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Information Management
Information:
The most valuable resource
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How Resources are Managed
Acquire
Assemble, or prepare
Maximize use
Replace
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Factors Stimulating Interest in
Information Management
Increasing complexity of business activity
International economy
Worldwide competition
Increasing complexity of technology
Shrinking time frames
Social constraints
Improved computer capabilities
Size
Speed 1-5
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Who are the Users?
Managers
Nonmanagers
Persons & organizations in the firmsenvironment
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The Influence of Management
Level on Information Source
Strategic planning level
Management control level
Operational control level Internal
Environmental
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The Influence of Management
Level on Information Form
Strategic planning level
Management control level
Operational control level Detail
Summary
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Managers Can Be Found on All
Levels and in All Functional
Areas of the Firm
Finance
FunctionHuman
Resources
Function
Information
Services
Function
Manufacturing
Function
Marketing
Function
Strategic planning level
Management Control Level
Operational Control
Level
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What Managers do --
Fayols FunctionsStrategic
Planning Level
ManagementControl Level
OperationalControl Level
Plan
Control
Organize
Direct
Staff
Organize
Staff
Direct
Plan
Control
Direct
StaffPlan
Control
Organize
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What Managers do --
Mintzbergs Roles
Interpersonal roles
Figurehead
Leader
Liaison
Informational roles
Monitor
Disseminator
Spokesperson
Decisional roles
Entrepreneur
Disturbancehandler
Resource allocator
Negotiator
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Management Skills
Communications
Problem solving
How can aninformation
specialist help?
}
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Problem Solving Information
Comes in Many Forms
Com
puterReports
Noncomputerreports
Electronicmail
Periodicals
Telephone
Problem Solving
Written Media Oral Media
Internal Sources External Sources
ScheduledMeetings
Unsch
eduledMeetings
VoiceMail
Tours
B
usinessMeals
Le
tters&Memos
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Management Knowledge
Computer literacy
Information literacy
Whats the difference?
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System ComponentsComponent parts of a system that
can control its own operations
Objectives
Control
mechanism
TransformationInput Output
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Open-Loop System
TransformationInput Output
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Open versus Closed Systems
Open system
Connected to its environment by means of
resource flows Closed system
Not connected to its environment
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SystemsCan Be Composed of Subsystems or Elemental Parts
Subsystem A-2
Subsystem A-3
Subsystem B-2
Subsystem B-1
System
Subsystem A Subsystem BElemental
Part C
Subsystem A-1
Elemental
part B1 1-18
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Physical and Conceptual Systems
Physical system
The business firm
Composed of physical resources
Conceptual system
Represents a physical system
Uses conceptual resources
Information
Data
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A Systems View
Business operations are embedded within
a larger environmental setting
Reduces complexity
Requires good objectives
Emphasizes working together
Acknowledges interconnections
Values feedback
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Data and Information
Information processor
Key element in the conceptual system
Computer
Noncomputer
Combination
Data is the raw material transformed intoinformation
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Evolution of the CBIS
Data Processing (DP) Management Information Systems (MIS) 1964
IBM promoted the concept as a means of selling
disk files and terminals
Decision Support Systems (DSS) 1971 Text books distinction:
MIS: Organizational/group - general
DSS: Individual - specific
Office Automation (OA) 1964
Artificial Intelligence (AI)/ Expert Systems
(ES) - 1990s
Heavy investment by businesses 1-22
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The CBIS Model
Computer-based
Information System
(CBIS)
Accounting
Information System
Management
Information System
Decision Support
Systems
The Virtual
Office
Knowledge-based
Systems
Decisions
Problem
Information
Problem
Solution
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Information Services
Information specialists havefull-time responsibility for
developing and maintainingcomputer-based systems
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Traditional Communication Chain
Database
Administrator
User SystemsAnalyst
Programmer Operator Computer
NetworkSpecialist
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End-User Computing (EUC)
End-user computing
Development of all or part of applications
Information specialists act as consultants
Stimulants to EUC
Increased computer literacy
IS backlog
Low-cost hardware (the PC)
Prewritten software (electronic
spreadsheets)1-26
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IS and EUCThe End-User Computing
Communication Chain
User Computer
Information
Specialists
Support
Communication
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Justifying the CBIS
Justify in the same manner as any other
large investment
EconomicCost reduction
Reduced inventory investment
Increased productivity (CAD/CAM)
Noneconomic
Perceived value
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Reengineering the CBIS
Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
Reworking systems
Good system features retained
Becoming development methodology of
choice
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Roles Played by the Manager
and by the Information Specialist
Implementation
Phase Manager Information Specialist
Control
Control
Control
Control
Planning
Analysis
Design
Use
Define problem Support
System Study
Design system
Implement system
Make available
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Summary
Information is one of five main resources
Computer output used by managers and
nonmanagers A system is an integration of elements
working toward an objective
Physical
Conceptual
Data vs. Information1-32
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Summary [cont.]
CBIS composed of various components
AIS
MIS
DSS
Virtual office
Knowledge-based systems End-user computing trends
CBIS development1-33
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