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Effective Power Quality Monitoring System
Ramesh Bhatia
enera anager(Corporate Sales)
Schneider Electric Conzerv India Pvt Ltd
123rd Sept
2008 `
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Power Quality - Expectations
From Utilities:> Stable Voltage
n s or e o age ave orm
From Customer:
> Maintainin Good Power Factor
>> Incentive for good PF
>> KVAH Billing
> Generate no armon cs>> No regulation yet
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of poor quality
Industry resorting to power from DG sets forcritical operations due to frequent and
unscheduled interruptions, unstable voltage etc.
Poor PF results in higher T&D Losses. Harmonics result in damage to capacitors, other
equipment, overheating etc
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HARMONIC IS DEFINED AS A COMPONENT OF PERIODIC WAVE
THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY.
CURRENT HARMONIC
VOLTAGE HARMONICS
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HARMONIC COMPONENTS
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Harmonic Distortion Standards
No BIS known or available.
limits and these are termed as Users
.
Voltage distortion limits are termed as
.
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ISC/I1
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Bus Voltage at Individual Voltage THD
.
69>161 KV 1.5 2.5
>161 KV 1.0 1.5
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Distortion Limits - Effects
Difficult to establish a correlation between distortionamplitude and harmful effects.
ect o vo tage stort ons on generat on o current
harmonics in a plant is also difficult to predict.
mitigation should be resorted to. Harmonics analysis
followed by monitoring is the only way.
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EFFECTS OF HARMONICS
POOR POWER FACTOR
UNEXPLAINABLE OVERHEATING OF TRANSFORMERS AND AUDIBLEHUM
SUDDEN INCREASE IN KVA DEMAND AND PENALISATION BY EB
FREQUENT FAILURE OF CAPACITORS & CONTACTORS
NUISANCE TRIPPING OF DRIVES
HEATING OF CABLES AND MOTOR WINDINGS
DEGRADATION OF SYSTEM EFFICIENCY
ENERGY LOSSES
SAFETY RISKS
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SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS DUE TOHARMONICS
Blinking of Incandescent Lights Transformer Saturation
Capacitor Failure Harmonic Resonance
Circuit Breakers Tripping Inductive Heating and Overload
Computer Malfunction or Lockup Voltage Distortion
Conductor Failure Inductive Heating
Electronic Equipment Shutting down Voltage Distortion
Fuses Blowing for No Apparent Reason Inductive Heating and Overload
Motor Failures (overheating) Voltage Drop
eu ra on uc or an ermna a ures ve rp en urren s Electromagnetic Load Failures Inductive Heating
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SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS DUE TO
HARMONICS CONT'D
Overheatin of Metal Enclosures Inductive Heatin
Power Interference on Voice Communication
Harmonic Noise Transformer Failures Inductive Heating
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Effects of Harmonics
Excess harmonics in network can lead to:- Excess energy consumption
Poor capacity utilisation of network
Damages to components like capacitors, D G sets,.
Nuisance tripping of circuits leading to production loss
And man more associated roblems
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Schneider Electric A Global Company
, crore revenue n
countries
>200 factories around the world
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Schneider Electric in India
5,500 employees
9 manufacturing sites, 4 distribution centers around
the country, 2 R&D centers in Bangalore
400 authorized partners (Distributors, System
Integrators and Panel Builders)
One Regional Project & Engineering Centre
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and Conzerv
Energy Efficiency
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* Energy Efficiency
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FACTORS EFFECTING POWER FACTOR
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Relevance of K Factor( Source : Xitron Technologies)
Harmonic currents cause overheating intransformers and other equipment.
K Factor defines the heating effect of harmonics.
K Factor 1.0 indicates linear load with noharmonics.
Transformer supplying non linear loads may
require de-rating.
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Relevance of K Factor( Source : Xitron Technologies)
RMS load current maybe higher thanindicated b KVA load.
Increase in Eddy currents due to harmonics
.
Either oversize de-rated transformer or
required
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Crest Factor( Source: Environmental Potentials)
Crest factor is ratio of peak voltage to rms value ina voltage waveform.
For sinusoidal waveform Crest factor is 2
Lower crest factor indicates flat topped waveformwhereas crest factor higher than 1.41 indicates
spiky shape.
Crest factor has relevance in the harmonicscontent of a waveform.
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o a armon c s or on( Source:Environmental Potentials)
Total harmonic distortion is Ih/If for currentwhere Ih is effective value of all harmonics and If is effective value
of fundamental
For sinusoidal voltages or currents THD iszero.
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n us r a ower ac or ( Source: EnvironmentalPotentials)
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n us r a ower ac or ( Source: EnvironmentalPotentials)
When sinusoidal voltage is applied across variablespeed drives or thyristor controlled equipment the
resultant current waveform could take the shape as
shown in the previous slide. Spikes would imply high frequency content of
current.
y re uc ng e s arpness o sp es w use ofilters power factor can be improved.
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Factor( Source: Environmental Potentials)
Power factor is cos , where is the phasedifference between current and voltage. Power iscalculated from VI Cos.
When distorted waveshapes are present,expression for power becomes more complex and
meaning of PF has to be enlarged. It is then called
.
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Factor ( Source: Environmental Potentials)
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E ect o Harmon cs on Power actor( Source: Environmental Potentials)
Waveshape in the previous slide consists of fundamentalwith 5th ,7th and higher harmonics of amplitude
, . .
respectively.
Waveshape depends not only on the harmonic content butalso on their respective phase differences.
For this current waveform, power will also be a complex
calculation based on displacementpower ac or.
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Power Factor
EB Billing Unity
= tan - tan
Or use the capacitor selection chart
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e evance o ower ac or n ense s
Good Power Factor when operating
Gensets reduces T&D losses= 2
flowing thru cables and R is cable
Genset engine should not be overloaded.If
.
loading should not exceed 800 KW.
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Location of capacitors
Main distribution boards (Unity)
u str ut on oar s o.
Load ends (0.85)
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Benefits of PF Improvement
Avail rebates from SEB
e uce eat oss o networ
Voltage improvement
Reduced maximum demand charges
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Solution for Power Factor
Power Quality Audit can indicate sources orloads which have low PF.
Installation of PFI Panel consisting of PF
Controller with Capacitors, Contactors etc Install Intelligent Power Factor Controller if
capacitors with manual control already exist.
If capacitors are inadequate for achieving requiredPF, then capacitors will have to be added.
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ower ac or mprovemen ane Compact modular stand
alone unit Comprises of capacitors,
Contactors, isolating switch,
HRC fuses Power factorController
Models from 35kVAr to
200kVAr
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Proprietary & Confidential
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Monitoring
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Proprietary & Confidential
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Instrumentation for Measurement
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Proprietary & Confidential
EMS SYSTEM
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EMS SYSTEM
CONZERVeLAN
LAN NETWORK
HUBDATA
CONVERTOR
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Proprietary & Confidential
EM 6000 SeriesRS 485-RS232
CONVERTOR
DATA
CONVERTOR
ETHERNET
CONVERTOR
EM 3000 Series
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Benefits of Monitoring
PF variations in distribution
Harmonics level through THD
re ct ve a ntenance sc e u e o
equipments based on run hours
Manpower reduction
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H EIP k
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How EIP works.
Broadban
d
User EMS PC Conzerv
ServerOnline Analysis of
Plant Data
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DSL CONNECTION
Online Data
ISP(Internet Service Provider)
GSM /CDMAMODEM
CONZERV HO
GSM/CDMA
TOWER
MODEMEMS PC
Fig: Schematic diagram EIP (Way to Save)Fig: Schematic diagram EIP (Way to Save)
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SOLUTION FOR HARMONICS
Detailed harmonic analysis
Filters
- ct ve ass ve ters
- Tuned / Detuned Filters
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SOLUTION FOR HARMONICS
HARMONIC FILTER SYSTEM
HARMONIC FILTER SYSTEM IS A COMBINATION OFCAPACITOR BANKS WITH SERIES REACTOR
TUNED FOR A PREDOMINANT FREQUENCY
PROVIDES LOW IMPEDANCE PATH FOR THE HARMONIC
CURRENTS BELOW HARMONIC FREQUENCY, IT IS CAPACITIVE AND
INJ ECTS REACTIVE POWER TO THE NETWORK AND ABOVEHARMONIC FREQUENCY IT IS INDUCTIVE
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Monitoring Harmonics
Necessity for monitoring arises when some untoward
incidents in power distribution occur.
n t a y a u e ge armon c ana ys s s ou e carr e
out to establish the extent of the problem. In this analysis
amplitude of individual harmonic at all loads ofsignificance should be measured and solution
implemented.
,
at such loads to verify and establish that no deterioration
takes place.
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Factor
Capacitors used for PF improvement mayet dama ed and even blow u due to
harmonics as capacitors offer low
im edance to hi h fre uenc currents. PF Capacitors resonating with inductive
due to heavy voltage build up.
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MEASUREMENTS
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True RMS vs Average Sensing
Meters can be of two types Average sensing or true rms.
There is significant difference in measurement when
.
True rms is .707 of peak value in perfect sinusoid or
equivalent DC level which produces same heating effect.Av sensing for perfect sinusoid is the same.
When waveform is other than sinusoid av sensing value
.
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Measurements
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P l d l
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Power quality measuring and control
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NETWORK ANALYZER
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NETWORK ANALYZER
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NETWORK ANALIZER:
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, ,
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Detect
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TRANSFORMER 21
(Individual Harmonic Level)
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TRANSFORMER 20 (V ,I, KW GRAPHS)
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TRANSFORMER 20 (PF GRAPHS)
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TRANSFORMER 20 (WAVEFORM DISTORTION)
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TRANSFORMER 20 (Individual Harmonic Level)
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