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Calcium Iron Silica Alumina Sulfate
Alkali waste AragoniteCalciteCement-kilndust
Cement rock
Chalklay Fullers earthLimestone Marble
MarlSeashellsShaleSlag
Blast-furnaceflue dustlay
Iron ore Mill scaleOre washings
Pyrite cindersShale
Calcium silicateCement rock
lay Fly ashFullers earthLimestone
LoessMarlOre washingsQuartziteRice-hull ashSandSandstoneShaleSlag
Traprock
Aluminum-orerefuse
BauxiteCement rock
layCopper slag
Fly ashFullers earthGranodioriteLimestone Loess
Ore washingsShaleSlagStaurolite
AnhydriteCalciumsulfate
Gypsum
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Traditional Manufactureof Portland Cement
1. Stone is first reduced to 125 mm (5 in.)size, then to 20 mm (3/4 in.), and stored.
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2. Raw materials are ground to powder and blended.
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3. Burning changes raw mix chemically into cement clinker.
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3a. Different zones in the kiln.
CO 2 driven off
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4. Clinker with gypsum is ground into portland cement andshipped.
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Clinker Gypsum
Clinker + Gypsum = Portland Cement
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C 3S 3 CaO SiO 2 Tricalcium silicateC 2S 2 CaO SiO 2 Dicalcium silicateC 3 A 3 CaO Al 2O3 Tricalcium aluminateC 4 AF 4 CaO Al 2O3Fe 2O3 Tetracalcium alumino ferrite
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I NormalII Moderate sulfate resistanceIII High early strengthIV Low heat of hydration
V High sulfate resistance
ASTM C 150 (AASHTO M 85)
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Type of
portlandcement
Potential compound composition,%Blaine
finenessm2/kgC3S C2S C3 A C4 AF
I (mean) 54 18 10 8 369
II (mean) 55 19 6 11 377
III (mean) 55 17 9 8 548
IV (mean) 42 32 4 15 340
V (mean) 54 22 4 13 373
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Hydration and hydration products
1. Cement grains partially dissolve
2. Ions in solution start to react with water(hydration) once concentration is highenough
3. New hydration products form out of thesolution and glue everything together
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H;9%"1-+ -? 3 I C "+9 3 J C
2C 3S + 11H ! C 3S 2H8 + 3CH
C-S-H Calciumhydroxide
2C 2S + 9H ! C 3S 2H8 + CH
CH is crystallineC-S-H - amorphous in nature, is an inexact composition,and is extremely fine.
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3H
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C-S-H
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Type II & Type VSulfate ResistantCements
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Moderate and Low Heat CementsType IV
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Type IIIHigh Early Strength Cements
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Properties of Concrete
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Behavior of concrete under compression
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