MUSIC APPRECIATIONCLASS #2The Baroque, part 1CD #1, tracks 5-8

DEFINITION1600-1750

Extravagant, complex, or bizarre, especially in ornamentation

DEFINITION, CONTINUED

Spacious, dynamic, brilliant, colorful, theatrical, passionate, sensual, ecstatic,opulent, extravagant,versatile and virtuoso.

CULTURETurbulent change in politics, science, artsReligious wars Exploration of the New WorldRise of middle-class cultureMusic making centered in the home, church, and universitiesCollegium musicum

WHAT IS THE BAROQUE* AESTHETIC?Intense;

Complex;

Dense;

Opulent;

Extravagant.

THE SISTINE CHAPEL (MICHELANGELO)

ST. PETERS

ADORATION BY SIR PETER PAUL RUBEN

MAIN MUSICAL IDEAS FROM BAROQUE:

Contrapuntal*

Grandeur

Complexity

Virtuosity*

IMPROVISATION*Improvisation*

First musical starsIntense competition.

William Goldstein master class

BAROQUE MUSICAL RHYTHMBaroque rhythm*SpecificUnrelenting

DanceFormal Royal Court occasions

THE RISE OF THE VIRTUOSO* MUSICIAN

Technical improvements in instrument making

Composers challenging the performers

THE DOCTRINE OF THE AFFECTIONS*

One mood, or affection, per movement or piece

WOMEN IN BAROQUE MUSIC More professional women were singers & instrumentalists

Francesca CacciniBarbara StrozziFaustina BordoniFrancesca CuzzoniElisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre

CONCERTO* & RITORNELLO*

Definition

Concerto*: to fight, to argue; a contest

Ritornello*: to return over and again

THE BAROQUE DANCE SUITE*Suite: each movement is A-A-B-B

Allemande

Courante

Sarabande

Gigue (jig)

OTHER OPTIONAL DANCES

MinuetGavotte Bourre Passepied

CONTRAPUNTAL DEVICESAugmentation: longer time values

Diminution: shorter time values

Retrograde: backwards (starting from the last and going to the first)

Inversion: turning the melodic intervals upside down

Retrograde inversion: original melody is played upside down and backwards

CD #1, TRACK 5Johann Pachelbel: Canon & Gigue

JOHANN PACHELBEL*1653-1706ComposerTeacherOrganist

DEFINITIONSCanon*Contrapuntal*Leader melody*Follower imitation*

Gigue*Movement of a dance suite*

BASS LINE (28 REPEATS!)

VOICES

LISTEN FORRepeating bass line*

Leader voice*

Follower voice*

Entrances of new voices

Harpsichord* accompaniment

CD #1, TRACK 6Arcangelo Corelli: Christmas ConcertoVivace -- Grave

ARCANGELO CORELLI

1653-1713Crucial influence on violin music & techniqueAccepted in aristocratic societyExtreme wealth

DEFINITIONSVivace*Lively, energetic

Grave*Slow, mournful

Concerto da chiesa*3-part composition for the church

LISTEN FORSignificant tempo* changes

Dynamic* changesCrescendo*Decrescendo*

Contrapuntal* writing

Harpsichord* accompaniment

CD #1, TRACK 7Franois Couperin: Premier Concert, Prlude

FRANOIS COUPERIN1668-1733

Couperin le GrandFamous musical family

Organiste du Roi

Ordinaire de la musique de la chambre du Roi

DEFINITIONSPrlude*

An introductory piece, able to be performed out of context.

French Baroque*

Identified by unusually specific rhythm* and a decorated melodic line.

LISTEN FORTrill*Mordent*Contrapuntal* and melodic writingConsistent rhythm*

CD #1, TRACK 8Antonio Vivaldi: The Four Seasons Spring Allegro

ANTONIO VIVALDI*1678 (Venice) 1741 (Vienna)

Father/Son violinists

Innovative composerForm (Sonata* or Sonata Allegro*)Woodwind*Virtuoso* violin technique

VIRTUOSO!*"Vivaldi played a solo so splendid! -- to which he appended a cadenza* which really frightened me, for such playing has never been nor can be: he brought his fingers up to only a straw's distance from the bridge, leaving no room for the bow-- and that on all four strings with imitations and incredible speed."

VENICECity/stateSocial and cultural capital of Italy

TourismFestivals required musicChristmasCarnival

VIVALDI THE TRAVELER...Work as performerAmassed great wealthpoorly invested

International successParis, Amsterdam^, Vienna, Rome and Dresden

1ST PROFESSIONAL* MUSICIAN

Appointment (Patronage*)Church and/or state

Music PublishingDedications*

VIVALDI THE PRIEST...The Red PriestAsthma?

Weekly musical opportunities

THE OSPEDELE DELLA PIETA*Hospital of Pity (Compassion)...as it looked then...

AND TODAY...

THEATER....

JOB DUTIESTeacher

Violin, viola, flute, oboe, harpsichord and voice

Composer

Two concerti* every month for public performances

PERFORMANCESMost famous & admired orchestra in all of Venice!

Highly competitive marketPopularity, fame and fortune

Large, heavy curtains.Why?

WHO ARE THE GIRLS?

Orphans?

Illegitimate?

Physically challenged?

DEPARTURE...Why?

PopularityTravelDuties included MassLove?

VIVALDI THE LOVER...Anna Giro

30+ years differenceAccomplished singerScandal!

VIVALDIS MUSICProlific

500 concerti*, 40 cantatas*, 52+ operas*, 60+ sacred works

Where is all the rest?

Who claims ownership?

VIVALDI AND OPERA*Six opera houses in VeniceIntense competition

Diversion from sacred* music

ProfitOwnership

FameSocial aspect

INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC

Attention to individual, unique timbre* of each instrument

Unusual and new instruments

SONATA* (OR, SONATA ALLEGRO)* Three parts

Allegro* (Fast)

Adagio* or Andante* (Slow)

Allegro* (Fast)

THE FOUR SEASONS* 1718-1720

"The Contest of Harmony and Invention*

Program music*

Four violin concerti*

Three movements each

PROGRAM MUSIC*Non-vocal (instrumental only)

Musical depiction of a non-musical event, person or thing.

Todentanz (The Dance of Death)Franz Liszt

Don QuixoteRichard Strauss

The War of 1812 (The 1812 Overture)Peter Tchaikovsky

SPRING (1ST MOVEMENT)Springtime is upon us.

The birds celebrate her return with festive song, and murmuring streams are softly caressed by the breezes.

Thunderstorms, those heralds of Spring, roar, casting their dark mantle over heaven,

Then they die away to silence, and the birds take up their charming songs once more.

SPRINGTIME IS UPON US...Ritornello*

Part APart B

CompletePartialVariations

...THE BIRDS CELEBRATE HER RETURN WITH FESTIVE SONG...

Flutes

High Violin

Ritornello

...MURMURING STREAMS...BREEZES

Low stringsEbb/flow motion

Ritornello

...THUNDERSTORMS... ROAR...ThunderOrchestra

LighteningViolinistVirtuoso displays

Question and Answer

Ritornello

...THE BIRDS TAKE UP THEIR CHARMING SONGS ONCE MORE...FlutesHigh strings

Ritornello

LEGACY....Died penniless in 1741

Musically obsolete

Forgotten by the musical world for almost two hundred years

20TH CENTURY DISCOVERIES1926Monastery in Piedmont (region), Italy14 folios

1930300 concertos for various instruments nd 18 operas 100+ vocal-instrumental piece

RV NUMBERSPeter Ryom

Ryom VerzeichnisRyoms Numbers

Rpertoire des oeuvres d'Antonio Vivaldi

Completed in 1977

*19. The Baroque SpiritThe Baroque Era (16001750)Time of turbulent change in politics, science, artsTime of religious wars and exploration of the New WorldRise of middle-class cultureMusic making centered in the home, church, and universitiesUniversity group called collegium musicum *New Harmonic StructuresFigured bass: shorthand notation for harmonyChords created through improvisationBasso continuo: bass part, performed by 2 instrumentsChordal instrument and bass instrument

*Baroque Musical StyleEarly Baroque rhythm is freerLate Baroque rhythm is regular and vigorousEmotions expressed with subtle dynamic changes *The Rise of the Virtuoso MusicianTechnical improvements in instrument makingComposers challenging the performersDomenico ScarlattiAntonio Vivaldi *The Doctrine of the AffectionsUnion of text and musicOne mood or affection per movement or piece *Women in Baroque MusicMore professional women were singers and instrumentalistsFrancesca Caccini: Italian composer and singerBarbara Strozzi: singer, composerFaustina Bordoni: Italian sopranoFrancesca Cuzzoni: Italian sopranoElisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre: French harpsichordist and composer (pictured)*26 (Chr), 65 (Std). The Baroque Suite and Other Instrumental FormsSuite: a group of dances, usually in the same key, in binary form (A-A-B-B)Standard dances in a suite: Allemande: German dance, quadruple meter, moderate tempoCourante: French dance in triple meter at moderate tempoSarabande: stately Spanish dance in triple meterGigue (jig): English dance in a lively 6/8 or 6/4Other optional dances: minuet, gavotte, bourre, passepiedRepeated sections in binary form were ornamented when played for second timeNoted composers of suites: Arcangelo Corelli, J. S. Bach, Georg Philipp Telemann, Franois Couperin, Elisabeth-Claude Jacquet de la Guerre, George Frideric Handel