R R INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NANOROBOTS AND APPLICATIONS IN BIO-MEDICINE
Presented by:- Under the guidance of :-
Raman K S Dr . Shipra Upadhyay
USN:-1RI11EC036 Associate Professor
Dept of ECE, RRIT
Contents
What is a robot? What is a nanobot?
‘Nano scale’ concept illustration
Types of nanobots
Different approaches for building nanomaterials
Hardware components in a nanobot
Applications in medical field
Advantages and disadvantages
Conclusion
References
What is a robot?
A robot is a mechanical or virtual artificial agent,
usually an electro-mechanical machine that is
guided by a computer program or electronic
circuitry.
Robots can be autonomous or semi-
autonomous.
What is a Nanobot?
Nano-Robots are the robots that are simply known as the controllable machines at the
nano meter or the molecular scale, composed of nano-components.
What do you mean by the term ‘nano-scale’?
The word ‘Nano’ means a scale of 10−9 metre; having or involving dimensions of less than 2000 nanometres.
Most common examples of nano-scale substances are Fullerene, our DNA, Carbon Nano Tubes..etc
For a size comparison, the width of the human hair is said to be greater than 50,000 nanometers.
Types of nanobots
Biochip Nubots Bacteria based
Virus based
Biochip based nanorobot
Usually built by the joint use of nanoelectronic
components such as single electron transistors, carbon
nano tubes, one dimensional nano wires etc and some
bio-material components to interact with biological
systems.
The top down approach
Top down
lithography
Electronic devices
Chip masks
Computer chips
NEMS
Cutting, etching, grinding
Precision engineered surfaces
High quality optical mirrors
The bottom up approach
Bottom up
Self assembly
Crystal films and tubes
Displays, programmable nano processors
Positional assembly
Experimental atomic or molecular devices
Schematic illustration of top down and bottom up approaches
Hardware components in a nanobot
Biosensor
Actuator
Power supply
Data transmission
Logic processor/ nano processor
Biosensor
A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an analyte, that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector.
The sensitive element may be biological or bio mimetic component that interacts the analyteunder study.
The transducer or the detector element converts these signals into a form which can be easily processed and quantified by the logic unit.
Flexure-FET biosensor
actuator
Different kinds of actuators such as electromagnetic, piezoelectric, electrostatic and electro thermal etc..
ATP, DNA and RNA can be used as a biological alternative for nanomotors.
Fullerence with CNT as conductive structures permits electrostatically driven motors providing the force necessary for micromanipulation
Power supply
Power source
Internal
Blood flow Body heatElectrolytic
fluids
External
Inductive coupling
Radio waves
Principle of inductive coupling
Data transmission
Acoustic, chemical, light and Radio frequency are possible choices
Chemical signal useful for short range communication
Acoustic signals are more suited for long range communication
Resolutions of 700nm can be achieved by using acoustic signalling
Transmission through RF @ 4.5 KHz frequency
Transmission through sonar:-20uW@8Hz for 3V supply
Logic processor/Nanoprocessor
First programmable logic processor manufactured my MITRE corpin association with Harvard university in 2011
‘Bottom up’ method of fabrication.
Multiple arithmetic and logical functions can be implemented on the “Tile”
Each ‘tile’ consist of precisely engineered and fabricated Si-Genanowires surrounded by insulating metal oxides
Operating speed achieved:-100 MHz, speeds achievable in future:-2THz
Transistor length:-20nm, 10nm for CNT
Nanowire nanocomputer and chip
Nanowirenanocomputer
by MITTRE
CNT transistor based processor by stanford(178
transistors)
Hardware architecture
Applications:-Treatment of Cancer
What is cancer? Why is it hard to cure via the
conventional approach?
How nanobots can help
ABF OR ARTIFICIAL BACTERIA FLAGELLA
Developed by university of Zurich, Switzerland
Total length is around 20 micrometers
Fabricated by vapor depositing ultra thin layers of gallium, indium, arsenic and chromium on substrate and are then patterned from it through lithography
This form super thin narrow ribbons that curl themselves into a spiral shape when detached from substrate
Thickness and composition of the deposited layer defines the size and shape of the spiral
Propulsion via magnetic field, applied to the Cr-Ni-Au ‘head’ of the robot.
FABRICATION STEPS AND STRUCTURE
ABF IN ACTION
GOOGLE NANOBOTS
Project officially launched in the year 2014
multiple sets of nanoparticles capable of identifying specific diseases and anomalies stored in a MEP. And delivered through IV.
These nanoparticles, once released into the blood, binds to the tumour
Can send real time report to the user, GUI in a wristband
Data transmitted to the physician wirelessly through RF.
GOOGLE NANOBOT CONCEPT
By using nanobots, we can pinpoint the location of the anomaly
Capillaries with a diameter of 20 micrometers are accessible
Hypoxia treated by introducing respirocytes.
Gene manipulation in germ cells and rectification of chromosomal disorders
Brain mapping and transhumanization.
Advantages of nanorobots
Disadvantage of nanorobots
Hardware and control techniques are still in its infancy and are not ready for commercial prime time applications
Technology can be reverse engineered by hostile organizations to the molecular level and wreck havok on the unsuspecting public.
Conclusion
Nanorobots are highly useful in the field of medicine
Advancements in STM, SEM help to build nano-scale designs
CNT based FET’s can pave way for a whole new levels of nanocomputing in the future and thus pave way for a Fully autonomous Nanobot
Life span extended, Diseases cured.
references
“Nano robots in bio medical applications” authored by Durairaj; shanker;j.sivasankar,ICASEM 2102,
Nagapatnam, Tamil nadu
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorobotics
http://www.msrl.ethz.ch/research/current-research/bio-inspired-helical-swimming-
microbots.html
http://rt.com/usa/200251-googlex-nanoparticle-pills-diagnose-diseases/
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