HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION
MOTOR CORTEX
CEREBELLUM AND BASAL GANGLIA
BRAIN STEM
SPINAL CORD
SKELETAL MUSCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE: ANATOMICAL FEATURES
EXTRAFUSAL FIBERS: MULTINUCLEATE CELLS WHICH ARE THE MAIN CONTRACTILE ELEMENTS
INTRAFUSAL FIBERS: SENSING AND CONTROL OF THE CONTRACTING MUSCLE
MUSCLE: MANY PARALLEL FIBERS
SKELETAL MUSCLE: ANTAGONISTIC ARRANGEMENT
ALL MUSCLES ATTACHED TO BONE AT BOTH ENDS (ORIGIN AND INSERTION)
USUALLY ARRANGED IN ANTOGONISTIC PAIRS (FLEXORS AND EXTENSORS)
THE MOTOR UNIT
A SINGLE MOTOR NEURON AND ALL THE MUSCLES IT INNERVATES
THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF THE MOTOR SYSTEM
CORRESPONDS TO THE SENSORY UNIT/RECEPTIVE FIELD RELATIONSHIP
SIZE OF MOTOR UNIT DETERMINES FINENESS OF MOTOR RESPOSE
THE CODING OF CONTRACTILE FORCE
FREQUENCY CODING: HIGHER FREQUENCY OF INCOMING ACTION POTENTIALS GENERATES MORE FORCE
POPULATION CODING: MORE UNITS RECRUITED TO GET MORE FORCE
THE MOTOR RESPONSE SYSTEM: SPINAL LEVEL
THE ORGANIZATION OF MOTOR NERVES IN THE SPINAL COLUMN
THE ROLE OF INTERNEURONSTHE ROLE OF LOCOMOTOR
GENERATORS
THE ORGANIZATION OF MOTOR NERVES IN THE SPINAL COLUMN
DORSAL AREA OF VENTRAL HORN: FLEXOR MOVEMENTS
VENTRAL AREA OF VENTRAL HORN: EXTENSOR MOVEMENTS
DORSOLATERAL AREA OF VENTRAL HORN: INNERVATE EXTREMITIES
VENTROMEDIAL REGION: AXIAL MUSCLES TO MAINTAIN POSTURE
THE ROLE OF INTERNEURONS
LOCATED IN THE INTER MEDIATE ZONE OF THE SPINAL CORD
LATERAL SIDE NEURONS SYNAPSE IPSILATERALLY (TO DISTAL LIMB MUSCLES)
MIDLINE NEURONS SYNAPSE BOTH SIDES (MUSCLES FOR POSTURE) ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS:EXCITE SYNERGISTIC AND INHIBIT ANTAGONISTIC
THE ROLE OF LOCOMOTOR GENERATORS
RHYTHMIC ACTION OF ALTERANATING FLEXION AND EXTENSION INVOVED IN WALKING MOVEMENTS (CHICKEN WITH ITS HEAD CUT OFF)
SPINAL TRANSECTED ANIMALS CAN WALK ON TREADMILL
UNDER CONTROL OF LOCOMOTOR COMMAND CENTER IN THE BRAIN STEM
SENSORY FIBERS IN THE MUSCLE
THE MUSCLE SPINDLE AS LENGTH DETECTOR
GOGLI TENDON ORGANS: TENSION RECEPTORS
THE MUSCLE SPINDLE AS LENGTH
DETECTOR(SENSORY FIBERS)
TYPE Ia NERVE FIBERS: TRANSMIT INFORMATION ABOUT LENGTH AND VELOCITY TO THE CNS
TYPE II NERVE FIBERS:TRANSMIT INFORMATION ABOUT MUSCLE LENGTH TO CNS
TWO TYPES OF INTRAFUSAL FIBERS
NUCLEARCHAIN
FIBER
NUCLEARBAGFIBER
TYPE IISENSORYFIBER
TYPE IASENSORYFIBER
TWO TYPES OF MOTOR NEURON
ALPHA MOTOR NEURON: INNERVATES EXTRAFUSAL FIBER
GAMMA MOTOR NEURON: INNERVATES INTRAFUSAL FIBERS
THE ROLE OF GAMMA MOTOR NEURONS IN REGULATING MUSCLE SPINDLE RESPONSE
RECORD
RECORD
STIMULATE
Afferent Activity
Muscle Force
THE ROLE OF GAMMA MOTOR NEURONS IN REGULATING MUSCLE SPINDLE RESPONSE
RECORD
RECORD
STIMULATE
Afferent Activity
Muscle Force
STIMULATE
GOGLI TENDON ORGANS: TENSION RECEPTORS
IN SERIES WITH EXTRAFUSAL FIBERS
TRANSMITS INFORMATION ABOUT FORCE OR TENSION TO CNS
FREQUENCCY CODING
THE STRETCH REFLEX (KNEE JERK REFLEX)
TAP PATELLAR TENDON BELOW KNEE
SENSORY SIGNALS FROM MUSCLE SPINDLE INDICATE FLEXION OF LEG
FLEXOR IS INHIBITEDEXTENSOR ACTIVATEDLEG EXTENDS
KNEE JERK REFLEX
SPINALCORD
SENSORY NEURON FROMMUSCLE SPINDLE DETECTSSTRETCH
FLEXOR INHIBITED
EXTENSORACTIVATED
THE INVERSE MYOTACTIC REFLEX
DETECTION OF EXCESS WEIGHT BY GOGLI TENDON ORGAN
INHIBIT FLEXOR (BICEPS)
ACTIVATE EXTENSOR
INVERSE MYOTACTIC REFLEX
ARM FLEXED
WEIGHTTOOHEAVY
BICEPS & SYNERGYSTIC MUSCLECONTRACTED EXTENSOR RELAXEDTENDON STRETCHED
INVERSE MYOTACTIC REFLEX
ARM EXTENDS
WEIGHTRELEASED
BICEPS & SYNERGYSTIC MUSCLERELAXEDEXTENSOR CONTRACTED
THE FLEXOR WITHDRAWAL REFLEX
PAINFUL STIMULUS DETECTEDIPSILATERAL EXTENSORS INHIBITEDIPSILATERAL EXTENSORS EXCITEDLIMB IS WITHDRAWNIF INVOLVING ONE FOOT WHILE
STANDING, CONTRALATERAL SIDE EXTENSORS ACTIVATED AND FLEXORS INHIBITED TO SUPPORT GREATER WEIGHT