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Existing Space Access for small satellites
Future technical trends and possibilities
CNES, Launchers Directorate (Evry, France) M. Pons, C. Talbot
Space Economy in the Multipolar World SEMW2010
1st Internation al Con ference, Vilni us , Lith uan ia, Octo ber 6-8, 2010
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1 Launchers
- Existing launchers
- Some projects - quick zoom on MLA project
2 Future trends
- Market analysis
- Future opportunities
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Europe will soon operate from French Guiana a newfamily of launchers :
Ariane 5, in its last version (A5ECA) using a 14tcryogenic upper stage propelled by HM7
Soyuz, in its 1a version, will be first launched
from Guiana in 2011 Vega, the new developed rocket, will be
launched from Kourou by end 2011
This family is adapted to European institutional andcommercial needs with a complete coverage of thepayloads between small to heavy payloads.
European launchers
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5T2TLEO
Mini
10 kg
Nano Micro
500 kg100 kg
Small
3T400 kg
1.5T200 kg
200 kg
Vega+ project
20T
Medium Heavy
5T
10T
5T1.5T
Vega
1.4t SSO
MEO
GTO
Escape
A5ME, BBL & NGL projects
Ariane 5
9.5t GTO
20t ISS5t Mars
Soyuz/G
3t GTO
4.5t SSO1.5t Mars
Current European offer :
Performance ranges of Europeanlaunchers and projects in relationto satellite masses.
Very Heavy
?
Very Small
PERSEUS
Project
European launchers
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European launchersHow to launch very small sats
Ariane 5 : ASAP-A58x 120 kg (600x600x710mm)
Soyuz : ASAP-S4x
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Minotaur family (OSC) : LVderived from decommissionedballistic missiles (minutemanII, Peacekeeper), operational(M4&5 in development)
Performances :M1 500 kg LEOM2 et M3 : Target LV M4 1500kg LEO,M5: GTO compatible
Pegasus family (OSC) :operational airborne LV(ORS version : Raptor-1).Ground variant (Taurus)
Performances 200-400kg LEO (Pegasus-XL)
Falcon-1 (Space-X) : low cost launcher ?
Performance 200-400 kgLEO, and until 700 kg LEO(Falcon-1E)
Falcon-1 price < 10M$
US launchersHow to launch very small sats
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US Responsive Space
US ORS office vision
Operationally Responsive Space (USA)
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Quickreach (Air LaunchLLC, FALCON program):Air launch concept
(internally carried in aC-17 globalstar) indevelopment
Performance : 400 kgLEO
Numerous projects more or lessambitious many airborne ideas.
Scorpius (Microcosm)
very low cost LV(modular and simpleconception usingadvancedtechnologies)Performance : 250 kgLEO (Sprite)
US launchers projectsHow to launch very small sats
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Russia Asia, Isral, .. India
Japan : M5, Epsilon 2013 ?,1300 kg LEO
Korea, Israel : severalairborne concepts in
project
China : projects in
development ?
PSLV Core Alone1 100 kg to SSO
Several airborne projects(Air launch with Antonov,Ishim under Mig-31, etc.)
No known development
Numerousconverted Missiles
(SS18),operational :Dnepr, Rokot,Volna, Shtil ...
Existing or future projects of launchers
How to launch very small sats
April 2008 flight with 10 satellites
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Airborne Launcher - initial mass function of drop conditions
(same orbit and performance obective)
10
15
20
25
30
35
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100
Flight Path Angle []
InitialLauncherMass[t]
Mach 0.0 (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 km)
Mach 0.8 - 10 km
Mach 0.8 - 15 km
Mach 0.8 - 20 km
Mach 2.0 - 15 km
Mach 2.0 - 20 km
Mach 3.0 - 20 km
under
Airline
planes
on-top Airline planes
Subsonic sep.
Fighter aircraft type
Supersonic sep.
Fighter Aircraft type
From Cargo Hold
Ground ref.
under
drones
balloons
Virtual planes considered
Gain on the initial mass of an airborne launcher compared
to a classical ground take off (objective 300 kg in SSO)
-25%
-30%
-35%
-40%
-45%
-55%
Pegasus
Quickreach
Dedalus
Shuttle
MLA
Ishim
interest for airborne concepts
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ALD demonstratorPerformance ~ 0
MLA compact
Performance ~ 20-50 kgMLA Trimaran
Performance ~ 150 kgHorus / Falcon*Performance ~ 100-150 kg
Flex (1st stg reusable)Performance ~ 100 kg
P2-C0.6
P9-P2-C0.6 H12-P2-C0.6
2P3.8-P2-C0.6
4p0.3-P2-C0.6
Zoom on MLA concept
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recent multiplication of micro satellite platformsincreasing success of the associated applications
- Numerous successful technology experiences based on microsats, forScience or Defense with gradual increase in instrument performance- Constant improvement of quality / price ratio- Rebirth of interest for constellations (Rapid eyes, Orbcomm2, numerous
project worldwide) and formation flying,
- Increasing number of operational applications accessible :
communications, intelligence gathering, early warning, space surveillance,different type of observation, etc.,- Evidence of the vulnerability of the big space systems,- Increasing interest for the Responsive Space approach in the USA and
other countries (China, etc.), which prefer small size in order to reduceglobal costs et delays, and facilitate the implementation of new
technologies
Tacsat-1 (USA, ORS)100 kg, conception &
construction for 10M$ andless than 1 year
Microsat 70-100 (SSTL, GB):more than 20 satellites ordered
(70-130 kg), now replaced by anew platform more flexible
Myriade (Astrium/TAS): more
than 15 satellites ordered (100-150 kg) et numerous projects
Market Study
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Euroconsult pour la DLA du CNES Etude prospective du march mondial des petits satellites en orbite basse.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Resolution des petits satellites dobservation lancs (1996-2006) et
lancer (2007-2009) par masses
Masses des satellites (kg)
Resolution au sol (m)
1996-2006 2007-2009
Worldview 1 & 2GEOeye-1
Pleiades
Rapideye
Razaksat
(MACSAT)
Cartosat-2
Svea
Resolution of small observation satellites launched (1996-2006)and to be launched (2007-2009) by mass
Ground resolution (m)
Satellite masses (kg)
Euroconsult for CNES/DLA Prospective study of world market for small LEO satellites
Market Study
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Mini / Micro sats (10-500 kg)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
# satellites
Institutionnels Non Europens
InstitutionnelsEuropens
Commercial
Acadmiques
ralis prvu
x 2
46% accessible to European services
World Market
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First observations
Offer for access to space for small satellites exists worldwide (Space-XFalcon-1, Pegasus, Taurus, Minotaur, Dnepr, Rockot, Volna, Shtill, PSLVand others ), with known pros and cons.
Solutions exist in Europe too (Vega, Soyuz via ASAP), less flexible but
more economic.
The small satellites market is growing year after year but it remains smalland uncertain in Europe :
if the accessible market is 10-12 / year, the probable part for a dedicatedEuropean LV is less than 50% (3-4 for
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What could create a new impulse ?
=> Potential new capacities exist with new system conceptsGEO / constellation GEO / UAV communication
split of functions in between GEO, micro-sat, ground
highly elliptical orbits possibilities
.
=> For new services which would take advantage of the specificitiesof small satellites
=> In which the need for launch may be different from the existing offer
are micro-satellites only a smaller replica of bigger satellites ?
small satellites are an enabling technology for future space systems
=> Need of a long term strategy
Future trends
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Computer analogywith Space ?
Market Study
1960 1980 2010
Performance
Size
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Existing launch capacities for small satellites are globally notsatisfactory
The reproduction of the existing bigger satellites at smallerscale is not enough for developing a new adapted launcherservice: many small launchers have been studied, nodevelopment has really started
Break-through innovation could be brought by thinking thewhole space system in which the micro-satellite becomesan enabling technology for new societal services, togetherwith GEO / ground systems => long term strategy to prepare
Re-thinking the global space system includes re-defining alsothe launcher functions.These two separate worlds can communicate better
Conclusions