Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation utilising OGC standards
Finnish Meteorological Institute
Finnish Meteorological InstituteRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
15.04.2023 2
Finnish Meteorological Institute opened its data in 2013.
Basically everything that FMI has property rights was opened.
Data is provided in freely in machine readable format.
Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
FMI Open Data
https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data
Data set Description Time Interval
Estimated publish date
Weather Observations
Temperature, Wind, Humidity, Ground Temperature…
10 min Open,older data to be added
Sun Radiation UV, Short and Long Term Radiation…
1 min Open
Marine Observations
Waves, Sea Temperature, Sea Level…
1 h Open
Weather Radars Precipitation Rate, Precipitation Amount…
5 min Open, older data to be added
Lightning Thunder Strikes in Finland
5 min Open
Example of Data Sets
15.04.2023 3Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
Example of Data Sets
Data set Description Time Interval Estimated publish date
Real Time Observations
Real Time Observations from specific location(s)
AWS 2010 – Soundings 1959 –Flashes 1998 – Sea Level 1971 – Waves 2005 –
Openolder data will be added
Climatological Observations
Dayly and monthly temperature mean and extreme values from weather stations
1959 - Open
Climatological Observations
Monthly temperature and precipitation rate mean values interpolated to grid
1961 - Open
Climatological Reference
Climatological Reference. Temperature, humidity, pressure, precipitation amount and snow depth.
Reference seasons:1971-2000 1981-2010
Open
15.04.2023 4Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
Example of Data Sets
Data set Description Time Interval Estimated publish date
Weather forecast model HIRLAM RCR
Point forecasts and grid data
Latest model run(4 times a day) 0…54 h
Open
Sea forecast models Sea level point forecasts, Wave (WAM) and current (HBM) as grid data
Latest model run(4 times a day) 0...54 h
Open
Environmental Monitoring Facilities
Weather observation stations, radars…
2015
Aviation Observations
METAR 30 min open
Ground & mast observations
Special observations from ground and masts
2016 /Open
15.04.2023 5Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
Example of Data Sets
Data set Description Time Interval Estimated publish date
Air Quality Observations
Air Quality Observations 1h 2015-2016
Silam Model Dispersion Model for Air Quality, Forest Fire and Pollen
Latest model run (once a day)0…96h
2015
HELMI Ice Model Ice forecast model Latest model run(4 times a day) 0...54 h
open
Soundings Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, Wind from ground to 25 km height
2 times a day 2015
Road Weather Observations (LIVI)
Road Weather Observations
10 min open
15.04.2023 6Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
FMI Open Data Portal follows INSPIRE requirements.
FMI Open Data Portal
Meta data
Data Models
Services
The very same data portal works as Open Data and INSPIRE portal.
15.04.2023 7Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
Catalog Service (CSW)
o Based on GeoNetwork
View Service (WMS)o Based on GeoServero Only the most common layers
published
15.04.2023 8Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
Download Service (WFS 2.0)
o Web Feature Service (WFS) 2.0 Simple Profile
o Based on stored querieso Predefined data sets with
possibility for additional parameters (i.e. time and area)
o In-house production
15.04.2023 9Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
Registrationo Registration is required to use View and Download
Services o Working email address is the only mandatory
informationo After registration the user gets an API key which have to
be added into all requestso GET parameter fmi-apikey=…&
o Header fmi-apikey; …
o Part of url http://wms.fmi.fi/fmi-apikey/…/wms?
o One can create several API keys with one email
15.04.2023 10Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
Usage Limits
With one API key it’s allowed too do at most 20 000 requests per day to Download Serviceo do at most 10 000 requests per day to View Serviceo do at most 600 requests per 5 minutes to both services
o If all observations from one time step is calculated to as one, little over 17 000 new data sets are published daily
o So, with one API key it’s allowed load everything onceo View service can be used for testing but can not be used as a
back end for popular clients
15.04.2023 11Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
Open Data Service Cluster
S1 S2 S3
Client Data Service Cluster
S1 S2 S3
Load Balancer
Configuration
Data (NFS)
Configuration (NFS)Database
Please contribute!
https://github.com/fm
idev/
MetoLib
o Open source JavaScript library produced by Finnish Meteorological Institute
o Helps users to load and use the data
o Supports multi point coverage data formato Python version is on the list
Easy requests Cache
Parse the data to as JSON
15.04.2023 13Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
Data Modelso Observations and point
forecasts as GMLo The same data is published in:
o MultiPointCoverageo MeasurementTimeSerieso SimpleFeature
o Gridded data is provided in appropriate binary format (Grib, NetCDF, GeoTiff…)o WFS members contains the
metadata ‘envelope’ with a link to a actual data
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Data Modelsgmlcov:MultiPointCoverage
gml:rangeSetgml:doubleOrNilReasonTupleList
The data is listed for every point defined in domain set.
gml:domainSetgmlcov:simpleMultiPoint
The coverage is defined as a list of
points in 4 dimensional grid (lat,
lon, height, time).
gmlcov:rangeType
The parameters listed in range set
are defined in separate element.
Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
15.04.2023 16
Cons- Not intuitive- No natural
structure of XML XSLT and Xpath don’t work
Pros+ Compact+ Efficient+ Small file size+ Works for many
data types
Data Modelsgmlcov:MultiPointCoverage
Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
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Data Modelswml2:MeasurementTimeseries
wml2:MeasurementTimeseries
One member contains time series for one parameter
and one location
Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
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Cons- Lots of repetition- Large file size- Heavy for DOM-
based parsers- Don’t work i.e. for
thunder strikes
Pros+ Intuitive+ Easy to use+ XSLT & XPath
works
Data Modelswml2:MeasurementTimeseries
Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
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Data ModelsSimpleFeature
SimpleFeature
One member contains one time, one parameter and
one location
Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
15.04.2023 20
Cons- Lots of repetition- Very large file size- Heavy for DOM-
based parsers
Pros+ Intuitive+ Easy to use+ XSLT & XPath
works+ Ready client
support
Data ModelsSimpleFeature
Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
• Aviation weather reposts are delivered as IWXXM• New data model coming into use in aviation
• Consists of the same elements than other messages• om:phenomenonTime, om:procedure, om:featureOfInterest,
om:result
• Content of the METAR is in om:result part as
• extracted into XML elements
• original, “old fashion”, METAR string
Data Modelsaviation observations IWXXM / METARS
15.04.2023 21Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
Data Type Data Format
Observations wml2:MeasurementTimeseries
gmlcov:MultiPointCoverage
SimpleFeature
Point Forecasts wml2:MeasurementTimeseries
gmlcov:MultiPointCoverage
SimpleFeature
Lighting Observations gmlcov:MultiPointCoverage
SimpleFeature
Grid Forecasts XML Envelope + Grib2/NetCDF
Radar Images GeoTiff / PNG images
METAR IWXXM
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Data Models File size Comparison
Simple
Featu
re
Mea
sure
men
tTim
eser
ies
Mult
iPoin
tCov
erag
e0
20
40
60
80
10081.7
52.9
1.81.3 1.2 0.2
Document Size [MB]
Compressed DocumentSize [MB]
o13
8 ob
serv
atio
n st
atio
ns
o11
par
amet
ers
o72
tim
e st
eps
(12
hour
s)
Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
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Data Models Popularity Comparison
0
20
40
60
80
10080
19.8
0.2
Downloads[%]
oBas
ed o
n on
e m
onth
dat
a (0
4/20
14)
oAll d
ata
sets
com
bine
d
Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
And a little over430 000 data downloads
per day (5 req/s)
At the moment about 7200
registered users
Some Experiences
15.04.2023 25Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
Practically no client supports complex features
Although standards are followed, there’s
a gap between provided data model
and clients’ capabilities
Some Experiences
15.04.2023 26Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
GeoServer is modified to support stored queries in
WFS 2.0 (released in version 2.7)
Also simple features had to be supported
Some Experiences
15.04.2023 27Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
Industry is happy to use standardized
services
Amateur and freelancer coders
would prefer simple JSON API
Some Experiences
15.04.2023 28Meteorological and Aviation Weather Open Data implementation OGC standardsRoope Tervo, Mikko Visa, Tero Koivunen, Jukka A. Pakarinen, Tarja Riihisaari
www.fmi.fi
http://www.slideshare.net/tervo/https://en.ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/open-data