Memory and Intelligence
Ch. 8 & 9
MemoryMemory
persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Flashbulb Memorya clear memory of an emotionally
significant moment or event
How Does Your Memory Work?
Memory
Encoding the processing of information into the memory
system (extracting meaning)Storage
the retention of encoded information over timeRetrieval
process of getting information out
Memory
Short-Term Memoryactivated memory that holds a few items
brieflyLong-Term Memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
Encoding
Automatic Processing unconscious encoding of incidental information
space time frequency
well-learned information word meanings
we can learn automatic processing reading backwards
Encoding
Effortful Processing requires attention and conscious effort
Rehearsalconscious repetition of information
to maintain it in consciousness to encode it for storage
Encoding Imagery
mental pictures a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined
with semantic encoding Mnemonics
memory aids (ROY G BIV) especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and
organizational devices Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units use of acronyms
HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
Storage: Long-Term Memory How does storage work?
Karl Lashley (1950) rats learn maze lesion cortex test memory
Synaptic changes Long-term Potentiation
Strong emotions make for stronger memories some stress hormones boost learning and retention
Storage: Long-Term Memory
Implicit vs. Explicit Memory Retention independent of conscious recollection vs. memory
of facts and experiences
Tasks requiring implicit memory
Tasks requiring explicit memory
mirror tracing recalling last yearreading reversed text paired associate learningdoing a word-completion task
identifying the head of state
singing part of a familiar song
writing a term paper
Retrieval
Recall the person must retrieve information
learned earlier as on a fill-in-the blank test
Recognition the person has only to identify items
previously learned as on a multiple-choice test
Retrieval Cues
Deja Vu (French)--already seencues from the current situation may
subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience
"I've experienced this before."
Retrieval Cues
Mood-congruent Memory tendency to recall experiences that are
consistent with one’s current mood memory, emotions, or moods serve as
retrieval cuesState-dependent Memory
what is learned in one state (high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state
Forgetting
Forgetting as encoding failure Information never enters long-term memory
Externalevents
Sensorymemory
Short-term
memory
Long-term
memory
Attention
Encoding
Encoding
Encodingfailure leadsto forgetting
Forgetting
InterferenceProactive (forward acting) Interference
disruptive effect of prior learning on recall of new information
Retroactive (backwards acting) Interferencedisruptive effect of new learning on recall of old
information
ForgettingInterference, cont.
Motivated Forgettingpeople unknowingly revise memories
Repressiondefense mechanism that banishes from
consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
Amnesia – loss of memory
Memory Construction
We filter information and fill in missing pieces Misinformation Effect
incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event
Source Amnesia attributing to the wrong source an event that we experienced, heard
about, read about, or imagined (misattribution)
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge
to adapt to new situations
Mental Age a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of
performance
Stanford-Binet IQ Test
Multiple Intelligences?Social Intelligence
the know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligence ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
Howard Gardner (7 Intelligences) Visual-Spatial, Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal,
Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical
Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence test subtests
verbal and performance
Aptitude Tests a test designed to predict a person’s future performance
aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Tests a test designed to assess what a person has learned
Assessing IntelligenceStandardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Normal Curve
Assessing Intelligence
Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results assessed by consistency of scores on:
two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting
Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is
supposed to