MODULE 4
HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE
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Venue: Politeknik Ungku Omar, IpohDate: 20-23 May 2013
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Principles and Learning Objectives
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Identify and briefly describe the meaning of the hardware and software
Outline the role of the memory, storage and CPU Outline the overall evolution and importance of
software in education sector Discuss how utility software helps academicians in
teaching and learning process Identify three reasons to use middleware and
discuss the pros and cons of each Discuss how application software can support
teaching and learning objectives
Video Clip
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Computer Hardware
Hardware and Software
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Hardwarethe physical, tangible parts of a computer
keyboard, monitor, wires, chips, data, iPad, PC Tablet
Softwareprograms and data
a program is a series of instructions
A computer requires both hardware and software
Each is essentially useless without the other
CPU and Main Memory
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CentralProcessing
Unit
MainMemory
Chip that executes program commands
Intel Pentium IIISun Sparc Processor
Primary storage area for programs and data
that are in active use
Synonymous with RAM
Secondary Memory Devices
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Floppy Disk
Hard DiskMain
Memory
CentralProcessing
Unit
Secondary memorydevices providelong-term storage
Information is movedbetween main memoryand secondary memoryas needed
Hard disksFloppy disksZIP disksWritable CDsTapes
Input / Output Devices
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Monitor
Keyboard
MainMemory
CentralProcessing
Unit
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk
I/O devices allow userinteraction
Monitor screenKeyboardMouseBar code scannerLight penTouch screen
Digital Information
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Computers store all information digitally:numberstextgraphics and imagesaudiovideoprogram instructions
In some way, all information is digitized - broken down into pieces and represented as numbers
Binary Numbers
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Once information is digitized, it is represented and stored in memory using the binary number system
A single binary digit (0 or 1) is called a bit
Devices that store and move information are cheaper and more reliable if they only have to represent two states
A single bit can represent two possible states, like a light bulb that is either on (1) or off (0)
Combinations of bits are used to store values
Bit Combinations
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1 bit
01
2 bits
00011011
3 bits
000001010011100101110111
4 bits
00000001001000110100010101100111
10001001101010111100110111101111
Each additional bit doubles the number of possible combinations
Bit Combinations
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Each combination can represent a particular itemThere are 2N combinations of N bitsTherefore, N bits are needed to represent 2N unique
items
21 = 2 items
22 = 4 items
23 = 8 items
24 = 16 items
25 = 32 items
1 bit ?
2 bits ?
3 bits ?
4 bits ?
5 bits ?
How manyitems can be
represented by
A Computer Specification
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Consider the following specification for a personal computer:
600 MHz Pentium III Processor256 MB RAM16 GB Hard Disk24x speed CD ROM Drive 17” Multimedia Video Display with 1280 x
1024 resolution56 KB Modem
What does it all mean?
Memory
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Main memory is divided into many memory locations (or cells)
92789279
9280928192829283928492859286
Each memory cell has a numeric address, which uniquely identifies it
Storing Information
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92789279
9280928192829283928492859286
Large values arestored in consecutivememory locations
10011010Each memory cell stores a set number of bits (usually 8 bits, or one byte)
Storage Capacity
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Every memory device has a storage capacity, indicating the number of bytes it can hold
Capacities are expressed in various units:
KB 210 = 1024
MB 220 (over 1 million)
GB 230 (over 1 billion)
TB 240 (over 1 trillion)
Unit Symbol Number of Bytes
kilobyte
megabyte
gigabyte
terabyte
RAM vs. ROM
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RAM - Random Access Memory (direct access)
ROM - Read-Only Memory
The terms RAM and main memory are basically interchangeable
ROM could be a set of memory chips, or a separate device, such as a CD ROM
Both RAM and ROM are random (direct) access devices!
RAM should probably be called Read-Write Memory
The Central Processing Unit
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A CPU is also called a microprocessor It continuously follows the fetch-decode-
execute cycle:
fetch
Retrieve an instruction from main memory
decode
Determine what theinstruction is
execute
Carry out theinstruction
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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The CPU contains:
Arithmetic / Logic Unit
Registers
Control Unit
Small storage areas
Performs calculations and decisions
Coordinates processing steps
The Central Processing Unit
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The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system clock
The system clock generates an electronic pulse at regular intervals
The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU
The speed is measured in megahertz (MHz)
Monitor
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The size of a monitor (17") is measured diagonally, like a television screen
Most monitors these days have multimedia capabilities: text, graphics, video, etc.
A monitor has a certain maximum resolution , indicating the number of picture elements, called pixels, that it can display (such as 1280 by 1024)
High resolution (more pixels) produces sharper pictures
Mobile Learning Devices
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SOFTWARE
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Software means a program which is installed on a machine for a specific purpose.
Types of Software:
1. System Software
2. Application Software
Video Clip
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Computer Software
System Software
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A system software handle the hardware of a machine which configure the hardware penetration. Example: Windows, DOS, UNIX, VIPRO.
Systems software: coordinates the activities and functions of hardware and programs
Computer system platform: combination of a hardware configuration and systems software
System Software
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Types of System Software
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Types of systems software
Operating systems
Utility programs
Middleware
Operating System
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Operating system (OS): set of programs that controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs
Kernel: ties all components of the OS together and regulates other programs
The Role of Systems Software
Operating System
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Activities performed by the operating system Perform common computer hardware functions
Provide a user interface and input/output management
Provide a degree of hardware independence
Manage system memory
Manage processing tasks
Provide networking capability
Control access to system resources
Manage files
Utility Programs
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Utility Program is the software generally provided by the vendors as readymade packages to do some specific operations.
Help to perform maintenance or correct problems with a computer sistem
Why is it important?OS are becoming more complexKeeps computer running smoothlyHelp to protect OS on the internet
Examples of Utility Program
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Defragmentation and Disk UtilitiesMaintain files on disk and arrange them in a manner that allows for fast access
Backup UtilitiesSafeguard files by creating backup copies
Security Software Search for and remove viruses and spyware from computers, and guard against attacks
Spam and Pop-up BlockersRemove junk mail and ads
Utility Software
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Middleware
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Middleware: software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data
Middleware can also be used as an interface between the Internet and older legacy systems
Why use middleware?
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Makes it easier to write complex applications
Allows portability across hardware and operating systemsApplications will run on any platform the middleware has
been ported to
The application developer doesn’t need to consider the OS/hardware in every Set-Top-Box (STB) the application will run on
Makes it easier for third parties to write applicationsOnly need to learn about a few middleware platforms
More abstraction makes learning easier
Application Software
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An application software is meant to establish relation between utility software and system software.
Application software are programs that interact directly with the user for the performance of a certain type of work
Following are some of the examples of application software:
Media development softwareContent access softwareEntertainment softwareEducational softwareSimulation software
Application Software
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Application Software
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Application software: helps users solve particular problems
In most cases, application software resides on the computer’s hard disk
Application software can also be stored on CDs, DVDs, and flash or keychain storage devices
Mobile Learning Apps
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iPad & iPhone Apps for College Students
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iStudiez Pro ($2.99 - iPhone/iPad universal app)
GoodReader ($5.49 each - iPhone & iPad)
Keynote ($9.99 - iPhone/iPad universal app)
iPad & iPhone Apps for College Students
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Smart Writing Tool - 7notes HD Premium ($10.49 - iPad only)
Notability ($1.99 - iPad only)
iTunes U (FREE - iPhone/iPad universal app)
iPad & iPhone Apps for College Students
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iThoughts HD mindmapping ($9.99 iPad - $7.99 iPhone)
Numbers ($9.99 -iPhone/iPad universal app)
Permanent - The New Spreadsheet ($19.99 - iPad only)
iPad & iPhone Apps for College Students
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TextGrabber + Translator ($4.99 - iPhone/iPad universal app)
EasyBib (FREE - iPhone/iPad universal app)
Evernote (FREE & Paid - iPhone/iPad universal app)
Thank You
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