1. Insects annd Diseases of MAP;s Through Good Agriculture
Practices Former . Director General Agriculture Extension KPK
Province [email protected] 03329221298 Mr Allah dad Khan
2. Medicinal Plants Medicinal plants and herbs are used (or
have been) by nearly all cultures to prevent or treat illness. The
World Health Organization estimates that in many African and Asian
countries, nearly 80 percent of the population depends on herbal
medicine as the primary source of care.
3. Pests of MAP.s 1. Medicinal plants are attacked regularly by
insects, mites, nematodes, bacteria, fungi and viruses. Leaf and
seed extracts in water (510%), seed cakes (250 kg ha1), crude oils
(0.53%) or essential oils (3000 ppm) have been effectively used to
control inter alia, the sap sucking pests, foliar diseases and
root-knot nematodes. 2. Medicinal plants now a days are being
cultivated in the fields to meet the increasing demand for
pharmaceutical industries. Like any other plants, medicinal plants
too have to bear the devastating attacks of injurious insect
pests.
4. Insects of MAPs Aphids - Aphids love the tender new leaves
of herbs and, in large numbers, may cause curling of the foliage.
The resulting honeydew secretion may promote sooty mold as well as
attract ants. Aphids are most commonly found among crowded and
rapidly growing herbs. Horticultural soaps and neem oil may aid in
exterminating these pests Control 1 bulb of garlic 1 small onion 1
tablespoon cayenne (red) pepper 2 tablespoons liquid soap 1 quart
water Spray bottle
5. Whiteflies Whiteflies will also appear on the underside of
the leaves. When infested plants are disturbed, great clouds of the
winged adults fly the air. Both nymphs and adults damage plants by
sucking the juices from new growth causing stunted growth, leaf
yellowing and reduced yields. Plants become weak and susceptible to
disease. Like aphids, whiteflies secrete honeydew, so leaves maybe
sticky or covered with a black sooty mold. They are also
responsible for transmitting several plant viruses.
6. White Fly Control The Bug Blaster to hose off plants with a
strong stream of water and reduce pest numbers. Natural predators
of this pest include ladybugs and lacewing larvae, which feed on
their eggs aYellow stictrapky s are helpful for monitoring and
suppressing adult populations. If found,. Insecticidal soap, neem
oil and botanical insecticides can be used to spot treat heavily
infuse nd the whitefly parasite which destroys nymphs and pupae.
For best results, make releases when pest levels are low to medium.
If populations are high, use a least- toxic, short-lived organic
pesticide to establish control, then release predatory insects to
maintain controlested areas if population become intolerable.
7. Leafhoppers Leafhoppers rarely do much damage but do feed on
basil, oregano, and parsley. They are small, brightly colored
insects that often feed on the stems and undersides of leaves for
their sap, causing a mottled look. They can move very quickly when
disturbed, making control difficult.
8. Control of Leaf Hopper Some damage is tolerable, but when
infestations are severe, apply dormant oil sprays to kill adults
over-wintering on fruit trees. Wash nymphs from plants with a
strong spray of water. Nymphs can also be controlled with
insecticidal soap. Thorough coverage of both upper and lower
infested leaves is necessary for effective control. Coverage of the
fruit is of secondary importance. If pest levels become
intolerable, spot treat with botanical insecticides as a last
resort.
9. Leaf miners Leaf miners will also attack succulent basil,
leaving tunneling trails between the upper and lower leaf
10. Parsley worms Black swallowtail caterpillars morph into
spectacular butterflies. Hence, many gardeners refrain from
eliminating them and simply plant plenty of the parsley, dill and
fennel these guy love to munch on
11. Flea beetles The flea beetle is just that again, chewing
pinprick holes in the leaves of herbs but sustaining no serious
damage.
12. Diseases of MAPs 1. Very few herbs (mints and lemon grass)
thrive in wet soil. Waterlogged soils encourage fungal diseases
such as fusarium root rot. Symptoms appear as brown streaks on the
herb stems with an end result often of the general collapse of the
plant. 2. Rust plagues many members of the mint family and presents
itself as rusty orange lesions on the underside of the leaves. 3.
Defenses against diseases of herbs are proper growing conditions,
sanitation, removal of weak or otherwise infested foliage and
regular pruning. Raised beds will foster good drainage and watering
in the morning to give the herb plenty of time to dry out will also
retard the spread of fungal spores which could result in
disease.
13. Fusarium Wilt on Basil 1) Symptoms of fusarium wilt
include: 2) stunted growth 3) wilted and yellowing leaves 4) brown
spots or streaks on the stem 5) severely twisted stems 6) leaf
drop
14. Downy Mildew on Basil
15. Powdery Mildew on Rose Mary
16. GoodAgriculturePractices Guidelines for Good Agricultural
Practice (GAP) of Medicinal Plants 1 Seeds and propagation material
-Parent material used is to be certified as authentic. 2.
Cultivation Standard Operating Procedures for cultivation (to be
elaborated). 3. Soil and Fertilization -Medicinal and aromatic
plants should not be grown in soils that are contaminated by slug.
4. Irrigation -Irrigation should be minimized as much as
17. GoodAgriculturePracticescontd 5. Tillage should be adapted
to the growth and requirements of plants. 6. Pesticide and
herbicide application shoud be avoided as far as possible. 7.
Harvest- Harvesting should take place when the plants are of best
possible quality, according to their different utilizations. 8.
Primary processing -Primary processing after harvest includes such
processing steps as washing, freezing, distilling, drying,
etc.
18. Good Agriculture Practices 9.Packaging packaged in new,
clean and dry sacks, bags or chests. The label must be clear,
permanently fixed and be made of non-toxic material. 10.Storage and
Transport -Fresh products (except basil) should be stored between
1C and 5C while frozen products should be stored below 18C (or
below 20C for longer term storage). 11. Personnel and Facilities
-Personnel should receive adequate botanical education before
performing tasks that require this knowledge.
19. Good Agriculture Practices Contd 12. . Documentation -All
parent materials and processing steps, including the location of
cultivation, have to be documented. Field records showing previous
cropping and used inputs should be maintained by all growers. 13.
Education -It is highly advisable to educate all personnel dealing
with the crop or those engaged in the management of production, in
production techniques as well as the appropriate use of herbicides
and pesticides. 14. Quality Guarantee -Consultation between
producers and buyers of medicinal and aromatic plants, with regard
to quality questions, e.g. active principles and other
characteristic ingredients.
20. Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
21. Reasons for IPM Chemical pesticides can impact the human
health and ecosystems Example: DDT, a pesticide, can accumulate in
the fatty tissue of animals and affect bird reproduction
22. Reasons for IPM 1. Insects can become resistant to chemical
pesticides 2. Approximately 500 species of insects are resistant to
one or more pesticides
23. Insect Control Cultural Mechanical Biological Beneficial
Chemical
24. Cultural Control 1. Soil Preparation 2. Plant selection 3.
Rotation 4. Planting dates 5. Interplantings 6. Trap crops
25. Healthy soil encourages healthy, unstressed plants. Proper
pH and fertilization are important. Uncomposted organic matter can
encourage pests. Soil Preparation
26. Plant Selection Use disease- and insect free- plants. Buy
plants from reputable sources and choose resistant cultivars when
possible.
27. Rotation Planting similar crops in successive years tends
to increase pest problems.
28. Planting Dates Some pests can be avoided by planting a crop
before a pest moves into the area. Some root rot and germination
problems can be avoided by later plantings.
29. Interplantings Avoid placing all plants of one kind
together. Alternate groups of different plants within rows or
patches.
30. Trap Crops Plant a crop that is more attractive to a pest
than the one you intend to grow. Then treat the pest on the
infested decoy plants.
31. Mechanical Control A. Handpicking B. Traps C. Barriers D.
Pruning
32. Handpicking Inspect plants for egg clusters, beetles,
caterpillars, or other pests. Squash them or drop them in sudsy
water.
33. Traps Insect traps can be useful for detection and
sometimes management. There are many kinds. Be sure that you are
not attracting more pests into an area.
34. Barriers Mechanical barriers such as collars, cages,
netting, or sticky barriers can be very effective against specific
pests.
35. Pruning & Raking Some pests can be controlled by
pruning out infected twigs or raking fallen twigs or leaves in
which the insects overwinter.
36. Biological Control Biological control uses predators,
parasites, or disease organisms to attack unwanted pests.
37. Use of Biological Pest and Disease Control . They may be
microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, virus or bigger life forms
like insects, worms, reptiles, mammal and birds. You can learn to
increase the beneficial insects, microorganisms and other animal
and plant life in your farms to counter pests and diseases harming
your crops. Let us protect and increase these beneficial enemies of
pests.
38. Beneficials Beneficial organisms such as lady beetles,
lacewings, wasps, and syrphid flies, can be protected, encouraged,
or introduced in the garden.
39. Chemical Control a. Botanicals b. Soaps c. Horticultural
Oils d. Synthetic Insecticides e. Biologicals
40. Botanicals Botanical insecticides are naturally occurring
chemicals extracted from plants. Some examples are nicotine, neem,
rotenone, and pyrethrum.
41. Soaps Commercial insecticidal soaps work well against soft
bodied insects. They do less damage against the parasites and
predator of some pests.
42. Horticultural Oils These oils work best on soft-bodied
insects and disrupt metabolism. They have low toxicity to humans.
Be sure to read the label to use them correctly.
43. Synthetic Chemicals These are chemicals made in a
laboratory. Some kill insects by contact, some through ingestion,
and some through inhalation. Always follow label
44. Biologicals Biological insecticides use other living
organisms to attack pests. It is similar to giving them a disease.
Examples are the bacterial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis
(B.t.) and parasitic nematodes.
45. The biologicalagents Predators such as ladybird beetle,
spiders, dragonflies and mites. Parasites such as Trichogramma,
Braconids Pathogens such as bacteria and fungi which cause diseases
to pest.
46. SOME ENENIES OF INSECT PESTS 1. Trichogramma 2. Braconid 3.
Pirate bug 4. Spiders 5. Praying Manthis 6. Birds 7. Frogs
etc.
47. Types of Biopesticides Microbial pesticides consist of a
microorganism (e.g., a bacterium, fungus, virus, or protozoan) as
the active ingredient. Microbial pesticides can control many
different kinds of pests, although each separate active ingredient
is relatively specific for its target pest[s]. For example, there
are fungi that control certain weeds, and other fungi that kill
specific insects. Example BT Biochemical pesticides are naturally
occurring substances that control pests by non-toxic mechanisms.
Conventional pesticides, by contrast, are generally synthetic
materials that directly kill or inactivate the pest. Biochemical
pesticides include substances, such as insect sex pheromones Plant
pesticides are pesticidal substances that plants produce from
genetic material that has been added to the plant. For example,
scientists can take the gene for the Bt pesticidal protein and
introduce the gene into the plant's own genetic material
48. Used of Organic Pest and Disease Control Herbal
preparations to control pest and diseases can easily be made by
farmers themselves since we have abundant plants in the country
that are suitable ingredient.
49. Here is a short list of plants that can be effective
against a wide range of insect pest. 1. GOAT WEED (Aegaratum
conisoides) Leaves 2. DAMONG MARIA (Artemesia vulgaris) Leaves
mango tip borer. 3. LANTANA (Lantana camara) Flowers 4. DITA
(Derris philippinensis) Roots 5. WILD SUNFLOWER (Tethornia
diversifolia) Leaves 6. MARIGOLD (Targetes erecta) Roots 7. BLACK
PEPPER (Piper nigrum) Fruits 8. HOT PEPPER (Capscium frutesens)
Fruit 9. CUSTARD (Annona aquamosa) Seeds 10. NEEM (Azadiracta
indica) Seeds 11. Tobacco Leaves 12. GARLIC (Allium sativum) Cloves
13. AMARANTH (Amaranthus gracilis) Leaves 14. PAPAYA (Carica
papaya) Leaves 15. GINGER (Zingiber officianale) Rhizome 16. RED
ONION (Allium sepa) Bulb
50. Integrated Weed Management Certain weeds are difficult to
remove or control, like grasses. Planting vines and crawling crops
like sweet potato and cover crops will help suppress weeds.
51. Integrated Nutrient Management inm
52. Integrated FarmManagement Integrated Farm Management (IFM)
involves: a commitment to good husbandry and animal welfare
efficient soil management and appropriate cultivation techniques
the use of crop rotations minimum reliance on crop protection
chemicals and fertilisers careful choice of seed varieties
maintenance of the landscape and rural communities enhancement of
wildlife habitats a commitment to team spirit based on
communication, training and involvement.
53. CONCLUSION We can now grow our crops, following the natural
law and adopt Natural Organic and Biological Farming Systems that
are self sustaining, production cost reduction, and healthful
organic food crops that are very much in demand in the domestic and
export market today.