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Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX [ 1

Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-1

The

Fre

nch

Rev

olut

ion

The S

trugg

le

to S

urvi

ve

French Society Dur

ing

the

Late Eighteenth Cen

tury

How

Sub

sist

ence

Cris

is H

appe

ns

• In

crea

se in

pop

ulat

ion.

• In

crea

sed

dem

and

for

food

grai

ns.

• P

rice

of b

read

ros

e.•

Low

wag

es o

f wor

kers

.

• B

ad h

arve

st.

• In

crea

se in

the

pric

e of

bre

ad.

• Wag

es d

id n

ot k

eep

pace

with

incr

ease

in p

rices

.• W

iden

ed g

ap b

etw

een

the

rich

& th

e po

or.

• P

easa

nts

& w

orke

rs p

artic

ipat

ed in

rev

olts

aga

inst

incr

easi

ng ta

xes.

• S

ocia

l gro

ups

emer

ged.

• E

arni

ngs

thro

ugh

over

seas

trad

e, m

anuf

actu

re o

f woo

llen

& s

ilk te

xtile

s.•

Phi

loso

pher

s em

erge

d.

Joh

n L

ock

eR

ou

ssea

uM

on

tesq

uie

u•

Crit

icis

edth

e di

vine

&ab

solu

te r

ight

of th

e m

onar

ch.

• P

ower

was

dis

trib

uted

am

ong

the

legi

slat

ure,

the

exe

cutiv

e an

d th

e ju

dici

ary.

• La

ws

to tr

ansl

ate

the

ide

als

of li

bert

y an

d e

qual

ity in

to e

very

day

pra

ctic

e.

• S

lave

ry w

as a

bolis

hed

in

Fren

ch c

olon

ies

in 1

848.

• R

ight

s lik

e rig

ht to

life

, fre

edom

of s

peec

h e

qual

ity b

efor

e la

w, e

tc.,

wer

e in

trod

uced

• R

obes

pier

re’s

rul

e in

Fra

nce

was

kno

wn

as ‘R

eign

of T

erro

r’•

Law

s pl

acin

g a

max

imum

cei

ling

on w

ages

& p

rices

wer

e is

sued

.

• R

ise

of N

apol

eon

• Id

ea o

fgo

vern

men

tba

sed

on

soci

al c

ontr

act

betw

een

peop

le&

thei

rre

pres

enta

tives

.

• P

ropo

sed

div

isio

n of

pow

er w

ithin

the

gov

t. b

etw

een

the

leg

isla

tive,

the

exe

cutiv

e &

the

jud

icia

ry.

Fran

ce be

comes a

Con

stitu

tiona

l Monarchy

Out

brea

k of

the

Rev

olut

ion

The

Rev

olut

ion

and E

veryd

ay Life

The

Abo

litio

n of

Sla

very

Did

wom

en h

ave

a R

evol

utio

n?

Fran

ce a

bolis

hes

Mon

arch

y

and

beco

mes

a R

epub

lic

The

Rei

gn o

f Ter

ror

A D irecto

ry ru

les

Fran

ce

A Growing M

iddl

e C

lass

Envisages End

to P

rivile

ges

• Wom

en s

tart

ed th

eir

own

po

litic

al c

lubs

& n

ews-

pa

pers

to v

oice

thei

r

inte

rest

s.

2 ] Oswaal CBSE Chapterwise Mind Maps, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class-IX

Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-2

The

Rus

sian

Rev

olut

ion

• Li

bera

ls w

ante

d a

natio

n w

hich

tole

rate

d al

l rel

igio

ns, t

hey

opp

osed

the

unco

ntro

lled

pow

er o

f dyn

astic

rul

ers.

• R

adic

als

wan

ted

a na

tion

in w

hich

gov

t. w

as b

ased

on

the

maj

ority

of a

cou

ntry

’s p

opul

atio

n.•

Con

serv

ativ

es o

ppos

ed to

rad

ical

s an

d lib

eral

s.

• C

omm

unis

t par

ties

wer

e fo

rmed

like

Com

mun

ist

Par

ty o

f Gre

at B

ritai

n.•

US

SR

sty

le o

f gov

ernm

ent w

as n

ot in

kee

ping

with

the

idea

ls o

f Rus

sian

Rev

olut

ion.

• In

tern

atio

nal r

eput

atio

n of

US

SR

as

a so

cial

ist

cou

ntry

dec

lined

.•

New

citi

es c

ame

up, r

ailw

ays

expa

nded

and

Indu

stria

l R

evol

utio

n oc

curr

ed.

• B

roug

ht m

en, w

omen

and

chi

ldre

n to

fact

orie

s, w

ork

hou

rs w

ere

long

and

wag

es p

oor.

• C

ame

in m

id-n

inet

eent

h ce

ntur

y.•

Soc

ialis

ts w

ere

agai

nst p

rivat

e pr

oper

ty.

• Fo

rmed

an

inte

rnat

iona

l bod

y–T

he S

econ

d In

tern

atio

nal.

• S

et u

p fu

nds

to h

elp

mem

bers

in ti

mes

of d

istr

ess,

dem

ande

d re

duct

ion

of w

orki

ng h

ours

and

rig

hts

to v

ote.

• R

uled

by

Tsa

r N

icho

las

II.•

Maj

ority

rel

igio

n w

as R

ussi

an O

rtho

dox

Chr

istia

nity

.Liberals, Radica

ls an

d

Conservative

s

The Age of Social Cha

nge

The

Com

ing

of S

ocia

lism

to E

urop

e

Suppo

rt fo

r Soc

ialis

m

The

Rus

sian

Em

pire

in 1

91

4

The

Rus

sian

Rev

olut

ion

• M

ost p

eopl

e w

ere

agric

ultu

rists

maj

or e

xpor

ters

of g

rain

, rai

lway

net

wor

k ex

tend

ed.

• S

et u

p a

new

spap

er, m

obili

sed

wor

kers

and

org

anis

ed s

trik

es

• D

eman

ded

a C

onst

itutio

n.•

Pric

es o

f ess

entia

l goo

ds r

ose,

rea

l wag

es d

eclin

ed,

• B

lood

y S

unda

y ov

er 1

00 w

orke

rs w

ere

kille

d w

ho w

ent t

o W

inte

r P

alac

e to

pre

sent

pet

ition

.

• A

cute

pro

blem

of g

rain

sup

plie

s.•

Col

lect

ivis

atio

n of

farm

s t

o re

duce

sho

rtag

es.

• B

olsh

evik

s ke

pt in

dust

ries

& b

anks

nat

iona

lised

, per

mitt

ed p

easa

nts

to

culti

vate

land

.

• N

on-B

olsh

evik

soc

ialis

ts, l

iber

als

and

sup

port

ers

of a

utoc

racy

con

dem

ned

the

Bol

shev

ik u

pris

ing.

• C

entr

al P

ower

s- G

erm

any,

Aus

tria

and

Tur

key.

• A

llied

Pow

ers-

Fra

nce,

Brit

ain

and

Rus

sia

Socialism in Russia

The F

irst W

orld

War

and

the

Russia

n Em

pire

Eco

nomy a

nd Society

A T

urbu

lent

T

ime. T

he 1905

Revolutio

n

Indus

trial

Soc

iety

and

Socia

l Cha

nge

The

Global In

fluence of the Russian Revolution

& the USSR

Wha

t Cha

nged

afte

r O

ctob

er?

Stali

nism and Collectivisation

The

Civ

il W

ar

Mak

ing

a Soc

ialist

Socie

ty

After Februaryin P

etro

grad

• C

onfli

ct b

etw

een

Pro

visi

onal

Gov

ernm

ent

and

the

Bol

shev

iks.

• A

rmy

offic

ials

, lan

dow

ners

and

ind

ustr

ialis

ts w

ere

influ

entia

l.

The

Feb

ruar

y R

evol

utio

n

The

Rev

olut

ion

of O

ctob

er 1

917


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-3

Naz

ism

and

the R

ise o

fH

itler

• B

oth

psyc

holo

gica

l & fi

nanc

ial e

ffort

s.•

Sup

port

ers

of W

eim

er R

epub

lic

wer

e at

tack

ed.

• S

ovie

ts o

f wor

kers

and

sai

lors

est

ablis

hed

• H

yper

infla

tion,

a s

ituat

ion

of h

igh

rise

in p

rices

pre

vaile

d.

• Wal

l str

eet e

xcha

nge

cras

hed

in19

29.

• G

reat

Eco

nom

ic D

epre

ssio

n st

arte

d w

ith th

e sa

le o

f 13

mn

shar

es.

• Fe

ar o

f pre

leta

riani

satio

n fil

led

the

soc

iety

.

• H

itler

was

giv

en th

e hi

ghes

t p

ositi

on in

the

cabi

net o

f min

iste

rs.

• H

e se

nt h

is e

nem

ies,

the

Com

mun

ists

, t

o co

ncen

trat

ion

cam

ps.

• E

cono

mic

rec

over

y th

roug

h fu

ll p

rodu

ctio

n an

d fu

ll em

ploy

men

t.

• C

reat

ed r

acia

l com

mun

ity b

y el

imin

atin

g th

e “

unde

sira

bles

” (Je

ws,

Gyp

sies

, etc

.)

• G

enoc

ide

& w

ar b

ecam

e tw

o si

des

of th

e sa

me

coin

.

• B

oys

wer

e ag

gres

sive

, mas

culin

e, s

teel

hea

rted

, g

irls

wer

e to

ld to

be

good

mot

hers

& r

ear

pur

e-bl

oode

d A

ryan

chi

ldre

n.

• H

oloc

aust

, atr

ociti

es &

suf

ferin

gs e

ndur

ed b

y Je

ws

durin

g th

e N

azi k

illin

g op

erat

ions

.

• N

azis

mad

e gr

eat u

se o

f l

angu

age

and

med

ia•

Naz

i ide

as w

ere

spre

ad t

hrou

gh im

ages

, pos

ters

, f

ilms,

etc

.

The Effe

cts o

f the

War

The Years o

f Dep

ress

ion

Polit

ical

Rad

ical

ism

and

Eco

nom

ic C

rises

Birth of the W

eim

ar

Repub

lic

The

Des

truc

tion

of D

emoc

racy

Reconstruct

ion

Hitl

er’s

Ris

e to

Pow

er

Esta

blis

hmen

t of t

he R

acia

l Stat

e

The Racial Utopia

The Nazi World

view

Yout

h in

Naz

i Ger

man

yTh

e A

rt o

f Pro

paga

nda

The Nazi Cult of Motherhood

Ord

inar

y Pe

ople

and the Crimes

Agai

nst H

umanity

Kno

wle

dge

abou

t the

Hol

ocau

st


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-4

Fore

st S

ociet

yan

dCo

loni

alis

m

• G

over

nmen

t ban

ned

shift

ing

cul

tivat

ion

whi

ch d

ispl

aced

man

y c

omm

uniti

es fr

om th

eir

hom

es in

for

ests

.

• Fo

rest

law

s ba

nned

peo

ple

fro

m k

illin

g an

imal

s fo

r th

eir

sur

viva

l and

spo

rt.

• P

eopl

e st

arte

d tr

adin

g in

fore

st p

rodu

cts

like

rubb

er, s

pice

s,fib

res,

etc

.•

Bel

ieve

d th

at e

ach

villa

ge w

as g

iven

its

land

by

Ear

th.

• S

how

ed r

espe

ct to

the

spiri

t o

f riv

ers,

fore

sts

and

mou

ntai

n.

• P

eopl

e w

ere

disp

lace

d fr

om v

illag

es a

nd fo

rced

to w

ork

free

for

the

fore

st d

epar

tmen

t.

• C

onse

rvat

ion

of fo

rest

s, r

athe

r

than

col

lect

ing

timbe

r be

com

e

mor

e im

port

ant.

• K

alan

gs w

as a

com

mun

ity o

f ski

lled

for

est c

utte

rs a

nd s

hifti

ng c

ultiv

ator

s.

• F

irst W

orld

War

and

Sec

ond

Wor

ld W

ar h

ad m

ajor

impa

ct.

• P

eopl

e’s

need

for

agric

ultu

ral l

and

led

the

m in

to c

onfli

ct w

ith fo

rest

dep

artm

ent.

• B

land

ongd

iens

ten,

a s

yste

m o

f im

posi

ng r

ents

on

land

bei

ng c

ultiv

ated

in fo

rest

and

exe

mpt

ing

som

e vi

llage

s if

they

pro

vide

d fr

ee la

bour

, buf

falo

es fo

r cu

tting

.

• P

rodu

ctio

n of

com

mer

cial

cro

ps l

ike

jute

,sug

ar, w

heat

& c

otto

n.•

Fore

sts

wer

e co

nsid

ered

unp

rodu

ctiv

e, t

hus,

to b

e br

ough

t und

er c

ultiv

atio

n.

• R

egul

ar s

uppl

y of

woo

d fo

r na

vy a

nd r

ailw

ay li

ne s

leep

ers.

How were the L

ives

of

People Affecte

d?

How

did

For

est R

ules

Affe

ct C

ultiv

atio

n?

Who

cou

ld H

unt?

New trades, New Employments andNew Services

The

Ris

e of

Com

mer

cial

For

estr

y

The

Peo

ple

of B

asta

r

Rebellion in the

Forest

The

Fear

s of

the

Peo

pleLand to be im

prov

ed

Pla

ntat

ions

Sleepe

rs o

n th

e

Trac

ks

Why Deforestation?

• P

lant

ed w

ith te

a, c

offe

e a

nd r

ubbe

r.

The Woodcutters of Java

War

and

Def

ores

tatio

n

Forestry

Dutch Scientific

Sam

in’s

cha

lleng

e

Fore

st T

rans

form

atio

ns in

Jav

a

New Developments in Forestry

• The

For

est A

ct m

ade

thin

gs d

iffic

ult f

or p

eopl

e.•

Peo

ple

cann

ot c

ut w

ood,

gra

ze t

heir

cattl

e, h

unt,

fish,

etc

.

• A

rgue

d th

at th

e s

tate

had

not

cre

ated

the

win

d, w

ater

, e

arth

& w

ood.


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-5

Past

oral

ists

in th

eM

oder

n W

orld

• A

dver

se e

ffect

s of

dro

ught

s a

re p

astu

res

drie

d ca

ttle

star

ved.

• D

eclin

e in

ani

mal

sto

ck

• M

asai

soc

iety

div

ided

into

tw

o ca

tego

ries:

eld

ers

& w

arrio

rs.

• C

hief

s ap

poin

ted

by c

olon

ial g

over

nmen

t s

urvi

ved

the

deva

stat

ion

of w

ar &

dro

ught

.•

Poo

r pa

stor

alis

ts w

ere

deep

ly a

ffect

ed.

• R

estr

icte

d by

the

bor

ders

of t

he r

eser

ves.

• N

ot a

llow

ed to

ent

er t

he m

arke

ts in

whi

te a

reas

.

• G

ujja

r B

akar

wal

s of

Jam

mu

& K

ashm

ir.•

Gad

di s

heph

erds

of H

imac

hal P

rade

sh.

• B

hotiy

as, S

herp

as, K

inna

ur is

of H

imal

ayas

.• T

hey

have

cyc

lical

mov

emen

t bet

wee

n

sum

mer

and

win

ter

past

ures

.

• R

educ

ed th

e nu

mbe

r of

ca

ttle

in th

eir

herd

s, d

isco

vere

d

new

pas

ture

s.•

Som

e bo

ught

land

& s

ettle

d d

own.

How did these ch

ange

s af

fect

the

lives

of Pas

torli

sts?

Col

onia

l Rul

e &

Past

oral

Life

How di

d th

e pa

stor

alis

ts c

ope

with

thes

e ch

ange

s?

On t

he P

late

aus,

Pla

ins

and

Deser

ts

In the m

ount

ains

Pastoral Nomads &

their Movements

Where have the Grazing lands gone ?

The

Bord

ers

are

Clo

sed

Not all were equally affe

cted

When pastures d

ry A

fric

aP

asto

ralis

m in

• D

hang

ars

of M

ahar

asht

ra.

• G

olla

s, K

urum

as, K

urub

as o

f K

arna

taka

& A

ndhr

a P

rade

sh.

• B

anja

ras

in U

ttar

Pra

desh

, Pun

jab,

Raj

asth

an, M

P &

Mah

aras

htra

.•

Rai

kas

in R

ajas

than

.

• P

astu

res

conv

erte

d i

nto

culti

vate

d fie

lds.

• S

hort

age

of fo

rage

for

ani

mal

s &

the

det

erio

ratio

n of

ani

mal

sto

ck.

• E

xpan

sion

in c

ultiv

atio

n.•

Gra

zing

land

s tu

rned

into

gam

e re

serv

es.


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-6

Peas

ants

and

Farm

ers

• R

educ

ed d

epen

denc

e on

labo

urer

s•

Land

owne

rs c

ut th

e w

ages

and

the

num

ber

of w

orkm

en th

ey e

mpl

oyed

• In

crea

sed

dem

and

of fo

odgr

ains

to

fe

ed th

e in

crea

sing

pop

ulat

ion.

• P

rices

of f

oodg

rain

s sk

y ro

cket

ed.

• P

easa

nts

culti

vate

d on

str

ips

of la

nd.

• A

llotm

ent o

f str

ips

of la

nds

of v

aryi

ng

qual

ity to

vill

ager

s.•

Res

t was

com

mon

land

, with

acc

ess

to

all

villa

gers

.

The A

ge o

f Enc

losu

res

Wha

t hap

pene

d to

the

poor

?

New Demands for Grai

n

Agricu

lture

in E

ngla

nd

The

Com

ing

of M

oder

nThe Time of Open Fields & Commons

The Introduction of

Threshing Machines

• E

IC b

ough

t tea

and

silk

from

Chi

na

and

paid

with

opi

um.

• Thr

ough

a s

yste

m o

f adv

ance

s

• D

ust s

torm

s bl

ew o

ver

sout

hern

pla

ins

• The

y co

nver

ted

into

bliz

zard

s.• W

hole

reg

ion

turn

ed in

to d

ust b

owl.

• In

crea

sed

dem

and

of w

heat

rai

sed

its p

rices

.•

Spr

ead

of r

ailw

ays

mad

e t

rans

port

atio

n ea

sy.

• Tra

ctor

s an

d di

sk p

loug

hs f

or b

reak

ing

the

grou

nd,

mec

hani

cal r

eape

r fo

r c

uttin

g.

• M

echa

nisa

tion

redu

ced

the

nee

d fo

r la

bour

.•

Farm

ers

took

loan

s to

buy

mac

hine

s, b

ut fo

und

it d

iffic

ult t

o pa

y ba

ck.

The

In

dian Farm

er and

Opium P

roduction

How

wer

e U

nwill

ing

Cul

tivat

ors

mad

eto

pro

duce

Opi

um?

A Taste for Tea :

The Trade with China

Whe

re d

id o

pium

com

e fro

m?

The westward move and

wheat cultivation

Dus

t Bow

l

The Coming o

f New

Tech

nolo

gy

The Wheat Farmers

Wha

t hap

pene

d to

the

poor

?B

read

Bas

ket

& D

ust B

owl

• R

adic

al in

nova

tions

in a

gric

ultu

ral t

echn

olog

y a

nd n

ew la

nds

unde

r cu

ltiva

tion

to in

crea

se f

ood-

grai

n pr

oduc

tion.

•

Enc

losu

res

to m

ake

long

-ter

m in

vest

men

ts o

n la

nd &

cro

p ro

tatio

n to

impr

ove

soil.

• La

rge

volu

mes

wer

e su

ppor

ted

by B

enga

l.•

Farm

ers

wer

e un

will

ing

to g

row

opi

um b

ecau

se it

req

uire

d be

st la

nd, p

ulse

s c

ould

not

be

grow

n th

ere.

• The

poo

r co

uld

not c

olle

ct fi

rew

ood

fro

m fo

rest

s an

d gr

aze

thei

r ca

ttle

on

com

mon

s.• W

ork

beca

me

inse

cure

, em

ploy

men

t u

ncer

tain

, poo

r ha

d no

wor

k

• A

grar

ian

expa

nsio

n, w

estw

ard

mov

emen

t of w

hite

set

tlers

.•

Indi

an c

lear

ed th

e la

nd fo

r cu

ltiva

tion

and

sow

ed c

orn

and

whe

at.


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-7

Wha

t is

Dem

ocra

cy?

Why

Dem

ocra

cy?

• M

ajor

dec

isio

ns b

y el

ecte

d le

ader

s.•

Free

and

fair

elec

tora

l com

petit

ion.

• O

ne p

erso

n, o

ne v

ote,

one

val

ue.

• R

ule

of la

w a

nd r

espe

ct fo

r rig

hts.

• Le

ader

s ke

ep c

hang

ing,

lead

ing

to

inst

abili

ty.

• A

ll ab

out p

oliti

cal c

ompe

titio

n a

nd p

ower

pla

y.•

Lead

s to

cor

rupt

ion

as it

is b

ased

on

elec

tora

l com

petit

ion.

• A

form

of g

over

nmen

t in

whi

ch t

he r

uler

s ar

e el

ecte

d by

peo

ple.

Feat

ures

of D

emoc

racy

What is Democra

cy?

Bro

ader

Mea

ning

s of

Dem

ocra

cy

Arg

umen

ts a

gain

st D

emoc

racy

Why Democracy?Ar

gum

ents

for

Dem

ocra

cy

• B

ette

r go

vern

men

t as

it is

mor

e a

ccou

ntab

le.

• Im

prov

es q

ualit

y of

dec

isio

n m

akin

g.•

Dea

ls w

ith d

iffer

ence

s &

con

flict

s.•

Enh

ance

s th

e di

gnity

of c

itize

ns.

• A

llow

s us

to c

orre

ct it

s ow

n m

ista

kes.

• N

o on

e go

es h

ungr

y to

bed

in a

trul

y de

moc

ratic

cou

ntry

.•

Eve

ry c

itize

n pl

ays

equa

l r

ole

in d

ecis

ion

mak

ing

with

equ

al in

form

atio

n, b

asic

edu

catio

n, e

qual

res

ourc

es.


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-8

Cons

titut

iona

lD

esig

n

• A

sys

tem

of r

acia

l dis

crim

inat

ion

in

Sou

th A

fric

a.•

Div

ided

peo

ple

on th

e ba

sis

of

col

our

(bla

ck &

whi

te)

colo

ured

.

• A

part

heid

gov

ernm

ent e

nded

.•

Mos

t ext

ensi

ve r

ight

s gi

ven

to c

itize

ns.

• A

set

of w

ritte

n ru

les

acce

pted

by

all p

eopl

e.•

Gen

erat

es a

deg

ree

of tr

ust n

eces

sary

for

diff

eren

t kin

d of

peo

ple

to li

ve to

geth

er.

• S

peci

fies

how

the

govt

. will

be

cons

titut

ed.

• Li

mits

the

pow

er o

f gov

t.•

Exp

ress

es th

e as

pira

tions

of p

eopl

e of

cre

atin

g a

goo

d so

ciet

y.

• In

192

8, M

otila

l Neh

ru &

eig

ht C

ongr

ess

lea

ders

dra

fted

a co

nstit

utio

n.•

Incl

usio

n of

uni

vers

al a

dult

fran

chis

e, r

ight

to fr

eedo

m, e

qual

ity, e

tc.

• Le

ader

s w

ere

insp

ired

by id

eals

of F

renc

h R

evol

utio

n, B

ill o

f Rig

hts

in U

S, e

tc.

• D

rafte

d th

e co

nstit

utio

n.•

299

mem

bers

wro

te th

e In

dian

Con

stitu

tion.

• S

ome

mem

bers

wer

e na

mel

y, D

r. R

ajen

dra

Pra

sad

(firs

t Pre

side

nt o

f Ind

ia),

Jai

pal s

ingh

(fo

unde

r of

Jha

rkha

nd P

arty

), H

.C. m

ookh

erje

e.

• A

ll in

equa

litie

s r

emov

ed fr

om In

dia.

• S

tate

men

t of b

asic

val

ues

is c

alle

d P

ream

ble.

• In

dia

to b

e a

Sov

erei

gn, S

ocia

list,

Sec

ular

, Dem

ocra

tic R

epub

lic.

• To

ensu

re J

ustic

e, L

iber

ty,

Equ

ality

, Fra

tern

ity to

all

citiz

ens.

• P

roce

dure

for

choo

sing

the

per

sons

who

gov

ern

the

coun

try.

• R

ight

s pr

ovid

ed to

citi

zens

so

that

gov

ernm

ent’s

act

ions

are

lim

ited.

Dem

ocra

tic Constitution

in South Africa

Tow

ards

a N

ew C

onst

itutio

n

Why do we n

eed

a C

onst

itutio

n?

The P

ath

to C

onst

itutio

nThe Constitu

ent Ass

embl

y

Making of t

he In

dian

Constitu

tion

Institutional Design

Gui

ding

val

ues

of th

e

Indi

an C

onst

itutio

n

Philo

soph

y of

the

cons

titut

ion

The

Dre

am a

nd th

e Pr

omiseStr

uggl

e ag

ains

t Apa

rtheid


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-9

Elec

tora

lPo

litics

• P

eopl

e ca

n ch

oose

who

will

mak

e la

ws,

form

the

gov

erm

ent a

nd ta

ke m

ajor

dec

isio

ns (

Rep

rese

ntat

ives

).

• E

very

one

shou

ld b

e ab

le to

cho

ose.

• S

omet

hing

to c

hoos

e fr

om, p

artie

s an

d c

andi

date

s sh

ould

offe

r re

al c

hoic

e to

the

vote

rs.

• C

hoic

e sh

ould

be

offe

red

at r

egul

ar in

terv

als.

• C

andi

date

pre

ferr

ed b

y pe

ople

sho

uld

get e

lect

ed.

• Fr

ee &

fair

elec

tions

.

• R

egul

ar e

lect

oral

com

petit

ion

prov

ides

inc

entiv

es to

pol

itica

l par

ties

and

lead

ers.

• It

may

cau

se d

ivis

ions

& u

glin

ess,

but

fina

lly h

elps

to fo

rce

polit

ical

par

ties

& le

ader

s to

ser

ve th

e pe

ople

.

• C

andi

date

s an

d pa

rtie

s w

ith

a lo

t of m

oney

enj

oy b

ig a

nd

unfa

ir ad

vant

age.

• C

rimin

al c

onne

ctio

n of

can

dida

tes.

• Tic

kets

are

dis

trib

uted

to fa

mily

mem

bers

.

• B

oth

the

rulin

g &

the

los

ing

part

ies

have

to a

ccep

t t

he r

esul

ts o

f the

ele

ctio

ns.

• E

lect

ions

are

con

duct

ed th

roug

h E

C.

• It

impl

emen

ts th

e co

de o

f con

duct

& p

unis

hes

any

cand

idat

e or

par

ty th

at v

iola

tes

it.

Why do we need ele

ctio

ns?

Wha

t mak

es a

n el

ectio

n

dem

ocra

tic?

Why elections?

Is it

goo

d to

hav

e po

litic

al c

ompe

titio

n?

Electoral Con

stitu

enci

es

Vote

r’s li

st

Reser

ved

Const

ituen

cies

What is O

ur S

yste

m

of Ele

ctio

ns?

Nominatio

n of

candidat

es

Election Campaign

Pollin

g an

d co

untin

g of

vot

es

• Fo

r w

eake

r se

ctio

ns l

ike

SC

, ST

& O

BC

.

• A

ny p

erso

n ab

ove

25 y

ears

of

age

can

bec

ome

cand

idat

e.•

Hav

e to

fill

nom

inat

ion

form

& g

ive

mon

ey a

s se

curit

y de

posi

t.

• C

andi

date

s co

ntac

t vot

ers,

le

ader

s ad

dres

s el

ectio

n

mee

tings

, foc

us p

ublic

atte

ntio

n.

• Vot

ing

take

s pl

ace

in a

pol

ling

bo

oth.

• D

one

thro

ugh

EV

Ms,

whi

ch a

re o

pene

d af

ter

a fe

w d

ays

& e

ach

can

dida

te’s

vot

e is

cou

nted

.

Challenges to free and fair elections

Wha

t Mak

es E

lect

ions

in In

dia

Dem

ocra

tic?

Inde

pend

ent E

lecti

on C

ommission

Pop

ular

Par

ticip

atio

n

Acc

epta

nce of

elec

tion

ou

tcome.

• A

rea

base

d sy

stem

of

rep

rese

ntat

ion.

• P

eopl

e’s

part

icip

atio

n is

m

easu

red

by v

oter

tu

rnou

t fig

ures

.•

Inte

rest

of v

oter

s in

ele

ctio

n ha

s be

en in

crea

sing

,

poor

, illi

tera

te,

und

erpr

ivile

ged,

eve

rybo

dy p

artic

ipat

es.

• Li

st o

f peo

ple

who

can

and

who

can

not v

ote

(A

bove

18

year

s).


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-1

0

Wor

king

of

Inst

itutio

ns

• O

ffice

Mem

oran

dum

, an

orde

r is

sued

by

GO

I on

Aug

uest

13,

199

0.•

Dec

lare

d 27

% in

gov

ernm

ent s

ervi

ces

for

SE

BC

.•

Pol

itica

l Exe

cutiv

e, e

lect

ed b

y th

e pe

ople

for

a s

peci

fic p

erio

d.•

Per

man

ent E

xecu

tive,

app

oint

ed fo

r lo

ng te

rm.

• C

ounc

il of

Min

iste

rs u

sual

ly h

ave

60

to 8

0 M

inis

ters

.•

Cab

inet

Min

iste

rs, t

op le

vel l

eade

rs o

f rul

ing

part

y, M

inis

ters

of S

tate

with

inde

pend

ent

cha

rge,

inch

arge

of s

mal

ler

Min

istr

ies,

Min

iste

rs o

f Sta

te, a

ssis

t Cab

inet

Min

iste

rs.

• P

resi

dent

(Hea

d of

the

Sta

te) a

nd h

ighe

st fo

rmal

aut

horit

y in

cou

ntry

.•

Prim

e M

inis

ter (

Hea

d of

the

govt

.)•

Pre

side

nt a

nd tw

o H

ouse

s, L

ok S

abha

and

Raj

ya S

abha

con

stitu

te th

e P

arlia

men

t.

• The

Prim

e M

inis

ter

& th

e C

abin

et a

re i

nstit

utio

ns th

at ta

ke a

ll im

port

ant p

olic

y d

ecis

ions

.•

Civ

il S

erva

nts

are

resp

onsi

ble

for

the

im

plem

enta

tion

of m

inis

ter’s

dec

isio

n.•

Sup

rem

e co

urt s

ettle

s di

sput

es

bet

wee

n ci

tizen

s an

d th

e go

vern

men

t.

• The

fina

l aut

horit

y fo

r m

akin

g l

aws

in a

ny c

ount

ry.

• E

xerc

ises

con

trol

on

the

govt

.•

Con

trol

s al

l the

mon

ey th

at g

over

nmen

ts h

ave.

• H

ighe

st fo

rum

of d

iscu

ssio

n an

d

deba

te o

n pu

blic

issu

es.

• The

Cou

ncil

of S

tate

s (R

ajya

Sab

ha).

• The

Hou

se o

f the

Peo

ple

(Lok

Sab

ha)

• C

hairs

cab

inet

mee

tings

, coo

rdin

ates

the

wor

k of

diff

eren

t dep

artm

ents

, giv

es fi

nal d

ecis

ion

in c

ase

of d

isag

reem

ents

bet

wee

n de

part

men

ts.

• E

lect

ed b

y M

Ps

& M

LAs.

• S

upre

me

com

man

der

of th

e d

efen

ce fo

rces

of I

ndia

.

• A

ll th

e co

urts

at d

iffer

ent l

evel

s in

a c

ount

ry p

ut to

geth

er a

re c

alle

d th

e Ju

dici

ary.

• In

dian

Jud

icia

ry c

onsi

sts

of S

upre

me

Cou

rt

for

the

entir

e na

tion,

Hig

h C

ourt

s in

the

Sta

tes,

Dis

tric

t Cou

rts

& c

ourt

s at

loca

l lev

el.

A Government Order

The

Dec

isio

n M

aker

sH

ow is

a M

ajor

P

olicy

Dec

isio

n Ta

ken?

Nee

d

for Political

Insti

tutions

The Judicia

ry

Why do

we

need

a P

arlia

men

t?

Two

Hou

ses

of P

arlia

men

tPa

rliam

ent

Polit

ical

and

Per

man

ent E

xecu

tive

Prime M

inis

ter

Powers

of th

e

Prim

e M

inis

t er

&

Cou

ncil

of M

inis

ters

Politic

al E

xecu

tive

The President


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-1

1

Dem

ocra

ticR

ight

s

• R

ight

to fr

eedo

m o

f pre

ss, i

nfor

mat

ion

and

edu

catio

n.•

Free

and

com

puls

ory

educ

atio

n fo

r c

hild

ren

upto

14

year

s.•

Rig

ht to

pro

pert

y, r

ight

to v

ote.

• R

ight

to E

qual

ity.

• R

ight

to F

reed

om.

• R

ight

aga

inst

Exp

loita

tion.

• R

ight

to fr

eedo

m o

f Rel

igio

n.•

Cul

tura

l and

Edu

catio

nal R

ight

s.

• C

itize

ns n

eed

right

s to

exp

ress

thei

r o

pini

on,fo

rm p

oliti

cal p

artie

s.•

Rig

hts

prot

ect m

inor

ities

.•

Rig

hts

are

guar

ante

es w

hich

can

be

use

d w

hen

thin

gs g

o w

rong

.

• P

opul

atio

n w

as e

thni

c A

lban

ian

Mus

lims,

but

Ser

bs in

maj

ority

.•

Milo

sevi

c, s

erb

natio

nalis

t wan

ted

ser

bs to

dom

inat

e.•

Alb

ania

ns w

ere

mer

cile

ssly

kill

ed.

• A

bout

600

peo

ple

wer

e se

cret

ly p

icke

d u

p by

US

forc

es &

put

in p

rison

.•

Pris

oner

s w

ere

tort

ured

and

not

allo

wed

to m

eet a

nyon

e or

app

roac

h c

ourt

s.

• C

ount

ry is

rul

ed b

y a

here

dita

ry k

ing.

• The

kin

g se

lect

s th

e le

gist

atur

e an

d

the

exec

utiv

e.•

Citi

zens

can

not f

orm

pol

itica

l par

ties

an

d po

litic

al o

rgan

izat

ions

.•

No

free

dom

of r

elig

ion,

eve

ry c

itize

n i

s re

quire

d to

be

Mus

lim.

• Wom

en a

re s

ubje

cted

to m

any

publ

ic r

estr

ictio

ns.

• R

ight

to C

onst

itutio

nal R

emed

ies,

whi

ch is

itse

lf a

Fun

dam

enta

l Rig

ht.

It m

akes

oth

er r

ight

s ef

fect

ive.

• P

ublic

Inte

rest

Liti

gatio

n (P

IL)

if a

ny r

ight

is v

iola

ted

whi

ch is

aga

inst

soc

ial o

r pu

blic

inte

rest

.

Prison

in G

uant

anam

o B

ay

Citi

zen ’

s R

ight

s in

Sau

di A

rabi

a

Ethn

ic massacre in Kosovo

Life

With

out R

ight

s

Expanding S

cope

of R

ight

s

Fund

amen

tal R

ight

sRig

hts

in th

e

Indian

Con

stitu

tion

How can we secu

re th

ese

right

s?

What a

re ri

ghts

?

Why

do

we

need

righ

ts in

a D

emoc

racy

?Rig

hts

in a

Dem

ocra

cy

• R

easo

nabl

e cl

aim

s of

per

sons

rec

ogni

sed

by s

ocie

ty a

nd

san

ctio

ned

by la

w.


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-1

2

The

Sto

ry o

fV

illag

ePa

lam

pur

• P

alam

pur

is w

ell-c

onne

cted

with

nei

ghbo

urin

g vi

llage

s &

tow

ns.

• Tra

nspo

rts

like

bullo

ck c

arts

, ton

gas,

b

ogey

s, je

eps,

etc

. are

ava

ilabl

e.•

Ele

ctric

pow

ered

tube

wel

ls a

re a

vaila

ble.

• S

tory

of a

n im

agin

ary

villa

ge.

• Wat

er, f

ores

ts, m

iner

als.

• P

eopl

e lik

e ed

ucat

ed w

orke

r, m

anua

l wor

kers

.

• Too

ls, m

achi

nes,

bui

ldin

gs

• R

aw m

ater

ials

and

mon

ey in

han

d.

• H

uman

kno

wle

dge.

• Fa

rmin

g is

mai

n pr

oduc

tion

activ

ity.

• N

o ex

pans

ion

in c

ultiv

able

land

.•

Som

e w

aste

land

s co

nver

ted

to

culti

vabl

e la

nds.

• In

rai

ny s

easo

n (K

harif

) j

owar

& b

ajra

is g

row

n.•

Pot

ato

betw

een

Oct

ober

& D

ecem

ber.

• In

win

ter

(rab

i) w

heat

is s

own.

• C

aref

ul u

tilis

atio

n of

land

.•

Mod

ern

met

hods

hav

e o

veru

sed

natu

ral

res

ourc

e ba

se.

• Lo

ss o

f soi

l fer

tility

due

to i

ncre

ased

use

of c

hem

ical

fer

tiliz

ers.

• P

eopl

e ha

ve in

suffi

cien

t lan

d f

or c

ullti

vatio

n.•

Abo

ut 1

/3rd

peo

ple

are

land

less

.•

Cul

tivat

ion

from

sm

all p

lots

doe

sn’t

brin

g ad

equa

te in

com

e.•

Sm

all f

arm

ers

alon

g w

ith th

eir

fam

ilies

cul

tivat

e th

eir

land

s.•

Med

ium

& la

rge

farm

ers

hire

farm

labo

urer

s.

• M

ost s

mal

l far

mer

s bo

rrow

mon

ey.

• M

ediu

m &

larg

e fa

rmer

s ha

ve th

eir

ow

n sa

ving

s.

Introduction

Labo

ur

Organisatio

n of

Production

Fixe

d ca

pita

l

Wor

king

cap

ital

Phys

ical

Cap

ital

Land

Human Capita

l

Land

is fi

xed

mor

e fro

m th

e sa

me

land

?Is

ther

e a

way

one

can

gro

w

Will

the

land

sus

tain

?

How is

land

dist

ribut

ed b

etwee

n

the

farm

ers o

f Pala

mpur

The capital needed in farming

Who will provide the labour?

Sale o

f Sur

plus

Far

m P

rodu

cts

Farmin

g in

Pal

ampu

r

Dai

ry th

e ot

her c

om

mon activ

ity

Transport : a fast developing sector

man

ufac

turin

g in

Pal

ampu

rAn

exa

mpl

e of

sm

all s

cale

The shopkeepers

of

Palampur

Non

-Far

m A

ctiv

ities

in P

alam

pur

• R

iksh

a, to

nga,

jeep

, t

ract

or, e

tc.

• Ite

ms

sold

are

ric

e w

heat

, sug

ar, t

ea, e

tc.

Jagg

ery

man

ufac

turin

g.


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-1

3

Peop

le a

sR

esou

rce

• P

rimar

y (a

gric

ultu

re,

for

estr

y fis

hing

, etc

)•

Sec

onda

ry (

man

ufac

turin

g).

• Ter

tiary

(tr

ade,

tran

spor

t, b

anki

ng, e

tc)

• P

opul

atio

n is

an

asse

t, ra

ther

tha

n lia

bilit

y.•

Abi

lity

to c

ontr

ibut

e in

cre

atio

n of

Gro

ss N

atio

nal P

rodu

ct.

• H

uman

res

ourc

e is

dev

elop

ed in

to H

uman

Cap

ital F

orm

atio

n.

• U

nem

ploy

men

t exi

sts

whe

n pe

ople

who

are

will

ing

to w

ork

at th

e go

ing

wag

es c

anno

t fin

d jo

bs.

• M

arke

t act

iviti

es (

perfo

rmed

for

pay

or

prof

it).

• N

on-M

arke

t act

iviti

es (

prod

uctio

n fo

r se

lf- c

onsu

mpt

ion)

.

• C

ontr

ibut

es to

war

ds th

e g

row

th o

f soc

iety

.•

Enh

ance

s na

tiona

l inc

ome,

cul

tura

l ric

hnes

s an

d in

crea

ses

the

effi

cien

cy o

f gov

erna

nce.

• H

elps

a p

erso

n to

rea

lise

his

pot

entia

l & th

e ab

ility

to fi

ght

illn

ess.

• U

nhea

lthy

pers

on is

a li

abili

ty f

or o

rgan

isat

ion.

• E

duca

ted

Une

mpl

oym

ent

(ed

ucat

ed y

outh

s ar

e no

t a

ble

to fi

nd jo

bs).

• S

easo

nal U

nem

ploy

men

t (

peop

le a

re jo

bles

s du

ring

som

e m

onth

s of

the

year

).•

Dis

guis

ed U

nem

ploy

men

t (

peop

le a

ppea

r to

be

em

ploy

ed).

Three Sec

tors

Two

Part

s

Men

and

Wom

enE

cono

mic

Act

iviti

es b

y

Edu

catio

n

populationQuality of

Hea

lth

Introduction

Une

mpl

oym

ent

Mea

ning

Urban

Type

sRural


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-1

4

Pove

rty

as a

Chal

leng

e

• P

oor

have

to li

ve o

nly

in a

poo

r s

urro

undi

ng w

ith o

ther

poo

r pe

ople

.•

Exc

lude

d fr

om e

njoy

ing

soci

al e

qual

ity.

• It

is h

unge

r an

d la

ck o

f she

lter.

• La

ck o

f cle

an w

ater

and

san

itatio

n fa

cilit

ies.

• La

ck o

f a r

egul

ar jo

b at

a m

inim

um d

ecen

t lev

el.

• P

oor

peop

le a

re il

l-tre

ated

at f

arm

s, f

acto

ries,

hos

pita

ls, e

tc.

• G

reat

er p

roba

bilit

y of

cer

tain

com

mun

ities

of b

ecom

ing

or r

emai

ning

poo

r in

com

ing

year

s. (

Mem

bers

of b

ackw

ard

cast

e,

wid

ow, e

tc.)

• M

etho

d to

mea

sure

pov

erty

bas

ed o

n in

com

e or

con

sum

ptio

n le

vels

.•

Inco

me

or c

onsu

mpt

ion

leve

l fal

ls b

elow

giv

en ‘‘

min

imum

leve

l’’ n

eces

sary

to fu

lfill

basi

c ne

eds.

• La

test

est

imat

es in

dica

te a

sig

nific

ant r

educ

tion

in th

e n

umbe

r of p

oor i

n In

dia.

• S

ched

uled

cas

te, s

ched

uled

trib

e, u

rban

cas

ual l

abou

r, ru

ral

agr

icul

tura

l lab

our

hous

ehol

ds.

• P

ropo

rtio

n of

poo

r is

diff

eren

t in

ever

y st

ate.

• B

ihar

& O

rissa

are

two

poor

est s

tate

s.•

Dec

line

in p

over

ty in

Ker

ala,

Mah

aras

htra

, A

ndhr

a P

rade

sh, G

ujar

at, e

tc.

• S

ubst

antia

l red

uctio

n i

n gl

obal

pov

erty

• Lo

w le

vel o

f eco

nom

ic d

evel

opm

ent u

nder

Brit

ish

adm

inis

trat

ion.

• H

igh

grow

th r

ate

of p

opul

atio

n.

• P

over

ty r

educ

tion.

• P

rovi

ding

hea

lth c

are

edu

catio

n &

job

secu

rity

for

all,

etc.

• P

rom

otio

n of

eco

nom

ic g

row

th.

• A

nti-p

over

ty p

rogr

amm

es li

ke P

rime

Min

iste

r R

ozga

r Y

ozan

a (P

MR

Y),

Ant

yoda

ya A

nna

Yoza

na (

AAY

), e

tc.

Social E

xclu

sion

Vuln

erab

ility

Pove

rty

as s

een

by

soci

al s

cien

tists

Introduction

Challenges ahead

Anti-

Pove

rty M

ea

sures

Cau

ses

of P

over

ty

Inte

r-Sta

te D

ispa

ritie

s

Glo

bal P

over

ty S

cena

rio

Vuln

erable Groups

Poverty Estimates

Pove

rty

Line


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-1

5

Food

Sec

urity

in I

ndia

• To

ensu

re fo

od a

t all

times

.• T

o as

sist

poo

rest

sec

tion

& s

omet

imes

peo

ple

abo

ve p

over

ty li

ne a

t the

tim

e of

nat

iona

l dis

aste

r o

r ca

lam

ities

.

• La

ndle

ss p

eopl

e w

ith li

ttle

or n

o la

nd to

dep

end

upon

, tra

ditio

nal a

rtis

ans,

pro

vide

rs o

f tra

ditio

nal s

ervi

ces,

etc

.•

In u

rban

are

as, p

eopl

e w

ho a

re e

mpl

oyed

in i

ll-pa

id o

ccup

atio

ns &

cas

ual l

abou

r m

arke

t.

• In

dia

is a

imin

g at

sel

f-su

ffici

ency

in f

oodg

rain

s si

nce

Inde

pend

ence

.•

Gre

en R

evol

utio

n in

pro

duct

ion

of w

heat

& r

ice.

• C

ount

ry h

as a

void

ed fa

min

e.• T

wo

co

mp

on

ents

: B

uffe

r st

ock

and

P

ublic

Dis

trib

utio

n S

yste

ms.

• S

tock

of f

oodg

rain

s, n

amel

y w

heat

& r

ice

proc

ured

by

the

govt

. thr

ough

Foo

d C

orpo

ratio

n of

Indi

a (F

CI)

.•

Min

imum

Sup

port

Pric

e, a

pre

anno

unce

d pr

ice

paid

to fa

rmer

s.•

Dis

trib

utio

n of

food

grai

ns a

t a lo

wer

pric

e th

an th

e m

arke

t pric

e, k

now

n as

Issu

e P

rice.

• Fo

od d

istr

ibut

ion

by F

CI t

hrou

gh g

over

men

t reg

ulat

ed r

atio

n sh

ops.

• R

atio

n sh

ops

also

kno

wn

as F

air

Pric

e S

hops

.• T

hree

kin

ds o

f rat

ion

card

s: (

a) A

ntyo

daya

car

ds fo

r th

e po

ores

t (

b) B

PL

card

s fo

r th

ose

belo

w p

over

ty

li

ne.

(c)

AP

L ca

rds

for

all o

ther

s.

• U

nive

rsal

.•

Rev

ampe

d P

ublic

Dis

trib

utio

n S

yste

m

(RP

DS

) fo

r ba

ckw

ard

bloc

ks.

• Tar

gete

d P

ublic

Dis

trib

utio

n S

yste

m

(T

PD

S)

for

poor

, non

-poo

r, B

PL,

AP

L.•

Ant

yody

a A

nna

Yoja

na (

AAY

) f

or p

oore

st o

f the

poo

r.•

Ann

apur

na S

chem

e (A

PS

) f

or in

dige

nt s

enio

r ci

tizen

s.•

Nat

iona

l Foo

d S

ecur

ity A

ct (

NF

SA

) f

or p

riorit

y ho

useh

olds

.

• A

vaila

bilit

y of

food

(fo

od p

rodu

ctio

n w

ithin

the

coun

try)

• A

cces

sibi

lity

(food

is w

ithin

rea

ch o

f eve

ry p

erso

n).

• A

fford

abili

ty (

Indi

vidu

al h

as e

noug

h m

oney

to b

uy s

uffic

ient

, saf

e &

nut

ritio

us fo

od).

• A

roun

d 94

% fa

ir pr

ice

shop

s in

Tam

il N

adu

are

by c

oope

rativ

es.

• In

Del

hi, M

othe

r D

airy

pro

vide

s m

ilk &

veg

etab

les

to c

onsu

mer

s a

t con

trol

led

rate

s.•

In G

ujar

at ,

Am

ul is

coo

pera

tive

in m

ilk &

milk

pro

duct

s.•

In M

ahar

asht

ra, A

cade

my

of D

evel

opm

ent S

cien

ce(A

DS

) f

acili

tate

d a

netw

ork

of N

GO

s fo

r se

tting

up

grai

n ba

nks.

What is Food Security?

It m

eans Food

Secur

ity in

Indi

a

What is Buffer Stock?

Why fo

od se

curit

y?

Wha

t is

the

publi

c

Who

are

food

-inse

cure

?

Rol

e of

Coo

peratives

in fo

od se

curity

Cur

rent

Sta

tus

of P

ublic

Dis

trib

utio

n S

yste

m

Dis

tribu

tion

Syste

m?


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-1

6

Indi

a - S

ize

and

Loc

atio

n

Nor

ther

n H

emis

pher

e•

Lat

itu

des

: 8°4

'N a

nd 3

7°6'

N•

Lo

ng

itu

des

: 68°

7'E

and

97°

25'E

Land

mas

s of

Indi

a ha

s•

Are

a: 3

.28

mill

ion

squa

re k

m.

• La

nd b

ound

ary:

15,

200

km.

• Le

ngth

of c

oast

line

: 7,5

16.6

km

.•

Sta

ndar

d M

erid

ian:

82°

30'E

• C

entr

al lo

catio

n be

twee

n th

e E

ast &

the

Wes

t Asi

a.• T

rans

Indi

an O

cean

rou

tes

con

nect

Wes

t Eur

opea

n co

untr

ies

& E

ast A

sian

cou

ntrie

s.• V

ario

us p

asse

s ac

ross

nor

ther

n m

ount

ains

pro

vide

d pa

ssag

es to

anc

ient

trav

elle

rs.

• R

oute

s ha

ve c

ontr

ibut

ed in

the

exc

hang

e of

idea

s an

d co

mm

oditi

es.

• P

akis

tan

and

Afg

hani

stan

in th

e no

rth

wes

t.•

Chi

na (

Tib

et),

Nep

al &

Bhu

tan

in th

e no

rth.

• M

yanm

ar a

nd B

angl

ades

h in

the

east

.•

Sou

ther

n ne

ighb

ours

are

two

isla

nd c

ount

ries:

Sri

Lank

a an

d M

aldi

ves

• S

ri La

nka

is s

epar

ated

by

the

Pal

k S

trai

t &

the

Gul

f of M

anna

r.

Loca

tion

Size

Indi

a &

the

Wor

ldIn

dia'

s N

eigh

bour

s


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-1

7

Phy

sica

l Fea

ture

sof

Ind

ia

• Tw

o pl

ates

mov

e h

oriz

onta

lly p

ast e

ach

othe

r.

• N

orth

ern

mos

t ran

ge is

kno

wn

as H

imad

ri or

the

Inn

er H

imal

ayas

.•

Ran

ge s

outh

of t

he H

imad

ri i

s kn

own

as H

imac

hal o

r th

e L

esse

r H

imal

ayas

.•

Out

erm

ost r

ange

is c

alle

d t

he S

hiw

alik

s.

• T

he In

dus,

the

Gan

ga

& th

e B

rahm

aput

ra.

• W

este

rn g

hats

• E

aste

rn g

hats

• Tw

o pl

ates

mov

e t

owar

ds e

ach

othe

r.

• Tw

o pl

ates

mov

e aw

ay f

rom

eac

h ot

her.

• K

ashm

ir &

Him

acha

l H

imal

aya

from

wes

t to

east

.•

Kum

aon

Him

alay

as ly

ing

bet

wee

n S

atlu

j & K

ali r

iver

s.•

Nep

al H

imal

ayas

lyin

g b

etw

een

Kal

i & T

ista

riv

ers.

• A

ssam

Him

alay

as b

etw

een

Tis

ta &

Dih

ang

river

s.•

Pur

vach

al H

imal

ayas

.

• T

he P

unja

b P

lain

, the

Gan

ga P

lain

& th

e B

rahm

aput

ra P

lain

.

• M

alw

a pl

atea

u.•

Cho

tana

gpur

pla

teau

.

• Li

es to

war

ds th

e w

este

rn m

argi

ns o

f the

Ara

vali

Hill

s.•

Und

ulat

ing

sand

y pl

ain

cov

ered

with

san

d du

nes.

• A

rid c

limat

e w

ith lo

w v

eget

atio

n co

ver.

• K

onka

n C

oast

• K

anna

d P

lain

• M

alab

ar C

oast

• N

orth

ern

Circ

ar•

Cor

oman

del

Coa

st

• B

ig in

siz

e, n

umer

ous

& s

catte

red.

• A

n el

evat

ed p

ortio

n of

sub

mar

ine

mou

ntai

ns.

• Li

es c

lose

to th

e M

alab

ar c

oast

of K

eral

a.•

Sm

all c

oral

isla

nds.

• K

avar

atti

isla

nd is

the

adm

inis

trat

ive

head

quar

ters

.

Convergent B

ound

ary

Tran

sfor

m B

ound

ary

Div

erge

nt B

ound

ary

Classification of Plate Movements

Longitudin

al D

ivis

ions

Regiona

l Div

isio

nsThe H

im

alaya

n M

ount

ains

Form

ed b

y

thre

e riv

ers

Three

Sectio

ns

The

Nor

ther

n Plain

Dec

can

Pla

teau

Central H

ighl

an

ds

The Peninsular

Plateau The Indian Desert

Major Physiographic

Divisions

Eastern Coast

Wes

tern

Coa

st

The Islands

The Coastal P

lains

Laks

hadweep

And

aman

& N

ico

bar


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-1

8

Dra

inag

e • E

g. -

Sam

bhar

lake

.•

Eg.

- W

ular

lake

, D

al la

ke, B

him

tal,

etc.

• E

g. -

Gur

u G

obin

d S

agar

• B

asic

nat

ural

res

ourc

e•

Attr

acte

d se

ttler

s fr

om a

ncie

nt ti

mes

.•

Use

d fo

r irr

igat

ion,

nav

igat

ion,

etc

.

• Fe

d by

Gan

gotr

i G

laci

er.

• R

ises

in T

ibet

eas

t of L

ake

Man

saro

war

.

• R

ises

in th

e A

mar

kant

ak h

ills

in M

P.

• R

ises

in th

e S

atpu

ra r

ange

s in

MP.

• R

ises

in th

e h

ighl

ands

of

Chh

attis

garh

.

• R

ises

from

the

slo

pes

of W

este

rns

Gha

ts.

• R

ises

in T

ibet

, nea

r La

ke M

ansa

row

ar. •

Ris

es fr

om a

spr

ing

nea

r M

ahab

ales

hwar

.•

Ris

es in

the

Bra

hmag

ri r

ange

of W

este

rn G

hats

.

• E

g. -

Chi

lika

lake

, P

ulic

at la

ke,

Kol

leru

lake

.

• D

ue to

gro

win

g d

omes

tic, m

unic

ipal

, i

ndus

tria

l, ag

ricul

tura

l d

eman

d.

Riv

er P

ollut

ion

Role

of R

iver

s in

the

Eco

nom

y

Ox-

bow

Lak

esAr

tific

ial L

akes

Fresh Water Lakes

Salt W

ater Lake

Lakes

The Indus River System

The Himalayan R

ivers

The Narmada Basin

The

God

avar

i Bas

in

The Tapi B

asin

The

Mah

anad

i Basin

The Krishna Basin

The Kaveri Basin

The P

enin

sula

r R

iver

s

Dra

inag

e S

yste

ms

in In

dia

The Brahm

aput

ra

Rive

r Sys

tem

The

Gan

ga R

iver

Sys

tem


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-1

9

Clim

ate

• S

ix m

ajor

con

trol

s: la

titud

e, a

ltitu

de,

pre

ssur

e an

d w

ind

syst

em, d

ista

nce

fro

m th

e se

a (c

ontin

enta

lity)

, o

cean

cur

rent

s a

nd r

elie

f fea

ture

s.

• G

ives

Indi

a's

clim

ate

cha

ract

eris

tics

of tr

opic

al a

nd s

ubtr

opic

al c

limat

es.

• H

imal

ayas

pre

vent

the

cold

win

ds fr

om C

entr

al A

sia

from

ent

erin

g th

e su

b co

ntin

ent,

due

to w

hich

sub

cont

inen

t h

as m

ild w

inte

rs.

• D

iffer

entia

l hea

ting

and

cool

ing

of la

nd a

nd w

ater

.•

Shi

ft of

the

posi

tion

of In

ter T

ropi

cal C

onve

rgen

ce Z

one

(IT

CZ

).•

Pre

senc

e of

the

high

-pre

ssur

e ar

ea, e

ast o

f Mad

agas

car.

• T

ibet

an p

late

au g

ets

inte

nsel

y he

ated

dur

ing

sum

mer

.•

Mov

emen

t of w

este

rly je

t str

eam

and

trop

ical

eas

terly

je

t str

eam

.

• P

ress

ure

and

surf

ace

win

ds.

• U

pper

air

circ

ulat

ion.

• W

este

rn c

yclo

nic

dist

urba

nces

and

trop

ical

cyc

lone

s.

• C

limat

e re

fers

to th

e su

m to

tal o

f wea

ther

con

ditio

ns a

nd v

aria

tions

ove

r a

larg

e ar

ea f

or a

long

per

iod

of ti

me.

• W

eath

er r

efer

s to

the

stat

e of

the

atm

osph

ere

o

ver

an a

rea

at a

ny p

oint

of t

ime.

• M

onso

on w

inds

are

not

ste

ady,

but

pul

satin

g i

n na

ture

.•

With

its

arriv

al, t

he n

orm

al r

ainf

all i

ncre

ases

and

con

tinue

s fo

r se

vera

l day

s, w

hich

is k

now

n as

bur

st.

• W

ithdr

awal

is a

gra

dual

pro

cess

, whi

ch b

egin

s

in n

orth

wes

tern

sta

tes

of In

dia.

• T

he c

old

wea

ther

sea

son

(Win

ter)

.•

The

hot

wea

ther

sea

son

(Sum

mer

).•

Adv

anci

ng m

onso

on (

The

Rai

ny S

easo

n)•

Ret

reat

ing/

pos

t mon

soon

s (

The

Tra

nsiti

on S

easo

n).

• 40

0 cm

rai

nfal

l in

part

s of

wes

tern

coa

st a

nd n

orth

eas

tern

Indi

a; 6

0 cm

i

n w

este

rn R

ajas

than

, par

ts o

f Guj

arat

, H

arya

na &

Pun

jab.

• Lo

w r

ainf

all i

n in

terio

r of

Dec

can

Pla

teau

a

nd e

ast o

f Sah

yadr

i.•

Sno

wfa

ll in

Him

alay

an r

egio

n.• M

onso

on w

inds

bin

d th

e w

hole

cou

ntry

by

prov

idin

g w

ater

to s

et th

e ag

ricul

tura

l a

ctiv

ities

.•

Riv

er v

alle

ys w

hich

car

ry th

is w

ater

als

o u

nite

as

a si

ngle

riv

er v

alle

y un

it.

Climat

ic C

ontr

ols

Introduction

Latit

ude

Pressure and

Win

ds

Alti

tude

Fact

ors

Affe

ctin

g

Indi

a's

Clim

ate

Affe

cted

by

The Indian Monsoon

The Onset of The Monsoon

and Withdrawal

The

Sea

sons

Dis

trib

utio

n of

Rai

nfall

M

onsoon as a

Unifyin

g Bond


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-2

0

Nat

ural

Veg

etat

ion

and

Wild

Lif

e

• W

et te

mpe

rate

fore

sts

• Tem

pera

te fo

rest

s•

Alp

ine

vege

tatio

n• T

undr

a ve

geta

tion

• Tr

ees

are

scat

tere

d &

hav

e lo

ng r

oots

.•

Com

mon

pla

nts:

Pal

ms,

Cac

ti, e

tc.

• C

omm

on a

nim

als:

Fox

, Wol

f, et

c.

• D

ense

man

grov

es w

ith r

oots

of t

he p

lant

s su

bmer

ged

in w

ater

.•

Com

mon

tree

s: K

eora

, Aga

r, et

c.•

Com

mon

ani

mal

s: T

urtle

s, S

nake

s, e

tc.

• 14

bio

sphe

re r

eser

ves

have

bee

n se

t up.

• P

rovi

ded

finan

cial

and

tech

nica

l a

ssis

tanc

e to

man

y B

otan

ical

Gar

dens

.•

Man

y an

imal

pro

tect

ion

proj

ects

sta

rted

.

• La

rge

num

ber

of a

nim

als,

bi

rds

& fi

sh s

peci

es.

• S

hare

s 5

to 8

per

cent

of

th

e w

orld

's a

mph

ibia

ns,

re

ptile

s &

mam

mal

s.

• A

ffect

s th

e na

tura

l veg

etat

ion

dire

ctly

& in

dire

ctly

.

• D

iffer

ent t

ypes

of s

oil a

nd d

iffer

ent t

ypes

of v

eget

atio

n.

• Te

mpe

ratu

re. •

Pho

tope

riod

(Sun

light

)•

Pre

cipi

tatio

n

• P

lant

s &

ani

mal

s in

an

area

whi

ch a

re i

nter

depe

nden

t & in

terr

elat

ed.

• B

iom

e is

a v

ery

larg

e ec

osys

tem

hav

ing

dis

tinct

type

s of

veg

etat

ion

and

anim

al li

fe.

• N

o de

finite

tim

e fo

r tr

ees

to s

hed

thei

r le

aves

.•

Com

mon

tree

s: E

bony

, Mah

ogan

y, e

tc.

• C

omm

on a

nim

als:

Lem

ur, D

eer,

etc.

• Tr

ees

shed

thei

r le

aves

for

6 to

8 w

eeks

in

dry

sum

mer

.•

Com

mon

tree

s: S

al, P

eepa

l, et

c.•

Com

mon

ani

mal

s: L

izar

ds, S

nake

s, e

tc.

Man

grov

e Fo

rest

s

Tropical E

verg

reen

For

ests

Montane Fo

rest

s

Trop

ical

Dec

iduo

us

For

ests

The T

horn

For

est

san

d S

crub

s

Types of Vegetation

Clim

ate

Eco

syst

em

Wild

Life

Indi

a is

rich in its fauna

Ste

ps ta

ken

by g

over

nmen

t

to p

rote

ct fl

ora

& fa

una

Intro

ducti

on

• N

atur

al v

eget

atio

n is

a p

lant

com

mun

ity g

row

n na

tura

lly w

ithou

t hum

an a

id.

Land So

il

Relief


Mind

map

: lea

rning m

ade

simpl

e C

hapt

er-2

1

Popu

latio

n

• R

efer

s to

the

chan

ge in

the

num

ber

of in

habi

tant

s o

f a c

ount

ry/te

rrito

ry d

urin

g a

spe

cific

per

iod

of ti

me.

• Chi

ldre

n (b

elow

15

year

s).

• Wor

king

Age

(15-

59 y

ears

).• A

ged

(Abo

ve 5

9 ye

ars)

.

• B

irth

rate

.•

Dea

th r

ate.

• M

igra

tion

(Int

erna

l or

Inte

rnat

iona

l).

• In

dia'

s po

pula

tion

on M

arch

200

1 w

as 1

,028

mill

ion

• U

ttar

Pra

desh

is th

e m

ost p

opul

ous

stat

e.•

Laks

hadw

eep

is le

ast p

opul

ous.

• C

alcu

late

d as

the

num

ber

of p

erso

ns p

er u

nit a

rea.

• R

ugge

d te

rrai

n &

unf

avou

rabl

e cl

imat

ic c

ondi

tions

are

res

pons

ible

fo

r sp

arse

pop

ulat

ion

in a

reas

like

Aru

nach

al P

rade

sh.

• N

orth

ern

Pla

ins

and

Ker

ala

in S

outh

hav

e ve

ry h

igh

popu

latio

n de

nsiti

es b

ecau

se o

f fla

t pla

ins

with

fert

ile s

oil &

abu

ndan

t rai

nfal

l.

• N

umbe

r of

fem

ales

per

100

0 m

ales

in th

e po

pula

tion.

• O

nly

info

rmed

and

edu

cate

d c

itize

ns c

an m

ake

inte

llige

nt c

hoic

es a

nd u

nder

take

res

earc

h a

nd d

evel

opm

ent p

roje

cts.

• Dis

trib

utio

n of

pop

ulat

ion

acc

ordi

ng to

diff

eren

t typ

es o

f occ

upat

ion

is re

ferr

ed to

as

occu

patio

nal s

truc

ture

.• O

ccup

atio

ns a

re c

lass

ified

as:

Prim

ary,

Sec

onda

ry

and

Ter

tiary

.

• A

ffect

s th

e pr

oces

s o

f dev

elop

men

t.•

Dea

th r

ates

hav

e d

eclin

ed d

ue to

im

prov

emen

t in

publ

ic h

ealth

, pre

vent

ion

of i

nfec

tious

dis

ease

s an

d a

pplic

atio

n of

mod

ern

med

ical

pra

ctic

es in

tre

atm

ents

.

• A

ge g

roup

of 1

0 to

19

year

s•

Con

stitu

tes

one-

fifth

of t

he to

tal p

opul

atio

n.•

Hig

h nu

triti

on

req

uire

men

ts.

• N

PP

200

0 pr

ovid

es p

olic

y fr

amew

ork

for

impa

rtin

g fr

ee a

nd c

ompu

lsor

y s

choo

l edu

catio

n, r

educ

ing

infa

nt m

orta

lity

rate

, uni

vers

al im

mun

isat

ion

of c

hild

ren,

pro

mot

ing

dela

yed

mar

riage

for

girls

.

• P

olic

y em

phas

izes

on

prot

ectio

n fr

om u

nwan

ted

preg

nanc

ies

and

sexu

ally

tra

nsm

itted

dis

ease

s (S

TD

).

India's Populatio

n Size

and

Dis

tribu

tion

by N

umbe

rs

Indi

a's

Pop

ulat

ion

Dis

trib

utio

n by

Den

sity

Population

Size

and

Dis

trib

utio

n

Processes of Populatio

n

Growth/Change

Age C

ompo

sitio

n

Occ

upat

iona

l Str

uctu

reAdolescent population

Nat

iona

l Pop

ulation Policy

NP

P 2

000

and

Ado

lesc

ents

Sex

Rat

io

Pop

ulat

ion

Gro

wth

and

Pro

cess

es

of P

opul

atio

n C

hang

e

Popu

latio

n

Growth

HealthLite

racy

rat

es