May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Fundamental Fundamental Symmetries and InteractionsSymmetries and Interactions
44thth block, year 2005/2006, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen block, year 2005/2006, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
K. Jungmann, K. Jungmann, C.J.G. Onderwater, C.J.G. Onderwater, R.G.E. Timmermans, R.G.E. Timmermans,
L. Willmann, L. Willmann, H.W. WilschutH.W. Wilschut
Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, Zernikelaan 25, NL 9747 GroningenKernfysisch Versneller Instituut, Zernikelaan 25, NL 9747 Groningen(phone 050 363 3600)(phone 050 363 3600)
Goal: Acquaint you with the role of modern symmetry concepts Acquaint you with the role of modern symmetry concepts in physicsin physics
and their connection to forces in natureand their connection to forces in nature
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Structure of CourseStructure of Course
• 15 dates with 2 hours each -- 1 May to 26 June 2006• Introduction to a subject area by lecturer• Important contributions from students
– Typically 20-40 min short presentations on a topic– Preparation together with one of the docents– Contents important – not outer form (rather good presentation with chalk than glossy powerpoint with errors!)
– Discussion of implications among all participants stands central
• Evaluation based on presentation and participation
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Expected resultExpected result
• Understanding of Role of– Symmetries
– Interactions
• Understand final talk on forefront of
such research
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Topics - Time Schedule (1)Topics - Time Schedule (1)Date Lecture A Lecture B
Topic by Topic by
1 1 May Overview/structure of Course
KJ Different Types of Symmetry
RT
2 5 May Noether Theorems
(continuous symmetries) info
Ummakanth D.
Experimental tests of
Continuous symmetries
GO
3 8 May Discrete Symmetries: Overview
info
LW Conserved Symmetries:
Parity
Schlebusch
4 12 May Conserved Symmetries: Charge
Conjugation, Time Reversal
Daren Conserved Symmetries:
CPT info
HWW
5 15 May 1956:
Papers of Lee and Yang info
KJ Symmetry Breaking:
(Parity/ Charge conj.), Wu et al.
Klaas
6 19 May Conservation of combined Symmetries: CP
Subhadeep
CP violation
info
S
7 22 May T-violation and EDMs
info
Aran M. CPT breaking and Lorentz
Invariance info
Marlene
8 26 May The Standard Model
info
Rachid Symmetry Groups
info
RT
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Topics - Time Schedule (2) Topics - Time Schedule (2) Date Lecture A Lecture B
Topic by Topic by
9 29 May Determination of Fundamental Constants: QED
info
LW Constancy of Constants
info
Aran
9 2 June NO Lecture
10 8 June Strong Interaction:
QCD
Endrodi Weak Interaction:
QFD / beta- decay
Moslem
11 12 June Non-Standard Model:
Gravity info
S Extensions to Standard Model
RT
12 16 June Tests of SM Extensions
g-2, Muonium info
S Lepton Flavour, Lepton Number,
Baryon Number info
S
13 19 June Neutrinoless Double
Beta- Decay info
Klaas Brantjes
P,T,C violation and new forces in
beta decay info
S
14 23 June Summary of actual Research in this field GO
15 26 June Reserved
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Noether TheoremsNoether Theorems
• Emmy Noether 1915– energy is conserved, if their form does not depend
on time
– the momentum is conserved if the laws do not depend on the position
– the angular momentum if the laws do not care about the orientation
• Relates to Continuous symmetries
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Parity, Charge Conjugation, Time ReversalParity, Charge Conjugation, Time Reversal
• Discrete Symmetries
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
The World according to EscherThe World according to Escher
mirror image time time
matter anti-matter
anti-particle particle e+ e-
P C T
from H.W. Wilschut
start end
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
1956: Lee and Yang1956: Lee and Yang
• Despite all higher theoretical insigths before:– Parity may not be conserved
• Global Symmetries -> Conservation Laws
Local Symmetries -> Forces
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
CP violationCP violation
• Fitch and Cronin discover CP violation in Kaon decay
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
EDMEDM violates: violates:
• Parity• Time reversal• CP- conservation (if CPTCPT conservation assumed)
Standard Model values are tiny, hence:
An observedAn observed EDM EDM would be Sign of New Physics beyond Standard Theory
Permanent Electric Dipole Moments Violate Discrete Fundamental Symmetries
H= -(d E+µ B) J/Jd - electric dipole momentµ - magnetic dipole momJ - Spin
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
EDM Limits as of summer 2005EDM Limits as of summer 2005
Particle
Exp. Limit [10-27 e cm]
SM [factor to go]
Possible New Physics [factor to go]
e (Tl) < 1.6 1011 1 < 1.05 *109 108 200 < 3.1 * 1011 107 1700 n < 63 104 60 Tl (odd p) < 105 107 105 Hg (odd n) < 0.21 105 various
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
CPT and Lorentz invarianceCPT and Lorentz invariance
• Relates to particle-antiparticle properties
• Spin and statistics
• Preferred reference frame in the universe
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Standard ModelStandard Model
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Groups and SymmetriesGroups and Symmetries
• "Group theory is the abstract study of symmetry"
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Fundamental constantsFundamental constants
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Time Variation of Time Variation of
Idea (Webb, Flambaum et al.):Relativistic Corrections to atomic level energies
Erel Z2[(j+1/2)-1 -C(j,l)]i.e. > 0 or < 0, depending on atom and state
Need best possib
le 187 Re lifetim
e
to exploit Re/Os ratio on meteorites
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Very Recent PaperVery Recent Paper
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Standing Waves of Ultra Cold NeutronsStanding Waves of Ultra Cold Neutronsin a gravitational fieldin a gravitational field
)1()(/21 r
er
mmGrV
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Extensions to the Standard ModelExtensions to the Standard Model
• Observations well explained in SM• Deeper understanding lacking
– Number of particle generations– Fermion masses– One unit of electric charge– One force only ?
• Supersymmetry, LeftRight Symmetry, Technicolorback
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Tests of Standard Model ExtensionsTests of Standard Model Extensions
• Direct Searches– LHC, Linear collider,…
• Precision Experiments
•
back
Muon g-2
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Lepton (Flavor) NumbersLepton (Flavor) Numbers
• A Conservation global symmetry without associated symmetry has no status in physics.
backfrom Y. Kunofrom Y. Kuno
Viable Viable Future Future
::
1011 – 1012 /sec pulsed < 10-18
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
InteractionsCUORICINOCUORICINO
• confirmation of Heidelberg-Moscowconfirmation of Heidelberg-Moscow neededneeded
• independent experiment(s) with differentindependent experiment(s) with differenttechnologies requiredtechnologies required
• need nuclear matrix elementsneed nuclear matrix elements
Neutrinoless Double Neutrinoless Double -Decay-Decay
(A,Z) (A,Z+2) + 2e-
1/T T 1/21/2 = G0 (E0,Z) | MGT + (gV/gA)2 ·MF|2 <mm>2
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
New interactions in Beta DecayNew interactions in Beta Decay
• Weak interaction in the SM is V-A
• Other interactions (T,P,S) can be excluded or
found only by experiment
• In Groningen TRIP to investigate this
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions
Vector [Tensor]
+
e
Scalar [Axial vector]
+
e
New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon New Interactions in Nuclear and Muon -Decay-Decay
In Standard Model:Weak Interaction is
V-A
In general -decaycould be also
S , P, T
nuclear -decays, Experiments in Traps muon decays, Michel parameters
back
May-June 2006Fundamental Symmetries &
Interactions back
The FINALThe FINAL