Territories-in-between:
the diversity of peri-urban development in Europe
Vincent Nadin & Alex Wandl Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands
Territories-in-between:
the diversity of peri-urban development in Europe
Vincent Nadin & Alex Wandl Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands
Nordeinde, Delft
Delft looking North from Neue Kirk, 2011, VN
Peak District near Castleton 2011, VN
Tirol, AW
Shetland Islands, VN
Source: UN World Urbanisation Prospects 2011
http://esa.un.org/unup/Maps
Growth rates of urban agglomerations 1970 – 2011
Source: UN World Urbanisation Prospects 2011
http://esa.un.org/unup/Maps
Growth rates of urban agglomerations 2011 - 2025
UN Population Division (2012) World Urbanization Prospects 2011 Revision, File 6
Average annual rate of change of urban population 1950 - 2020
—
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
Australia 89%
United Kingdom 80%
Netherlands 85%
Brazil 84%
China 54%
Country & proportion urban population
Source: UN Population Division
population change 1950 - 2015
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Australia
Source: UN Population Division
population change 1950 - 2015
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
China
India
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Australia
Shanghai
Hong Kong
Guangzhou
Beijing
Source: Jinghuan He, TU Delft
Source Jinghuan He, TU Delft
Shanghai planning history – strategies
Source: Jinghuan He, TU Delft
Shanghai planned development in 1959 vs actual development in 1984
12
Legend
Development that conforms to the
plan
Planned development without implementation Unplanned development
N
0 3 6 9km
Source: Jinghuan He, TU Delft
Shanghai planned development in 1986 vs actual development in 1997
Legend
Development that conforms to the
plan
Planned development without implementation Unplanned development
N
0 3 6 9km
Source: Jinghuan He, TU Delft
Shanghai planned development in 1999 vs actual development in 2010
Legend
Development that conforms to the
plan
Planned development without implementation Unplanned development
N
0 3 6 9km
population, economic growth, and prosperity
competition between ‘local governments’
multi-level & sector cooperation
tools that assume control
speculation
public attitudes
Who wins and loses?
16
17
Source: CEC (2010) Fifth Report on Social, Economic and Territorial Cohesion, Luxembourg: OOPEC, p. 67
Source: Dühr, Colomb and Nadin 2010
European Spatial Planning
Shifting conceptualisations of the core of Europe
Blue Banana (Brunet 1989)
Golden Triangle (Williams 1993)
Central Regions (CEC 2001h)
Pentagon (Schön 2000, CEC 2007b)
Plate 6 Core-periphery models of Europe: shifting conceptualisations of the core
Source: Base map: Europe at night (urban areas visualised by light sources), courtesy NASA/Goddard Space Flight CenterScientific Visualization Studio, 2001, downloaded from the Visible Earth Website at http://visibleearth.nasa.gov. Modified bythe authors.
Note: the Golden Triangle is defined by London, the Ruhr and Paris. The Central Regions are identified in the SecondCohesion Report (CEC 2001h) as bounding 14 per cent of the EU-15 land area, 33 per cent of its population and 47 per centof its GDP. The Pentagon, bounded by London, Hamburg, Milan, Munich and Paris, covers 20 per cent of the EU-15 land area, 40 per cent of its population and 50 per cent of its GDP (Schön 2000 and also Fourth Cohesion Report , CEC 2007b). A variation in the Third Cohesion Report (CEC 2004a) includes northern England.
V O U
C H
E R
S
Coastal sprawl
accessible rural areas accessible rural areas
post-modern urbanisation
Zwischenstadt middle landscapes
city fringe shadowland
spread city
Annähernd Perfekte Peripherie
territories of a new modernity Tussenland hybrid geographies
peri-urban development
edge city
Stadtlandschaft
ring city Randstad
città diffusa
accessible rural areas
21
post-modern urbanisation
middle landscapes
city fringe
shadowland spread city
Annähernd Perfekte Peripherie
territories of a new modernity Tussenland hybrid geographies
peri-urban development
edge city
Stadtlandschaft
ring city Randstad
città diffusa territories-in-
between
Zwischenstadt
22
23
monocentric polycentric
dispersed corridor
24
25
26
dispersed
27
28
29
threats
‘the ignored challenge … that threatens the very culture of Europe’
European Environment Agency 2010
opportunities
30
contain design
concede landscape
The 1947 Finger Plan for Copenhagen, Regional Planning
Office
Source: Thomas, D. (1963) London's Green Belt: The Evolution of an Idea, in the Geographical Journal, Vol. 129, No. 1 (Mar., 1963), pp. 14-24
containment
Principles of Spatial Development in the Austrian Ost-Region (around Vienna). Source: Planunggemeinschaft Ost
regional design
Source: lwl.com
landscape
Source: Sara King, TU Delft
from Ireland Environmental Protection Agency & Urbis Spatial Data Warehouse, UCD
34
1. New houses 2003-07 2. Areas of >10% pop growth
concede
35
36
strategy
zoning incentives
policy
37
37
37
conclusions
39
Source: ESPON Synthesis Report 2013, p. 44
Land use change
hotspots
1990-2006
40
41
42
43