METHODS OF THERAPY
Chapter 19
SECTION 1WHAT IS THERAPY?Objective: Define psychotherapy, and list the advantages of each method of psychotherapy.
WHAT IS THERAPY? Therapy is a general term for the variety
of approaches that mental health professionals use to treat psychological problems and disorders.
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THERAPY?Helping individuals by:
Giving hope Gaining insight or perspectives on
their problems Providing individual with a caring and
trusting relationship
THE 2 CATEGORIES OF THERAPY Psychologically
basedPsychotherapy
involves interaction between trained professional and a person
Biologically based Involves the use
of drugs or other medical procedures to treat psychological disorders
YOU WILL NEED THIS INFORMATION FOR YOUR
PROJECTPAGE 437
Methods of Psychotherapy
COMMONLY USED METHODS OF PSYCHOTHERAPY
Method Goals Key Techniques
Psychoanalysis_____________How foal is achieved: verbal processes
•To replace a avoidant behavior with coping behavior; to reduce inappropriate feelings of anxiety and guilt
Free association; dream analysis; analysis of the transference relationship
Humanistic therapy___________How foal is achieved: verbal processes
•To remove obstacles in the path of self-actualization•To reduce anxiety and guilt over unconscious urges
Active listening; unconditional positive regard free association, dream analysis, transference
Method
Goals Key techniques
Behavior therapy________How goal is achieved:Behavioral training
•To replace maladaptive, self defeating behavior with adaptive self enhancing behavior
Systematic desensitization; modeling; aversive conditioning; operant conditioning
METHODS OF PSYCHOTHERAPYModel Goals Key TechniquesCognitive therapy________How goal is achieved:Cognitive training
•To replace irrational, self-defeating attitudes and beliefs with rational, self-enhancing attitudes and beliefs•To change assumptions or thought processes
Encouraging clients to challenge irrational beliefs and replace them with rational beliefs; teaching clients to evaluate their beliefs and attitudes rationally
TYPES OF PROFESSIONALS
Counseling psychologist
Master’s or Ph. DDoctor of Philosophy
Educational institutions
Clinical psychologist
Ph. D in psychology Hospitals/ clinicsPsychological problems
Psychiatrist M.D. (special) psychiatry/ post gradabnormal behavior
Prescribe medsPerform operations
Psychiatric social worker
Master’s social workAdditional practice training2 yrs grad psychology
Counsels –everyday personal and family problems
Psychiatric nurse Nursing license \advance training in psychology
Dispenses meds. Contract person between counseling sessions
SELECTING THE RIGHT PROFESSIONAL Cost of
treatment? Field of study? What degrees? Licensed? Plan for
treatment?
Gender Age Race culture
INDIVIDUAL –V- GROUP THERAPY Advantages of individual therapy
More personal attentionFeel uncomfortable talking in front of a group
Will talk openly alone
INDIVIDUAL –V- GROUP THERAPY Advantages of group therapy
Realizing you are not aloneBenefit from insight gained
by others struggleCan support each otherGives hope for recoveryShows therapy can workMore affordable
Therapist can work with several people at the same time
TYPE OF GROUP THERAPY Couples Family therapy Self-help groups- people share the same
problem- drugs, gambling, over eating Encounter groups-strangers, not
necessary common problem, emotional growth,
EXIT PASS In what ways do all methods of
psychology help troubled individuals?
SECTION 2THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
Objectives:Describe the major techniques of psychoanalysis.
PSYCHOANALYSIS = FREUD Unconscious thoughts and feelings Reduces anxiety and guilt Allows insight
Dream analysisManifest content- actual dreamLatent content- hidden meaning
Free association Say what ever comes to mind (any topic)Resistance – unwilling to discuss
issues
TRANSFERENCE Transferring feelings and expectations
from one person to another Allows clients to express and analyze
unconscious feelings Can expose unresolved problems Example
Bad relationship with mother---start to treat therapist the same way-----bad relationship with boss
EVALUATION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS Useful therapy for
Anxiety, mild depression and difficulty in handling social relationships
Not useful therapy forToo seriously disturbedMajor depression, bipolar disorder,
schizophrenia Limited educational backgroundLimited verbal skillsTOO EXPENSIVE (meeting 4-5 X’s a
week)
EXIT PASS What is the difference between the
manifest content and the latent content of dreams?
Give an example of a transference relationship.
Why might a therapist encourage the formation of such a relationship?
SECTION 3THE
HUMANISTIC APPROACH
Objective:Identify the primary goals and methods of humanistic therapy.
HUMANISTIC THERAPY Goal-to help individual reach
their full potential By developing self-awareness
and self acceptance People are basically good and
strive for self actualization/ being all that they can be
Need to tap their inner resources so they can grow and reach their full potential.
CARL ROGERS
Problemstop being yourself and act as others expect you to act
Role of therapyFind their true self and realize their unique potential
PERSON-CENTERED THERAPY
ORCLIENT-CENTERED
THERAPY Client seen as an equal Encouraged to take the lead Called Nondirective therapy
Therapist acts as a mirrorReflecting clients thoughts and feelings
THERAPY TECHNIQUE Active listening
Therapist repeats, rephrases, and asks for clarification of statements
Clients is heard and understoodTherapist must remain nonjudgmental ,
supportive, accepting regardless of what is said
Unconditional positive regardClient accepts themselves
Self esteem rises Gain confidence to make their own
choices Able to develop healthy relationships
OTHER APPLICATIONSSCHOOLS/ COLLEGES
Help students deal with anxiety, depression
help students feel free to explore alternatives and make their own choices (careers)
EVALUATION OF HUMANISTIC THERAPY Most helpful with well educated
motivated people Work best with people who are
Mildly depressedExperiencing anxietyProblems with social relationshipsIneffectivemajor depressionBipolar disorder schizophrenia
EXIT PASS What is the primary goal of humanistic therapy?
SECTION 4COGNITIVE THERAPY ANDBEHAVIOR THERAPY
ObjectiveDescribe how cognitive and behavior therapists try to help people.
COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIOR THERAPY
Help clients develop new ways of thinking and behaving
Focus on their thought and actions
Eliminate troubling emotions or behaviors
Help client solve their own problems
COGNITIVE THERAPY Thoughts that can lead to emotional and
behavioral problems Thinking- illogical or based on faulty
assumptions (person A—B swim team) PURPOSE OF COGNITIVE THERAPY
To help people develop more realistic and logical ways of thinking
Change thinking= solving their own emotional and behavioral problems
2 WIDELY USED COGNITIVE THERAPY METHODS
Rational-Emotive Behavioral TherapyBased on People being basically
logical in thinking and behaviorsProblems- thinking and behavior is
based on faulty assumptions Must do everything perfect
Unrealistic high standards =did something wrong
==Anxiety and severe depression
RATIONAL-EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY
challenges clients errors in their way of thinking
Byrole play, modelingGiving homework-
Read relevant literature, listen to tapes, experiments to test their assumptions
( affects length of therapy)
BECK’S COGNITIVE THERAPY
Restructuring illogical thoughts processArbitrary inference-drawing
conclusions with no evidence (teacher/ me)
Selective abstraction- drawing conclusions with (blemish)
Single detail Misinterpreting Ignoring other details
Overgeneralization- drawing conclusion from single experience9 helpless
Gently guides clients in testing logic of their own thought processes and develop logical ways of thinking
MeansHave client observe and record their
response to events in daily life.Review responses to help see them as
illogical thought processes that are causing their emotional problems.
EVALUATION OF COGNITIVE THERAPY
Short term method (15-25 weeks) Has helped clients with
Anxiety‘DepressionPersonality disorders along with Meds
Provide coping skills Reduces risk of recurrence
BEHAVIOR THERAPY BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
Develop more adaptive behaviors Changing behaviors is most
importantOver eating stop smoking develop skills needed for healthy
relationshipsconfront phobias
2 CATEGORIES OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY
1. Counter-conditioning-Pairing the stimulus that triggers an unwanted behavior with a new more desirable behavior
1. Systematic desensitization 2. Aversive conditioning
BenefitLearn more desirable behaviorsBoost in self-esteemLess restrictive lives
OPERANT CONDITIONING BEHAVIORS REINFROCED TEND TO BE
REPEATED Token economy- reward + behavior Successive Approximations- reinforce
every step EFFECTIVE IN MORE SEVERE CASES.
SCHIZOPHRENIA CHILDHOOD AUTISM
USED INSTITUTIONAL SETTING: MENTAL HOSPITALS,
EVALUATION OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY
More effective overall Short term therapy of
Phobias, post-traumatic stress disorder compulsions,depression social problems self-control issues
VIDEO http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoFN
s-3r0Go
FAULTY ASSUMPTIONS
FRUSTRATION OR DEPRESSING
EVENT
EMOTIONALL HEALTHY
ASSUMPTIONSI will never amount to anything!
FAILING A TEST If I fail a test, it means I must study harder next time.
EXIT PASS List and describe 2 counter conditioning techniques.
SECTION 5BIOLOGICAL
THERAPYObjectiveDescribe the three major biological treatments for psychological disorders
BIOLOGICAL THERAPY Effects the Brain Relies on methods such as
medication, electric shock and surgery
Medical in nature--administered or prescribed by a psychiatrists or other physicians
Paired up with other therapies
DRUG THERAPY Mostly used biological treatment Four major types of medication
usedAnti-anxiety drugsAnti-depression drugsLithiumAnti-psychotic drugs
ANTI-ANXIETY DRUGS Minor tranquilizers out patient treatment to help client with
anxiety panic attacksDistress Tension
Depresses the nervous system Long term use becomes less effective Major side effects
fatigue dependence on drugs
ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUGS Treats major depression Increase the amount of one or both
neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin
Must build up a certain level to work Major side effects
Escalated heart rateExcessive weight gain
LITHIUM Treats Bipolar disorder Flattens out the mania and depression Do not understand how it works Side effects
ShakinessMemory impairmentExcessive thirst
ANTIPSYCHOTIC DRUGS Major tranquilizers Reducing agitation and delusions Treats Schizophrenia Blocks level of dopamine Side effects
Balance CoordinationTremors twitches
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPYECT
Not recommended much Electric current passes through the brain Used when drug therapy is not working Side effect
Memory loss
PSYCHOSURGERY-BRAIN SURGERY Prefrontal lobotomy
Cutting nerve pathways in the brain between the prefrontal lobes and the thalamus
Reduce agitation and violence Side effects
DistractibilityReduced learning abilityOvereatingApathySocial withdrawalSeizuresReduces creativitydeath
VIDEO http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3n0H
N05fSV8
EXIT PASS When do therapists use
electroconvulsive therapy, and why is it a controversial form of treatment?