Benchmarking Commercial BuildingsBenchmarking Commercial BuildingsBenchmarking Commercial BuildingsBenchmarking Commercial Buildings
Michaels EngineeringMichaels Engineering
October 20, 2009
BenchmarkingBenchmarkingWhat is it?The early daysHow we use itApplications (studies)How you can use it
2
Benchmarking 772Benchmarking 772Energy use per square foot = energy intensity (kWh/sf, therm/sf)C i t i il b ildiComparison to similar buildings• Size• Type• Type• Age• Floorsoo s• Fuels, etc.• Cooling? Yes/no
…In similar climateHow Efficient is your building?
3
Benchmarking?Benchmarking?How does your facility measure against its peers?
0.20
0.20
0.20
101010
9.859.859.85555
4
Benchmarking ReallyBenchmarking Really
5:15
5:15
5:15
555
222
5
:09:09:09
Data SourcesData SourcesUS DOE • CBECS (commercial building energy consumption
survey)survey)EPRIState surveysState surveys
6
7
CBECSCBECS
8
CBECS DataCBECS Data
9
Text To ColumnsText To Columns
10
CBECS Data ExplainedCBECS Data Explained
11
Codes = ?Codes = ?
12
Making it UsefulMaking it Useful
Census Region Census Division Principal Building Activity Year Constructed Square FootageWeekly Operating
Hours Wall Construction MaterialMidwest West North Central Education 1970-1979 25,001-50,000 61 to 84 Concrete block or poured concreteMidwest West North Central Education 1960-1969 100,001-200,000 61 to 84 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest East North Central Education 1946-1959 50,001-100,000 40 to 48 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest East North Central Education 2000-2003 100,001-200,000 49 to 60 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest East North Central Education 1970-1979 50,001-100,000 40 to 48 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest West North Central Education 1946-1959 10,001-25,000 49 to 60 Concrete block or poured concreteMidwest East North Central Education 1920-1945 Over 1 million 61 to 84 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest West North Central Education 1990-1999 50,001-100,000 40 to 48 Concrete block or poured concreteMidwest East North Central Education 1920-1945 50,001-100,000 40 to 48 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest East North Central Education 1980-1989 25,001-50,000 85 to 167 Brick, stone, or stuccoMidwest West North Central Education 1980-1989 1,001-5,000 40 to 48 Siding, shingles, tiles, or shakesMidwest East North Central Education 2000 2003 5 001 10 000 61 to 84 Siding shingles tiles or shakesMidwest East North Central Education 2000-2003 5,001-10,000 61 to 84 Siding, shingles, tiles, or shakes
Roof Construction Material Percent Exterior Glass Building Shape
Annual Major Fuel Use
(Therm/Sqft)
Annual Nat. Gas
Consumption (Therm/Sqft)
Annual Fuel Oil
Consumption (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Heating Use (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Cooling Use (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Ventilation Use
(Therm/Sqft)
Major FueWater Heati
Use (Therm/Sqf
Built-up 10% or less Square 1.927789296 0.000290423 1.348827324 0.021812113 0.11672338 0.2331445Plastic/rubber/synthetic sheeting 10% or less Wide rectangle 0.393543529 0.077072353 0.002719412 0.067697255 0.029021275 0.12377098 0.012094Built-up 0 816305714 0 516156104 0 479762078 0 056010779 0 085526234 0 0363940Built up 0.816305714 0.516156104 0.479762078 0.056010779 0.085526234 0.0363940Metal surfacing 11% - 25% L shaped 0.069556439 0.014167348 0.01159553 0.004559545 0.0033178Built-up 10% or less U shaped 0.20749645 0.120727785 0.144048319 0.011144777 0.015761685 0.0009571Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 11% - 25% U shaped 0.782356491 0.692614737 0.70206807 0.009687719 0.024831579 0.0124021Built-up 51% - 75% Rectangle/square w/ courtyard 1.386766344 0.732511969 0.625686419 0.325325631 0.039068944 0.0807699Metal surfacing 11% - 25% Other shape 0.468919048 0.104016508 0.061304762 0.125552222 0.03267127 0.0818311Built-up 26% - 50% Wide rectangle 0.924306296 0.790872407 0.737988889 0.002088704 0.053069444 0.0528835Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 51% - 75% L shaped 1.223783011 0.869676129 0.807470323 0 0.140191613 0.0622058Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 10% or less Wide rectangle 1 117687179 1 002451282 0 861030769 0 04834359 0 01694359 0 1414153Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 10% or less Wide rectangle 1.117687179 1.002451282 0.861030769 0.04834359 0.01694359 0.1414153Asphalt/fiberglass/other shingles 10% or less T shaped 0.582263889 0.398223611 0.297680556 0.020451389 0.049952778 0.1005430
Major Fuel Lighting Use (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Cooking Use (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Refrigeration
Use (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Office
Equipment Use (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Computer
Use (Therm/Sqft)
Major Fuel Miscellaneous
Use (Therm/Sqft)
0.085819718 0 0.016512958 0.028466197 0.038930704 0.0375521130.102100686 0.004977843 0.016073137 0.003157843 0.017260196 0.0173898040 084244286 0 005432078 0 031532597 0 004660779 0 016748701 0 015994286
13
0.084244286 0.005432078 0.031532597 0.004660779 0.016748701 0.0159942860.024516439 0.000848485 0.002873182 0.000557727 0.004622045 0.0024983330.023449331 0.00452171 0.002726745 0.000451591 0.00102198 0.0034129320.013682105 0 0.012561404 0.000814035 0.00070807 0.0056014040.067558825 0.029174856 0.001065706 0.000292469 0.002840256 0.2149832560.102148095 0.022185238 0.017899365 0.001926349 0.007718413 0.0156820630.051919074 0.002359444 0.003083704 0.00112037 0.012846111 0.0069472220.103169677 0.00844086 0.052846022 0.001917849 0.011931183 0.0356096770.040538462 0 0 0 0 0.009410256
Or… Use This from Or… Use This from QuestlineQuestline
14
Gas UseGas Use
15
Climate ZonesClimate Zones
16
What About?What About?Does the building have cooling (e.g., schools)?Fuel types?Building age?Building size?Number of floors?You can use CBECS to drill down but sample may become insignificant (e g less than 10)may become insignificant (e.g., less than 10) quick
17
QuestlineQuestline ModelModelIt’s a benchmark – a fixed number; over time we become aware of where buildings “should be”H d t f f l t lHowever, we do account for fuel type, namely heating fuel• GasGas• Ground source heat pumps• Water source heat pumps with boiler/towerp p• Electric resistance
18
Customized ScreenerCustomized ScreenerS F t T t l A l kWh
Total Annual **For building descriptions, Square Feet Total Annual kWh
Therms
Universities Electric Meter #1 1,047,600 Gas Meter #1 45,600
k-12 Electric Meter #2 Gas Meter #2
Data Centers Electric Meter #3 Gas Meter #3
Groceries/Convenience Electric Meter #4 Gas Meter #4
Hospitals Totals 1,047,600 45,600
g pclick the buttons below.
Univerisities
K-12 School
Data Centers
Groceries/Convenience
Hospitals
Other Healthcare (Clinics)
Large Office
Small Office 66,000
Large Retail Select HVAC TypeSmall Retail Select Climate ZoneLodging2
Other Healthcare/Clinics
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail
Small Retail
Lodging
Zone 2
Conventional Gas/Electric
Multi Family Housing 2
Public Assembly 3
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouse
Total 66,000 Estimated Study Cost 14,800$ Zone
2 Multi Family Housing
Public Assembly
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouses
Instructions
Show Instructions at Startup
Study Cost per Square Foot 0.22$
Electric Gas CO2
$0.06 per kWh $0.95 per therm
1,047,600 kWh 45,600 Therms 1,941,088 lbs CO2
944,460 kWh 31,423 Therms 1,636,051 lbs CO2
Z
Total Current Use (Your Building)
Total Target Use
Energy Cost
Conventional Gas/Electric
, , , ,
103,140 kWh 14,177 Therms 305,037 lbs CO2
6,188$ 13,469$
19,657$
39,314$
78,628$
Electric Gas CO2
Total Dollar Savings
Estimated RCx Project $
Estimated Energy Retrofit Project $
g
Energy Savings
Dollar Savings
19
Energy Intensity Before 15.87 0.69 29.41 Energy Intensity After 14.31 0.48 24.79 Projected % 10%
Screener InputsScreener InputsInputs• Floor area by type
El t i d ( th f il) ti• Electric and gas (or other fossil) consumption• System type• Fuel costs• Fuel costs• Percent better than average target
20
Screener OutputsScreener OutputsCurrent energy intensityProjected energy intensityGas and electric savings potentialImplementation cost (RCx or Retrofit) - riskyInvestment grade study costCarbon impacts
21
Pitfalls to Avoid!Pitfalls to Avoid!Get all the meters for the building – typical of buildings with multiple additionsG t ll d t k AND ff kGet all data – on peak AND off peakGet all the buildings for the meter – typical of campusescampusesBeware of major energy users in building• Swimming pool (can determine energySwimming pool (can determine energy
consumption of this)• Data centers• Central kitchens
22
Experience with the ScreenerExperience with the ScreenerReliable and “accurate”Conservative• High study cost• Low savings
23
Demonstrate use, findings, and in some cases, results
24
101,000 101,000 sfsf Middle School, Central IowaMiddle School, Central IowaSquare Feet Total Annual kWh
Total Annual Therms
Universities Electric Meter #1 1,791,000 Gas Meter #1
k-12 101,000 Electric Meter #2 Gas Meter #2
Data Centers Electric Meter #3 Gas Meter #3
Groceries/Convenience Electric Meter #4 Gas Meter #4
H it l T t l 1 791 000
**For building descriptions, click the buttons below.
Univerisities
K-12 School
Data Centers
Groceries/Convenience
HospitalsHospitals Totals 1,791,000 -
Other Healthcare (Clinics)
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail Select HVAC TypeSmall Retail Select Climate ZoneLodging2
Hospitals
Other Healthcare/Clinics
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail
Small Retail
Lodging
Zone 2
Ground Source Heat Pump
Lodging
Multi Family Housing 3
Public Assembly 3
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouse
Total 101,000 Estimated Study Cost 18,300$Zone
2 Lodging
Multi Family Housing
Public Assembly
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouses
Instructions
Show Instructions at Startup
Total 101,000 Estimated Study Cost 18,300$
Study Cost per Square Foot 0.18$
Electric Gas CO2
$0.06 per kWh $0.95 per therm
1,791,000 kWh 0 Therms 2,401,731 lbs CO2
1,102,861 kWh 0 Therms 1,478,936 lbs CO2
Z
Ground Source Heat Pump
Energy Cost
Total Current Use (Your Building)
Total Target Use , , , ,
688,139 kWh 0 Therms 922,795 lbs CO2
41,288$ -$
41,288$
82,577$
165,153$
Electric Gas CO2
Estimated RCx Project $
Estimated Energy Retrofit Project $
g
Energy Savings
Dollar Savings
Total Dollar Savings
25
Energy Intensity Before 17.73 - 23.78 Energy Intensity After 10.92 - 14.64 Projected % 10%
Middle School MeasuresMiddle School Measures
101388 Elec. (kWh/yr) Electrical Demand
(kW, July) Natural Gas (Therm/year) Other Fuel Cost ($/yr)
Base year Consumption 1,791,000 320 6,166 - 121,656.81$ Energy Intensity 17.66 0.003 0.06 - 1.20$
Convert Parallel Ground HeatX to Series and Reprogram to dP Vice 80F 109,301 12.50 - - 5,696.83$ Set Classroom CO2 Control to 700 ppm OVER Ambient, NOT 700 ppm Absolute 209,765 60.01 - - 16,788.70$ Incorporate Variable Volume Cafeteria and Gymnasium Systems and Correct CO2 Setpoint 179 840 45 20 11 657 65$
Savings
Gymnasium Systems and Correct CO2 Setpoint 179,840 45.20 - - 11,657.65$ Correct CO2 Setpoint on Music and Industrial Arts Units 2,940 2.40 - - 741.57$ Replace Gym Metal Halide Fixtures With Fluorescent 19,746 8.06 - - 1,915.30$
Install Temperature Controls On Unit Heaters 32,393 14.58 - - 3,170.54$
Re-program Locker Room Makeup Air Unit 17,906 4.89 - - 1,674.99$ Re-Program Night Set Back 14,212 - - - 434.85$
Total Savings 586,102 148 - - 42,080
Energy Consumption Post Implementation 1,204,898 172.36 6,166 - 79,576.40$
30% savings, 1.05 year payback
Energy Intensity 11.88 0.002 0.06 - 0.78$ Percent Savings 32.7% 46.1% 0.0% NA 34.6%
26
15,000 15,000 sfsf Public Library, Central IowaPublic Library, Central IowaT t l A l**F b ildi d i ti
Square Feet Total Annual kWh Total Annual
Therms
Universities Electric Meter #1 190,000 Gas Meter #1 11,900
k-12 Electric Meter #2 Gas Meter #2
Data Centers Electric Meter #3 Gas Meter #3
Groceries/Convenience Electric Meter #4 Gas Meter #4
Hospitals Totals 190 000 11 900
**For building descriptions, click the buttons below.
Univerisities
K-12 School
Data Centers
Groceries/Convenience
HospitalsHospitals Totals 190,000 11,900
Other Healthcare (Clinics)
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail Select HVAC TypeSmall Retail Select Climate ZoneLodging2
Hospitals
Other Healthcare/Clinics
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail
Small Retail
Lodging
Zone 2
Conventional Gas/Electric
g g
Multi Family Housing 2
Public Assembly 16,000 3
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouse
Total 16,000 Estimated Study Cost 7,900$ Zone
2 g g
Multi Family Housing
Public Assembly
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouses
Instructions
Show Instructions at Startup
y
Study Cost per Square Foot 0.49$
Electric Gas CO2
$0.06 per kWh $0.95 per therm
190,000 kWh 11,900 Therms 394,734 lbs CO2
109,440 kWh 7,574 Therms 235,834 lbs CO2
Z
Conventional Gas/Electric
Energy Cost
Total Current Use (Your Building)
Total Target Use
80,560 kWh 4,326 Therms 158,900 lbs CO2
4,834$ 4,109$
8,943$
17,886$
35,772$
Electric Gas CO2
Estimated RCx Project $
Estimated Energy Retrofit Project $
Energy Savings
Dollar Savings
Total Dollar Savings
27
Energy Intensity Before 11.88 0.74 24.67 Energy Intensity After 6.84 0.47 14.74 Projected % 10%
Library MeasuresLibrary MeasuresElectrical Demand Natural Gas
Elec. (kWh/yr) Electrical Demand
(kW, July) Natural Gas
(Therm/year) Cost ($/yr) Base year Consumption 189,920 N/A 11,925.0 $31,633Energy Intensity 11.87 N/A 0.75 1.98$
Savings
Repair Temperature Control Valves for Heating Coils and Perimeter Radiation - - 509.6 $583Reduce Vestibule Temperature - - 64.0 $73Reduce Night Set Back Temperature - - 626.8 $717Implement Efficient Morning Warm-up - - 19.3 $22Reprogram AHU Pump on/off Controller 2 331 $221Reprogram AHU Pump on/off Controller 2,331 - - $221Increase Setpoint of Summer Dehumidification, Reduce VAV Box Minimum Position 29,211 30.45 2,549.3 $5,683Daylighting 12,294 3.82 - $1,165
Total Savings 43,837 34 3,769.0 $8,464
E C ti P t I l t ti
1 9 Year payback mostly implemented
Energy Consumption Post Implementation 146,083 N/A 8,156 23,169 Energy Intensity 9.13 N/A 0.51 1.45 Percent Savings 23% N/A 32% 27%
1.9 Year payback, mostly implemented2 Months: 40% electric goal, 30% gas goal, 30% dollar goalg
28
140,000 140,000 sfsf High School Southern MNHigh School Southern MNSquare Feet Total Annual kWh
Total Annual Therms
Universities Electric Meter #1 2,155,000 Gas Meter #1
k-12 140,000 Electric Meter #2 Gas Meter #2
Data Centers Electric Meter #3 Gas Meter #3
Groceries/Convenience Electric Meter #4 Gas Meter #4
**For building descriptions, click the buttons below.
Univerisities
K-12 School
Data Centers
Groceries/Convenience
i lHospitals Totals 2,155,000 -
Other Healthcare (Clinics)
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail Select HVAC TypeSmall Retail Select Climate ZoneL d i1
Hospitals
Other Healthcare/Clinics
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail
Small Retail
Lodging
Zone 1
Ground Source Heat Pump
Lodging
Multi Family Housing 3
Public Assembly 2
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouse
Total 140 000 Estimated Study Cost 23 200$Zone
1 Lodging
Multi Family Housing
Public Assembly
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouses
Instructions
Show Instructions at Startup
Total 140,000 Estimated Study Cost 23,200$
Study Cost per Square Foot 0.17$
Electric Gas CO2
$0.06 per kWh $0.95 per therm
2,155,000 kWh 0 Therms 2,889,855 lbs CO2
1,518,157 kWh 0 Therms 2,035,849 lbs CO2
Z
Ground Source Heat Pump
Energy Cost
Total Current Use (Your Building)
Total Target Use 1,518,157 kWh 0 Therms 2,035,849 lbs CO2
636,843 kWh 0 Therms 854,006 lbs CO2
38,211$ -$
38,211$
76,421$
152,842$
Electric Gas CO2
Estimated RCx Project $
Estimated Energy Retrofit Project $
Total Target Use
Energy Savings
Dollar Savings
Total Dollar Savings
29
Energy Intensity Before 15.39 - 20.64 Energy Intensity After 10.84 - 14.54 Projected % 10%
High School MeasuresHigh School Measures
30% projected energy savings, actual 40% isavings
9.2 kWh/sf (as predicted in Iowa new building model)model)EnergyStar Portfolio Manager score = 85
30
36,000 36,000 sfsf Office Building, Tucson, AZOffice Building, Tucson, AZT t l A l**F b ildi d i ti
Square Feet Total Annual kWh Total Annual
Therms
Universities Electric Meter #1 1,280,000 Gas Meter #1
k-12 Electric Meter #2 Gas Meter #2
Data Centers Electric Meter #3 Gas Meter #3
Groceries/Convenience Electric Meter #4 Gas Meter #4
Hospitals Totals 1 280 000 -
**For building descriptions, click the buttons below.
Univerisities
K-12 School
Data Centers
Groceries/Convenience
HospitalsHospitals Totals 1,280,000
Other Healthcare (Clinics)
Large Office 36,000
Small Office
Large Retail Select HVAC TypeSmall Retail Select Climate ZoneLodging5
Hospitals
Other Healthcare/Clinics
Large Office
Small Office
Large Retail
Small Retail
Lodging
Zone 5
Electric Resistance
g g
Multi Family Housing 5
Public Assembly 6
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouse
Total 36,000 Estimated Study Cost 10,800$ Zone
5 g g
Multi Family Housing
Public Assembly
Refrigerated Warehouse
Restaurants
Warehouses
Instructions
Show Instructions at Startup
y
Study Cost per Square Foot 0.30$
Electric Gas CO2
$0.06 per kWh $0.95 per therm
1,280,000 kWh 0 Therms 1,716,480 lbs CO2
666,878 kWh 0 Therms 894,283 lbs CO2
Z
Electric Resistance
Energy Cost
Total Current Use (Your Building)
Total Target Use
613,122 kWh 0 Therms 822,197 lbs CO2
36,787$ -$
36,787$
73,575$
147,149$
Electric Gas CO2
Estimated RCx Project $
Estimated Energy Retrofit Project $
Energy Savings
Dollar Savings
Total Dollar Savings
31
Energy Intensity Before 35.56 - 47.68 Energy Intensity After 18.52 - 24.84 Projected % 10%
AZ Office Building MeasuresAZ Office Building Measures
55% savings, implementation documents underway
32
Benchmarking ConclusionsBenchmarking ConclusionsLatest data not crucialReliableCulprits have been easy to find. Major ones include:• Excessive simultaneous heating and cooling• Excessive simultaneous heating and cooling
(practically every building)• Pumping wastep g• Over ventilating with or without CO2 sensors• In general: CONTROLS!
33
34
How Can You Use Benchmarking?How Can You Use Benchmarking?http://members.questline.com/login.aspx“Just enter your e-mail address to login”Questline provided by Tech Resources Inc. with over 500 utility customers
35
Questions?Questions?Jeff [email protected]
36