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Meera Abraham, Two Medieval Merchant Guilds of South India
Noboru Karashima
I wonder how many readers have ever heard of the names of Manigramam and
Ayyavole. Certainly they are place names but not merely so. In medieval times
these were the names of two prestigious merchant guilds which flourished in South India and which linked peninsula India with the western and eastern world in trade . Mrs. Abraham's new book is a study of these two important merchant guilds .
Although these two names have long attracted the attention of historians studying
South India, strangely enough no detailed study of these guilds has appeared in the
past, with the exception of some articles by Indian and Sri Lankan scholars. Mrs. Abraham is right in saying that " no sustained analysis of their activities in the
peninsula has been attempted so far ". While Ayyavole of this Ayyavole merchant guild has been identified by most
scholars including Mrs. Abraham with the famous Aihole near Badami, the Chaluk-
yan capital in Deccan, the original place of Manigramam merchant guild is still obscure. Some Kerala inscriptions of the 9th or 10th century reveal to us the
activities of the Manigramam guild in connection with royal grants of certain privi-leges to Christian churches. The Manigramam guild also appears in Tamil in-
scriptions discovered at the Kra isthmus of the Malay peninsula indicating their
overseas activities. During the Chola period these merchants seem to have followed
the Chola armies to many places including Sri Lanka and some other overseas coun-
tries therby contributing to the expansion of the Chola economy . The Ayyavole guild seems to have started its career in northern Karnataka in the
8th or 9th century. It gradually extended the territory of its activities towards the south and finally established its centres in southern Karnataka and Tamilnadu.
It seems that the Manigramam guild in Tamilnadu came under its control from the
11th or 12th century. During the Chola and Pandyan periods both these guilds
flourished, connecting foreign trade with domestic markets, but they seem to have
lost their vigour with the advent of Vijayanagar rule in southern Karnataka and
Tamilnadu. They cease to appear in inscriptions from the middle of the 14th
century.
For her study Mrs. Abraham surveyed for information a large corpus of South Indian inscriptions in Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada and Telugu languages and col-
136
lected some one hundred inscriptions relating to these guilds. She took pains in
reading the texts of unpublished inscriptions with the help of epigraphists and
consulted some other sources also. This painstaking and thorough study of ma-
terials, including the analysis of the commodities the merchants dealt with, has ena-
bled her to afford us a better and more consolidated picture of these guilds in this book istead of rather limited picture obtained from the past studies.
Though commented upon in earlier studies, many interesting and important
points have come up from or been emphasised afresh by her. For example, the Brahmin association with the Ayyavole guild, the establishment of Ayyavole centres in southern Karnataka and the concentration of Manigramam guild activities in the
Pudukkottai area in Tamilnadu. The fact that Manigramam activities were also
seen on the eastern coast of Sri Lanka may have significance in relation to the effort
made by the Cholas to develop foreign trade when they occupied northern Sri Lanka.
While revealing many interesting facts, she also has raised relevant questions about
the contribution of these guilds to the socio-economic development of South India
during the Chola and Pandyan periods. The study of this socio-economic develop-
ment of South India, initiated by Nilakanta Sastri, has recently been attracting the
attention of many scholars including Burton Stein, Champakalakshmi, Subbarayalu
and the present writer. While providing materials for this study, Mrs. Abraham has emphasised the growth of foreign trade as against the emphasis placed on the
temple economy by Stein. The present writer's study of the 13th and 14th century
Chinese texts concerning their trade in South India and also the recent discovery of
a large number of Chinese potsherds of the 13th and 14th centuries at Periya-pat-
tinam near Rameshwaram, Quilon and Pandalayini-Kollam support her arguments
on the importance of foreign trade in the development of South Indian economy. Notwithstanding her sincere analysis of many materials, the questions raised by
her in this book still remain to be answered. However, these questions are very crucial for understanding the socio-economic development in medieval South India
and Mrs. Abraham has succeeded in stimulating the interest that would lead to a
better understanding of South Indian History.
(Manohar, New Delhi, 1988, xiii+273 p.) (University of Tokyo)
137
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