. Department of Psychiatry Mt. Sinai School of Medicine city university of New York New York, New York 10029
Yehuda Shavit Department of Psychology university of California Los Angeles, California 90024
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P. Shea Department of Psychiatry Indiana university School of Medicine
Indianapolis, Indiana 46223
J. R. Simon Institute of Psychiatric Research Indiana university School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indiana 46223
John R. Sladek, Jr. Department of Neurobiology and Anatomg university of Rochester School of
Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, New York 14642
D. G. Smyth National Institute for Medical
Research The Ridgeway London, England NW7 1AA
Novera Herbert Spector Fundamental Neurosciences Program NINCDS, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 22205
W. Staines Department of Psychiatry Division of Neurological Sciences university of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada
Deborah Stearn Department of Psychology Northern Illinois university Dekalb, Illinois 60115
Marvin Stein, M.D. Department of Psychiatry Mt. Sinai School of Medicine City university of New York New York, New York 10029
K. S. E. Su Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
Nobuhiro Takahashi The Krannert Institute of Cardiology Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
and Toxicology Indiana University School of Medicine
and Richard C. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center
Indianapolis, Indiana
Gregory W. Terman Department of Psychology University of California Los Angeles, California 90024
J. A. Thornhill Department of Physiology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada S7N OliO
R. B. Trelease UCLA Sleep Disorders Clinic Reed Neurological Research Center
Los Angeles, California 90024
H. Ursin Institute of Physiological Psychology and Biochemistry
University of Bergen Arstadveien 21, 5000 Bergen, Norway
H. D. Veldhuis Rudolf Magnus Institute for Pharmacology
University of Utrecht Utrecht, The Netherlands
B. Walther Institute of Physiological Psychology and Biochemistry
University of Bergen Arstadveien 21, 5000 Bergen, Norway
Belinda J. Watts, M.S. Department of Neurology and Physiology
Indiana University School of Medicine
Regenstrief Health Center 1001 Ii. 10th Street Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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Herbert Weiner, M.D. Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Institute University of California school of Medicine
Los Angeles, California 90024
S. Werner Departments of Histology and
Endocrinology Karolinska Institute stockholm, Sweden
S. Wiesenfeld-Hallin Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Huddinge Hospital Stockholm, Sweden
Dennis M. Zimmerman Department of Central Nervous System Research
The Lilly Research Laboratories Eli Lilly and Company Indianapolis, Indiana 46285
E.G. Zimmerman, M.D.,Ph.D. UCLA Sleep Disorders Clinic Reed Neurological Research Center
Los Angeles, California 90024
Douglas P. Zipes The Krannert Institute of Cardiology Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology
and Toxicology Indiana University School of Medicine
and Richard C. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center
Indianapolis, Indiana
PREFACE
Our understanding of the functioning of the brain has grown rapidly over the last decade or two. So has our recognition of the possible role of brain dysfunction in diseases considered earlier to be of peripheral or somatic origin. This culminates naturally in a focus on the nature of the influence of the brain on other systems such as the autonomic, neuroendocrine and immune systems. And we must come full circle and question the nature of the influence of these systems on the function of the brain. Thus, we gain a picture of a complex regulatory interaction, fine tuned in normal circumstances to provide each system with necessary information about the status of the other systems and the basis to respond appropriately to changes in each other.
This volume provides the proceedings of the first of a series of international symposia intended to review the state-of-the-art understanding and frontier exploration of the above described interregulatory phenomena, with some emphasis on the relevance of this information to the etiology and treatment of disease. The purpose of this first symposium was to lay the groundwork for this continuing endeavor. To accomplish such a goal required bringing together diverse multidisciplinary professionals - eg neurobiologists, immunologists, psychiatrists, cardiologists and students amongst others.
In order to facilitate understanding and communication wi thin such a diverse group the presentations were organized to provide coverage of each discipline from an overview of the background and present status of an area to the exploration of the newest developments. The presentation of the basic science in a given area, furthermore, was immediately followed by presentation of pertinent clinical papers to facilitate the
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evaluation of the progression of findings from the laboratory to medical practice.
It is intended that this approach will make the volume complete and self-contained and thus informative to the novice as well as the expert in any given field. It is our wish that this series thereby become an important definitive resource for understanding the interaction between the central nervous, autonomic, neuroendocrine and immune systems and how our scientific exploration of them is being organized to impact on our knowledge of the etiology of disease and its rational treatment.
Robert C. A. Frederickson, summer 1985 Hugh C. Hendrie Joseph N. Hingtgen Morris H. Aprison
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
These are the proceedings of the first of a continuing annual series of international symposia. The organizers are indebted to Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, the Norways Foundation and the Edward A. Block Fund, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University school of Medicine and Monsanto Company for their generous support which made this endeavor possible. The organizers are further indebted to the participants whose talented efforts insured the success of this meeting.
The publication of this book has been facilitated by the provlslon of secretarial personnel and wordprocessing facili ties by Monsanto company. The editors are indebted to Mrs. Pat Kutey and Ms. Debbie Lix for their tireless efforts in preparing the final manuscripts, and to the publishers for their dedication to completing this project in a timely fashion.
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