A cognitive view of metaphor
Metaphor is “only derivatively a linguistic phenomenon” (Kövecses, 2005, p. 8)
A socio-cognitive view of metaphor Metaphor has its existence in the dialogic
dynamics of discourse. It is a matter of both language and thought or talking-and-thinking. Many metaphors work as affective models
through embodiment perception and simulation socio-cultural convention
The data
ESRC New Security Challenges programme “Perception and Communication of Terrorist Risk” 12 focus groups, N =96
London / Leeds men / women Muslim / non-Muslim A-B / C1-C2 socio-economic status
Transcribed recordings: 213K words Metaphor analysis
The indeterminacy of metaphor implicit metaphor topics: the use of source
domain / vehicle terms in the ‘topic flow’ of the talk
the reach of a metaphor vehicle across the talk
metaphor shifting in the dynamics of talk interplay of metaphor, metonymy and literal
language
Understanding metaphors in real time talk cultural knowledge of vehicle or source
domain ‘models’ tightly-defined meanings packed into
metaphoremes ‘affective coherence’ across topic flow.
The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioningSOCIAL POSITIONING IS PHYSICAL POSITIONING
the middle east situation
the situation here
The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioning
in gangs
in London
people will look down on you
The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioning
in gangs
in London
people will look down on you
up town
up in Stockwell
up north
The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioningPEOPLE
she was taking it to extremes
people close to you,
The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioningNATIONS
divisions between the nations,
build the bridges.
.. hatred on both sides.
.. hatred on both sides.
The LANDSCAPE metaphor as model of social positioningCOMMUNITIES
community cohesion
and everybody's intermingled. integrated
you are at the interface ..of this ..situation,
using the scope of the metaphor~modelspreading this culture of hatred,
.. that was washing around the country,
this is where terrorism starts from.
like a much more distant threat
it’s ignorance that drives people apart
Coding affect into the language of metaphor:Physical-and-speech-action expressions
<turn round and say> is a metaphoreme with the following stabilised characteristics:
the physical action of turning round is metaphorical the speech action is likely to be hypothetical rather than real affectively, there is implied opposition, dislike or distrust between
speaker and those reported to say in the hypothetical scenario, and/or what is said.
the grammatical form of the physical and speech action verbs is likely to be turn/say or turns/says, i.e. simple present tense or root form
a modal verb occurs in about 50% of uses.I mean using that argument you could turn round and say Rambo’s OK
who might turn round and say all right so in life there are ...
Physical-and-speech-action expressions stand up and say have the finger pointed at them and said came forward and said came up to me and said come out and say (America, UK) go into other countries and say go out and stand on a cardboard box and say bringing your own little part of Islam into this country
and saying look at and say
Embodied metaphor / metonymy
Last month, Len and Helen Prior - a British couple who had retired to a small village in Almeria, southern Spain - hit the headlines as they watched their home being bulldozed. When Len Prior collapsed as his home came tumbling down, it seemed to sum up the hopes of retired Britons like him, who had gone to Spain in search of a new life. It sounded a warning, too, of the traps that lie in wait for unwary buyers.
The Guardian, Weds 6 February 2008.
Affect and metaphors of terrorism public perceptions of social issues and
international events are strongly shaped by the dominant metaphors (of media and political discourse).
(Deignan 2005, p. 131)
Terrorism is
negative action perpetrated by cowards it's a form of blackmail, it's a form of bullying, it’s hit and run.
violent action on society, affectively they could strike anywhere; the London bombings would have had a big
impact; was just so devastating.
Target as metaphor connecting to the ordinary and the innocent it’s mostly people that are targeted; old people are a target; they’re aiming at innocent people.
soft target
Terrorism as disturbing social and mental balance the world's out of balance stir everything up in this time of unrest upsets the fragile .. peace they try to disrupt the government
After a period of time, things settle down go back to normal.
GAMES OF CHANCE metaphors they will play that bluff the terrorists just stepped up their game
we get caught up in a poker game a game of bluff it’s like a lottery really lottery odds; if your number’s up; pawns in a game
GAMES OF CHANCE metaphorsAUTHORITIES or is it..just CIA playing around with people's
minds? you don’t want to play into the hands of the
terrorists they’re actually dicing with your life
GAMES metaphors
don't let them bea- beat you it's like this <Q don't let the system beat you
Q>.
it's not a level playing field on the total sense of fair play.
NATURAL WORLD metaphors there’s always a bad apple, there are bad onions in every sack locking the door after the horse has bolted
Metaphors in real-time talk
Metaphors emerge as more or less coherent vehicle meanings are dropped into the talk
with more or less determined connections with the ‘topic flow’.
Metaphorical connections are ‘well enough’ determined for people to understand each other: through cultural knowledge of large scale metaphors (and
these are like ‘models’) through the tightly-defined meanings packed into
metaphoremes through ‘affective coherence’ across topic flow.