Medicine Meets Virtual Reality 18

NextMed

Edited by

James D. Westwood

Susan W. Westwood MA

Li Fellander-Tsai MD PhD

Randy S. Haluck MD FACS

Helene M. Hoffman PhD

Richard A. Robb PhD

Steven Senger PhD

and

Kirby G. Vosburgh PhD

TECHNifSCHE

INFORMATIONSBIBLIOTHEK

UNIVERSITATSBIBLIOTHEKHANNOVER

IOSPress

Amsterdam • Berlin • Tokyo • Washington, DC

XI

Contents

Preface v

James D. Westwood

Conference Organization vii

Evaluation ofa VR and Stereo-Endoscopic Tool to Facilitate 3rd Ventriculostomy 1

Kamyar Abhari, Sandrine de Ribaupierre, Terry Peters and Roy EaglesonSleep Dysfunctions Influence Decision Making in Undemented Parkinson's

Disease Patients: A Study in a Virtual Supermarket 8

Giovanni Albani, Simona Raspelli, Laura Carelli, Lorenzo Priano,

Riccardo Pignatti, Francesco Morganti, Andrea Gaggioli, Patrice L. Weiss,

Rachel Kizony, Noomi Katz, Alessandro Mauro and Giuseppe Riva

Visual Tracking of Laparoscopic Instruments in Standard Training Environments 11

Brian F. Allen, Florian Kasper, Gabriele Nataneli, Erik Dutson

and Petros Faloutsos

On the Use of Laser Scans to Validate Reverse Engineering of Bony Anatomy 18

Joseph B. Anstey, Erin J. Smith, Brian Rasquinha, John F. Rudan and

Randy E. Ellis

Classification of Pulmonary System Diseases Patterns Using Flow-Volume Curve 25

Hossein Arabalibeik, Samaneh Jafari and Khosro AginCost-Efficient Suturing Simulation with Pre-Computed Models 31

Venkata Sreekanth Arikatla, Ganesh Sankaranarayanan and Suvranu De

Anesthesia Residents' Preference for Learning Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block

(ISBPB): Traditional Winnie's Technique vs. Ultrasound-Guided Technique 36

lmad T. Awad, Colin Sinclair, Ewen W. Chen, Colin J.L. McCartney,Jeffrey J.H. Cheung andAdam Dubrowski

Fuzzy Control of a Hand Rehabilitation Robot to Optimize the Exercise Speedin Passive Working Mode 39

Mina Arab Baniasad, Mohammad Akbar, Aria Alasty and

Farzam Farahmand

Engaging Media for Mental Health Applications: The EMMA Project 44

R. Bahos, C. Botella, S. Quero, A. Garcia-Palacios and M. Alcahiz

NeuroSim - The Prototype of a Neurosurgical Training Simulator 51

Florian Beier, Stephan Diederich, Kirsten Schmieder and Reinhard Manner

Low-Cost, Take-Home, Beating Heart Simulator for Health-Care Education 57

Devin R. Berg, Andrew Carlson, William K. Durfee, Robert M. Sweet and

Troy ReihsenAn Adaptive Signal-Processing Approach to Online Adaptive Tutoring 60

Biyan Bergeron and Andrew Cline

Comparison of a Disposable Bougie Versus a Newly Designed Malleable Bougiein the Intubation of a Difficult Manikin Airway 65

Ben H. Boedeker, Mary Bernhagen, David J. Miller and W. Bosseau MurrayImproving Fiberoptic Intubation with a Novel Tongue Retraction Device 68

Ben H. Boedeker, Mary Bernhagen, David J. Miller, Thomas A. Nicholas IV,

Andrew Linnaus and W.B. Murray

xii

Combined Intubation Training (Simulated and Human) for 4th Year Medical

Students: The Center for Advanced Technology and Telemedicine AirwayTraining Program

Ben H. Boedeker, Mary Bernhagen, Thomas A. Nicholas IV and

W. Bosseau MurrayBattlefield Tracheal Intubation Training Using Virtual Simulation: A Multi Center

Operational Assessment of Video Laryngoscope TechnologyBen H. Boedeker, Kirsten A. Boedeker, Mary A. Bernhagen, David J. Miller

and Timothy LacyIntubation Success Rates and Perceived User Satisfaction Using the Video

Laryngoscope to Train Deploying Far Forward Combat Medical Personnel

Ben H. Boedeker, Mary A. Barak-Bernhagen, Kirsten A. Boedeker and

W. Bosseau MurrayField Use of the STORZ C-MAC Video Laryngoscope in Intubation Trainingwith the Nebraska National Air Guard

Ben H. Boedeker, Maiy A. Bernhagen, David J. Miller, Nikola Miljkovic,Gail M. Kuper and W. Bosseau Murray

The Combined Use of Skype and the STORZ CMAC Video Laryngoscopein Field Intubation Training with the Nebraska National Air Guard

Ben H. Boedeker, Mary Bernhagen, David J. Miller, Nikola Miljkovic,Gail M. Kuper and W. Bosseau Murray

Online Predictive Tools for Intervention in Mental Illness: The OPT1MI ProjectCristina Botella, Ines Moragrega, R. Bahos and Azucena Garcia-Palacios

An Integrated Surgical Communication Network - SurgONRichard D. Bucholz, Keith A. haycock, Leslie L. McDurmont and

William R. MacNeil

Web-Accessible Interactive Software of 3D Anatomy RepresentingPathophysiological Conditions to Enhance the Patient-Consent Process for

Procedures

D. Burke, X. Zhou, V. Rotty, V. Konchada, Y. Shen, B. Konety and R. Sweet

Fast Adaptation ofPre-Operative Patient Specific Models to Real-Time

Intra-Operative Volumetric Data Streams

Bruce M. Cameron, Maryam E. Rettmann, David R. Holmes III and

Richard A. Robb

Realistic Visualization of Living Brain Tissue

Llyr ap Cenydd, Annette Walter, Nigel W. John, Marina Bloj andNicholas Phillips

A Virtual Surgical Environment for Rehearsal ofTympanomastoidectomySonny Chan, Peter Li, Dong Hoon Lee, J. Kenneth Salisbury andNikolas H. Blevins

Acquisition of Technical Skills in Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia

Using a High-Fidelity Simulator

Jeffrey J.H. Cheung, Ewen W. Chen, Yaseen Al-Allaq, Nasim Nikravan,

Colin J.L. McCartney, Adam Dubrowski and Imad T. Awad

MeRiTS: Simulation-Based Training for Healthcare Professionals

David Chodos, Eleni Stroulia and Sharla KingA Framework for Treatment of Autism Using Affective Computing

Seong Youb Chung and Hyun Joong Yoon

Modification of Commercial Force Feedback Hardware for Needle Insertion

Simulation 135

Timothy R. Coles, Nigel W. John, Giuseppe Sofia, Derek A. Gould and

Darwin G. Caldwell

Visualization of Pelvic Floor Reflex and Voluntary Contractions 138

Christos E. Constantinou, Daniel Korenblum and Bertha Chen

Mixed Virtual Reality Simulation - Taking Endoscopic Simulation One StepFurther 144

O. Courteille, L. Fellander-Tsai, L. Hedman, A. Kjellin, L. Enochsson,

G. Lindgren and U. Fors

A Serious Game for Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery Procedure

Training 147

Brent Cowan, Hamed Sabri, Bill Kapralos, Fuad Moussa, Sayra Cristancho

andAdam Dubrowski

Progressive Simulation-Based Program for Training Cardiac Surgery-RelatedSkills 150

Sayra Cristancho, Fuad Moussa, Alex Monclou, Camilo Moncayo,Claudia Rueda andAdam Dubrowski

MSMS Software for VR Simulations ofNeural Prostheses and Patient Trainingand Rehabilitation 156

Rahman Davoodi and Gerald E. Loeb

Virtual Reality System in Conjunction with Neurorobotics and Neuroprostheticsfor Rehabilitation of Motor Disorders 163

Alessandro De Mauro, Eduardo Carrasco, David Oyarzun, Aitor Ardanza,

Anselmo Frizera Neto, Diego Torricelli, Jose Luis Pons, Angel Gil and

Julian Florez

Modeling the Thermal Effect of the Bipolar Electrocautery for NeurosurgerySimulation 166

Sebastien Delorme, Anne Cabral, Fabio Ayres and Di Jiang

CliniSpace: A Multiperson 3D Online Immersive Training Environment

Accessible Through a Browser 173

Parvati Dev. W. LeRoy Heinrichs and Patricia YoungbloodMedical Education Through Virtual Worlds: The HLTHSIM Project 180

Roy Eagleson, Sandrine de Ribaupierre, Sharla King and E/eni Stroulia

Ubiquitous Health in Practice: The Interreality Paradigm 185

Andrea Gaggioli, Simona Raspelli, Alessandra Grassi, Federica Pallavicini,

Pietro Cipresso, Brenda K. Wiederhold and Giuseppe Riva

Bench Model Surgical Skill Training Improves Novice Ability to Multitask:

A Randomized Controlled Study 192

Lawrence Grierson, Megan Melnyk, Nathan Jowlett, David Backstein

and Adam Dubrowski

A Design ofHardware Haptic Interface for Gastrointestinal EndoscopySimulation 199

Yunjin Gu and Doo Yong Lee

Open Surgery Simulation of Inguinal Hernia Repair 202

Niels Hald, Sudip K. Sarker, Paul Ziprin, Pierre-Frederic Villard and

Fernando Bello

SML: SoFMIS Meta Language for Surgical Simulation 209

Tansel Halie and Suvranu De

XIV

A Software Framework for Multimodal Interactive Simulations (SoFMIS) 213

Tansel Halic, Sreekanth A. Venkata, Ganesh Sankaranarayanan,Zhonghna Lit, Woojin Ahn and Suvranu De

Simulation of Vaginal Wall Biomechanical Properties from Pelvic Floor Closure

Forces Map 218

Shin Hasegawa, Yuki Yoshida, Darning Wei, Sadao Omata and

Chris/os E. Constantinou

A Generalized Haptic Feedback Approach for Arbitrarily Shaped Objects 224

Rui Hu, Kenneth E. Barner and Karl V. Steiner

Piezoelectric Driven Non-Toxic Injector for Automated Cell Manipulation 231

H.B. Huang, Hao Su, H.Y. Chen and J.K. Mills

Virtual Arthroscopy Trainer for Minimally Invasive Surgery 236

Vassilios Hurmusiadis, Kawal Rhode, Tobias Schaeffter and Kevin Sherman

Design for Functional Occlusal Surface of CAD/CAM Crown Using VR

Articulator 239

Tomoko Ikawa, Takumi Ogawa, Yuko Shigeta, Shintaro Kasama,

Rio Hirabayashi, Shunji Fukushima, Asaki Hattori and Naoki Suzuki

Biopsym: A Learning Environment for Trans-Rectal Ultrasound Guided

Prostate Biopsies 242

Thomas Janssoone, Gregoire Chevreau, Lucile Vadcard, Pierre Mozer

and Jocelyne Troccaz

Comparison of Reaching Kinematics During Mirror and Parallel Robot

Assisted Movements 247

Zahra Kadivar, Cynthia Sung, Zachary Thompson, Marcia O 'Malley,Michael Liebschner and Zhigang Deng

Serious Games in the Classroom: Gauging Student Perceptions 254

Bill Kapralos, Sayra Cristancho, Mark Porte, David Backstein,

Alex Monclou and Adam Dubrowski

Influence of Metal Artifacts on the Creation of Individual 3D Cranio-Mandibular

Models 261

Shintaro Kasama, Takumi Ogawa, Tomoko Ikawa, Yuko Shigeta,

Shinya Hirai, Shunji Fukushima, Asaki Hattori and Naoki Suzuki

Web-Based Stereoscopic Visualization for the Global Anatomy Classroom 264

Mathias Kaspar, Fred Dech, Nigel M. Parsad and Jonathan C. Silverstein

Expanding the Use of Simulators as Assessment Tools: The New Pop Quiz 271

Abby R. Kaye, Lawrence H. Salud, Zachary B. Domont,

Katherine Blossfield Iannitelli and Carla M. PughValidation of Robotic Surgery Simulator (RoSS) 274

Thenkurussi Kesavadas, Andrew Stegemann, Gughan Sathyaseelan,Ashirwad Chowriappa, Govindarajan Srimathveeravalli,

Stefanie Seixas-Mikelus, Rameella Chandrasekhar, Gregory Wildingand Khurshid Guru

Practical Methods for Designing Medical Training Simulators 277

Thomas Knott, Sebastian Ullrich and Torsten Kuhlen

The Minnesota Pelvic Trainer: A Hybrid VR/Physical Pelvis for ProvidingVirtual Mentorship 280

Vamsi Konchada, Yunhe Shen, Dan Burke, Omer B. Argun,Anthony Weinhaus, Arthur G. Erdman and Robert M. Sweet

Registration Stability of Physical Templates in Hip Surgery 283

Manuela Kunz, John F. Rudan, Gavin C.A. Wood and Randy E. Ellis

Real-Time 3D Avatars for Tele-Rehabilitation in Virtual Reality 290

Gregorij Kurillo, Tomaz Koritnik, Tadej Bajd and Ruzena BajcsyFundamentals of Gas Phase Plasmas for Treatment of Human Tissue 297

Mark J. Kushner and Natalia Yu. Babaeva

VR-Based Training and Assessment in Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia:

From Error Analysis to System Design 304

Erik Lovquist, Owen O'Sullivan, Donnchadh Oh'Ainle, Graham Baitson,

George Shorten and Nick Avis

Real-Time Electrocautery Simulation for Laparoscopic Surgical Environments 311

Zhonghua Lit, Venkata Sreekanth Arikatla, Dingfang Chen and Suvranu De

Guidewire and Catheter Behavioural Simulation 317

Vincent Luboz, Jianhua Zhai, To/u Odetoyinbo, Peter Littler, Derek Gould,

Thien How and Fernando Bello

Design and Implementation of a Visual and Haptic Simulator in a Platform for

a TEL System in Percutaneuos Orthopedic Surgery 324

Vanda Luengo, Aurelie Larcher andJerome Tonetti

Computational Modeling of Human Head Electromagnetics for Source

Localization of Milliscale Brain Dynamics 329

Allen D. Malony, Adnan Salman, Sergei Turovets, Don Tucker,

Vasily Volkov, Kai Li, Jung Eun Song, Scott Biersdorff, Colin Davey,Chris Hoge and David Hammond

Simulation and Modeling of Metamorphopsia with a Deformable Amsler Grid 336

Anabel Martin-Gonzalez, Ines Lanzl, Ramin Khoramnia and Nassir Navab

Development of a Customizable Software Application for Medical ImagingAnalysis and Visualization 343

Marisol Martinez-Escobar, Catherine Peloquin, Bethany Jahnke,

Joanna Peddicord, Sonia Jose, Christian Noon, Jung Leng Foo and

Eliot Winer

Pneumoperitoneum Technique Simulation in Laparoscopic Surgery on Lamb

Liver Samples and 3D Reconstruction 348

F. Martinez-Martinez, M.J. Ruperez, M.A. Lago, F. Lopez-Mir,C. Monserrat and M. Alcaniz

Technology Transfer at the University of Nebraska Medical Center 351

Kulia Matsuo, Hemy J. Runge, David J. Miller, Mary A. Barak-Bernhagenand Ben H. Boedeker

CvhSlicer: An Interactive Cross-Sectional Anatomy Navigation System Based

on High-Resolution Chinese Visible Human Data 354

Q. Meng, Y.P. Chui, J. Qin, W.H. Kwok, M. Karmakar and P.A. HengGeneration ofConnectivity-Preserving Surface Models ofMultiple Sclerosis

Lesions 359

Oscar Meruvia-Pastor, Mei Xiao, Jung Soh and Christoph W. Sensen

A Comparison of Videolaryngoscopic Technologies 366

DavidJ. Miller, Nikola Miljkovic, Chad Chiesa, Nathan Schulte,

John B. Callahan Jr. and Ben H. Boedeker

Telemedicine Using Free Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Technology 369

DavidJ. Miller, Nikola Miljkovic, Chad Chiesa, John B. Callahan Jr.,

Brad Webb and Ben H. Boedeker

XVI

iMedic: A Two-Handed Immersive Medical Environment for Distributed

Interactive Consultation 372

Paul Mlyniec, Jason Jerald, Arun Yoganandan, F. Jacob Seagull,Fernando Toledo and Udo Sclndtheis

Patient Specific Surgical Simulator for the Evaluation of the Movability of

Bimanual Robotic Arms 379

Andrea Moglia, Giuseppe Turini, Vincenzo Ferrari, Mauro Ferrari and

Franco Mosca

CyberMedVPS: Visual Programming for Development of Simulators 386

Aline M. Morais and Liliane S. Machado

A Bloodstream Simulation Based on Particle Method 389

Masashi Nakagawa, Nobuhiko Mukai, Kiyomi Niki and Shuichiro Takanashi

Laser Induced Shockwaves on Flexible Polymers for Treatment of Bacterial

Biofilms 394

Artemio Navarro, Zachary D. Taylor, David Beenhouwer, DavidA. Haake,

Vijay Gupta, Warren S. GrundfestVirtual Reality Haptic Human Dissection 397

Caroline Needham, Caroline Wilkinson and Roger SoamesThe Tool Positioning Tutor: A Target-Pose Tracking and Display System for

Learning Correct Placement of a Medical Device 400

Douglas A. Nelson and Joseph T. SamoskyA Cost Effective Simulator for Education of Ultrasound Image Interpretationand Probe Manipulation 403

S.A. Nicolau, A. Vemuri, H.S. Wu, M.H. Huang, Y. Ho, A. Charnoz,

A. Hostettler, C. Forest, L. Soler andJ. Marescaux

A Portable Palpation Training Platform with Virtual Human Patient 408

Tyler Niles, D. Scott Lind and Kyle Johnsen

A Development of Surgical Simulator for Training of Operative Skills UsingPatient-Specific Data 415

Masato Ogata, Manabu Nagasaka, Torn Inuiya, Kazuhide Makiyamaand Yoshinobu Kubota

Virtual Reality Image Applications for Treatment Planning in Prosthodontic

Dentistry 422

Takumi Ogawa, Tomoko Ikawa, Yuko Shigeta, Shintaro Kasama,

Eriko Ando, Slmnji Fukushima, Asaki Hattori and Naoki Suzuki

The Initiation ofa Preoperative and Postoperative Telemedicine Urology Clinic 425

Eugene S. Park, Ben H. Boedeker, Jennifer L. Hemstreet and

George P. Hemstreet

Modeling Surgical Skill Learning with Cognitive Simulation 428

Shi-Hyun Park, Irene H. Suh, Jung-hung Chien, Jaehyon Paik,Frank E. Ritter, Dmitry Oleynikov, Ka-Chun Siu

Virtual Reality Stroop Task for Neurocognitive Assessment 433

Thomas D. Parsons, Christopher G. Courtney, Brian Arizmendi

and Michael Dawson

Implementation of Virtual Online Patient Simulation 440

V. Patel, R. Aggarwal, D. Taylor andA. Darzi

Patient-Specific Cases for an Ultrasound Training Simulator 447

Kresimir Petrinec, Eric Savitsky and Cheryl Hein

Stereo Image-Based Arm Tracking for In Vivo Surgical Robotics 454

Eric Psota, Kyle Strabala, Jason Dumpert, Lance C. Perez, Shane Farritor

andDmitry OleynikovA Simulation Framework for Wound Closure by Suture for the Endo Stitch

Suturing Instrument 461

Sukitti Punak and Sergei Kurenov

Simplified Cosserat Rod for Interactive Suture Modeling 466

Sukitti Punak and Sergei KurenovA Design for Simulating and Validating the Nuss Procedure for the MinimallyInvasive Correction of Pectus Excavatum 473

KrzysztofJ. Rechowicz, Robert Kelly, Michael Goretsky, Frazier W. Frantz,

Stephen B. Knisley, Donald Nuss and Frederic D. McKenzie

AISLE: An Automatic Volumetric Segmentation Method for the Study of LungAllometry 476

Hongliang Ren and Peter Kazanzides

Development of a Wireless Hybrid Navigation System for Laparoscopic Surgery 479

Hongliang Ren, Denis Rank, Martin Merdes, Jan Stallkamp andPeter Kazanzides

Visualization of Probabilistic Fiber Tracts in Virtual Reality 486

Tobias Rick, Anette von Kapri, Svenja Caspers, Katrin Amunts, Karl Zilles

and Torsten Kuhlen

NeuroVR 2 - A Free Virtual Reality Platform for the Assessment and Treatment

in Behavioral Health Care 493

Giuseppe Riva, Andrea Gaggioli, Alessandra Grassi, Simona Raspelli,Pietro Cipresso, Federica Pallavicini, Cinzia Vigna, Andrea Gagliati,Stefano Gasco and Giuseppe Donvito

Personal Health Systems for Mental Health: The European Projects 496

Giuseppe Riva, Rosa Banos, Cristina Botella, Andrea Gaggioli and

Brenda K. Wiederhold

An Intelligent Virtual Human System for Providing Healthcare Information and

Support 503

Albert A. Rizzo, Belinda Lange, John G. Buckwalter, Eric Forbell,Julia Kim, Kenji Sagae, Josh Williams, Barbara O. Rothbaum,JoAnn Difede, Greg Reger, Thomas Parsons and Patrick Kenny

Virtual Reality Applications for Addressing the Needs of Those Aging with

Disability 510

Albert Rizzo, Phil Requejo, Caro/eeJ. Winstein, Belinda Lange,Gisele Ragusa, Alma Merians, James Patton, Pat Banerjee and

Mindy Aisen

The Validation of an Instrumented Simulator for the Assessment of Performance

and Outcome of Knot Tying Skill: A Pilot Study 517

David Rojas, Sayra Cristancho, Claudia Rueda, Lawrence Grierson,Alex Monclou and Adam Dubrowski

Manual Accuracy in Comparison with a Miniature Master Slave Device -

Preclinical Evaluation for Ear Surgery 524

A. Runge, M. Hofer, E. Dittrich, T. Neumuth, R. Haase, M. Strauss,

A. Dietz, T. Liith and G. Strauss

xviii

Are Commercially Available Simulators Durable Enough for Classroom Use? 531

Jonathan C. Sahtd, Katherine Blossfield Iannitelli, Lawrence H. Sahid and

Carla M. PughToward a Simulation and Assessment Method for the Practice of Camera-Guided

Rigid Bronchoscopy 535

Lawrence H. Salud, Alec R. Peniche, Jonathan C. Salud, Alberto L. de Hoyosand Carla M. Pugh

Use of Sensor Technology to Explore the Science of Touch 542

Lawrence H. Salud and Carla M. PughReal-Time "X-Ray Vision" for Healthcare Simulation: An Interactive Projective

Overlay System to Enhance Intubation Training and Other Procedural Training 549

Joseph T. Samosky, Emma Baillargeon, Russell Bregman, Andrew Brown,

Amy Chaya, Leah Enders, Douglas A. Nelson, Evan Robinson,Alison L. Sukits and Robert A. Weaver

Toward a Comprehensive Hybrid Physical-Virtual Reality Simulator of PeripheralAnesthesia with Ultrasound and Neurostimulator Guidance 552

Joseph T. Samosky, Pete Allen, Steve Boronyak, Barton Branstetter,

Steven Hein, Mark Juhas, Douglas A. Nelson, Steven Orebaugh,Rohan Pinto, Adam Smelko, Mitch Thompson and Robert A. Weaver

A Fixed Point Proximity Method for Extended Contact Manipulation of

Deformable Bodies with Pivoted Tools in Multimodal Virtual Environments 555

Ganesh Sankaranarayanan, Zhonghua Lu and Suvranu De

Collision and Containment Detection Between Biomechanically Based EyeMuscle Volumes 560

Graciela Santana Sosa and Thomas KaltofenVisualization of 3D Volumetric Lung Dynamics for Real-Time External Beam

Lung Radiotherapy 567

Anand P. Santhanam, Harini Neelakkantan, Yugang Min, Nicolene Papp,Akash Bhargava, Kevin Erhart, Xiang Long, Rebecca Mitchell,Eduardo Divo, Alain Kassab, Olusegun Ilegbusi, Bari H. Ruddy,Jannick P. Rolland, SanfordL. Meeks and Patrick A. Kupelian

Laser Surgery Simulation Platform: Toward Full-Procedure Training and

Rehearsal for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Therapy 574

Yunhe Shen, Vamsi Konchada, Nan Zhang, Saurabh Jain, Xiangmin Zhou,

Daniel Burke, Carson Wong, Culley Carson, Claus Roehrborn and

Robert Sweet

3D Tracking of Surgical Instruments Using a Single Camera for LaparoscopicSurgery Simulation 581

Sangkyun Shin, Youngjun Kim, Hyunsoo Kwak, Deukhee Lee and

Sehyung Park

Perceptual Metrics: Towards Better Methods for Assessing Realism in

Laparoscopic Simulators 588

Ravikiran B. Singapogu, Christopher C. Pagano, Timothy C. Burg and

Karen J.K.L. BurgRole of Haptic Feedback in a Basic Laparoscopic Task Requiring Hand-EyeCoordination 591

Ravikiran B. Singapogu, Christopher C. Pagano, Timothy C. Burg,Karen J.K.L. Burg and Varun V. Prabhu

A Model for Flexible Tools Used in Minimally Invasive Medical Virtual

Environments 594

Francisco Soler, M. Victoria Luzon, Serban R. Pop, Chris J. Hughes,

Nigel W. John andJuan Carlos Torres

Segmentation of3D Vasculatures for Interventional Radiology Simulation 599

Yi Song, Vincent Luboz, Nizar Din, Daniel King, Derek Gould,

Fernando Bello and Andy BulpittEEG-Based "Serious" Games and Monitoring Tools for Pain Management 606

Olga Sourina, Qiang Wang and Minh Khoa NguyenA New Part Task Trainer for Teaching and Learning Confirmation of

Endotracheal Intubation 611

Cyle Sprick, Hariy Owen, Cindy Hein and Brigid Brown

Mobile Three Dimensional Gaze Tracking 616

JosefStoll, Stefan Kohlbecher, Svenja Marx, Erich Schneider and

Wolfgang Einhauser

High-Field MRI-Compatible Needle Placement Robot for Prostate Interventions 623

Hao Su, Alex Camilo, Gregory A. Cole, Nobuhiko Hata, Clare M. Tempanyand Gregory S. Fischer

Electromyographic Correlates of Learning During Robotic Surgical Trainingin Virtual Reality 630

Irene H. Suh, Mukul Mukherjee, Ryan Schrack, Shi-Hyun Park,

Jung-hung Chien, Dmitry Oleynikov and Ka-Chun Siu

Web-Based Interactive Volume Rendering 635

Stefan Suwelack, Sebastian Maier, Roland Unterhinninghofen and

Riidiger DillmannA Method of Synchronization for Haptic Collaborative Virtual Environments

in Multipoint and Multi-Level Computer Performance Systems 638

Kazuyoshi Tagawa, Tatsuro Bito and Hiromi T. Tanaka

A Hybrid Dynamic Deformation Model for Surgery Simulation 645

Kazuyoshi Tagawa and Hiromi T. Tanaka

Single and Multi-User Virtual Patient Design in the Virtual World 650

D. Taylor, V. Patel, D. Cohen, R. Aggarwal, K. Kerr, N. Sevdalis, N. Batrick

and A. Darzi

Terahertz Imaging of Biological Tissues 653

Priyamvada Tewari, Zachaiy D. Taylor, David Bennett, Rahul S. Singh,Martin O. Culjat, Colin P. Kealey, Jean Pierre Hubschman, Shane White,

Alistair Cochran, Elliott R. Brown and Warren S. GrundfestQuantifying Surgeons' Vigilance During Laparoscopic Operations Using

Eyegaze Tracking 658

Geoffrey Tien, Bin Zheng and M. Stella Atkins

Modeling of Interaction Between a Three-Fingered Surgical Grasper and

Human Spleen 663

Mojdeh Tirehdast, Alireza Mirbagheri, Mohsen Asghari and

Farzam Farahmand

Quantizing the Void: Extending Web3D for Space-Filling Haptic Meshes 670

Sebastian Ullrich, Torsten Kuhlen, Nicholas F. Polys, Daniel Evestedt,

Michael Aratow and Nigel W. John

Dissecting in Silico: Towards a Taxonomy for Medical Simulators 677

Sebastian Ullrich, Thomas Knott and Torsten Kuhlen

XX

Computed Tomography as Ground Truth for Stereo Vision Measurements of Skin 680

Amy M. Vanberlo, Aaron R. Campbell and Randy E. Ellis

Towards the Visualization of Spiking Neurons in Virtual Reality 685

Anelle von Kapri, Tobias Rick, Tobias C. Potjans, Markus Diesmann and

Torsten Knhlen

The Use ofVirtual Training to Support Insertion ofAdvanced Technology at

Remote Military Locations 688

Madison I. Walker, Robert B. Walker, Jeffrey S. Morgan, Mary Bernhagen,Nicholas Markin and Ben H. Boedeker

Three Dimensional Projection Environment for Molecular Design and SurgicalSimulation 691

Eric Wickstrom, Chang-Po Chen, Devakumar Devadhas, Matthew Wampole,Yuan-Yuan Jin, Jeffrey M. Sanders, John C. Kaiiys, Martha L. Ankeny,Rui Hu, Kenneth E. Barrier, Karl V. Steiner and Mathew L. Thakur

Reality Graded Exposure Therapy with Physiological Monitoring for the

Treatment of Combat Related Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study 696

Dennis Patrick Wood, Jennifer Webb-Murphy, Robert N. McLay,Brenda K. Wiederhold, James L. Spira, Scott Johnston, Robert L. Koffman,Mark D. Wiederhold and JeffPyne

Applications of Tactile Feedback in Medicine 703

Christopher Wottawa, Richard Fan, James W. Bisley, Erik P. Dutson,

Martin O. Culjat and Warren S. GrundfestNeedle Insertion Simulation by Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Method 710

Satoshi Yamaguchi, Koji Satake, Shigehiro Morikawa, Yoshiaki Shirai

and Hiromi T. Tanaka

Clinical Performance of Dental Fiberscope Image Guided System for Endodontic

Treatment 713

Yasushi Yamazaki, Takumi Ogawa, Yuko Shigeta, Tomoko Ikawa,

Shintaro Kasama, Asaki Hattori, Naoki Suzuki, Takatsugu Yamamoto,

Toshiko Ozawa and Takashi Aral

A Novel Virtual Reality Environment for Preoperative Planning and Simulation

of Image Guided Intracardiac Surgeries with Robotic Manipulators 716

Erol Yeniaras, Zhigang Deng, Mushabbar A. Syed, Mark G. Davies and

Nikolaos V. Tsekos

Enabling Surgeons to Create Simulation-Based Teaching Modules 723

Young In Yeo, Saleh Dindar, George Sarosi and Jorg Peters

Using a Virtual Integration Environment in Treating Phantom Limb Pain 730

Michael J. Zeher, Robert S. Armiger, James M. Burck, Courtney Moran,

Janid Blanco Kiely, Sharon R. Weeks, Jack W. Tsao, Paul F. Pasquina,R. Davoodi and G. Loeb

Validation of a Virtual Preoperative Evaluation Clinic: A Pilot Study 737

Corey V. Zetterman, Bobbie J. Sweitzer, Brad Webb,

Mary A. Barak-Bernhagen and Ben H. Boedeker

Multifunction Robotic Platform for Natural Orifice Surgery 740

Xiaoli Zhang, WeiJian Chin, Chi Min Seow, Akiko Nakamura,

Michael Head, Shane Farritor, Dmitry Oleynikov and Carl Nelson

Maintaining Forward View of the Surgical Site for Best Endoscopic Practice 743

Bin Zheng, Maria A. Cassera, Lee L. Swanstrom, Adam Meneghetti,Neely O.N. Panton and Karim A. Qayumi

Phenomenological Model of Laser-Tissue Interaction with Application to

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Simulation

Xiangmin Zhou, Nan Zhang, Yunhe Shen, Dan Burke, Vamsi Konchada

and Robert Sweet

Subject Index

Author Index