PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/IR1
MASTER OF MEDICINE OPHTHALMOLOGY Universiti Sains Malaysia
2018/2019
Malaysian Universities Conjoint
Committee of Ophthalmology
MASTER OF MEDICINE
(OPHTHALMOLOGY)
BY
Professor Dr. Shatriah Ismail
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Associate Professor Datin Dr. Zunaina Embong
Professor Dr. Wan Hazabbah Wan Hitam
Professor Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin
Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min
1st Edition - May 2005
2nd Edition - May 2006
3rd Edition - May 2007
4th Edition - May 2008
5th Edition - May 2009
6th Edition - May 2010
7th Edition
8th Edition
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May 2011
May 2012
9th Edition - May 2013
10th Edition - May 2014
11th Edition
12th Edition
13th Edition
14th Edition
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May 2015
May 2016
May 2017
May 2018
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Preface
Welcome aboard to the Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) program at Universiti Sains
Malaysia. The whole department wishes you our heartiest congratulations for your successful
entrance into the program.
Starting the Master of Medicine program could be an overwhelming experience with a lot of
adjustments to make. To help candidates to familiarize with our program, we produced the Master
of Medicine (Ophthalmology) Program Guidebook, which was initially published in 2005 and has
been continuously being upgraded each year to keep abreast with the latest development
throughout the due course of the program.
This guidebook is intended to provide you with the initial exposure to the program. It carries the
background history of the department and the program, the curriculum and book references,
guide to dissertation and publications, the merit system, aspects of assessment and examination,
department planner and activities and previous research projects to guide you along the 4-year
course.
It is a hope that this guide book will be a helpful orientation towards making a success of your
postgraduate journey and to the realization of your dreams in becoming an ophthalmologist.
Professor Dr. Shatriah Ismail
MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM),Fellowship in Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
(Singapore), AM (Malaysia)
Coordinator, Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) Program
Professor, Consultant Paediatric Ophthalmologist & Strabismus Specialist
June 2018
iii
From the desk of the Head of Department
Congratulations to our new Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) students. Welcome to another
chapter of your life. Hopefully with different shades of colour and lots of priceless experience in
the future!
Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) has evolved throughout the years since 1997. The
department has built our own strength and improved our weakness for the past 17 years in
producing ophthalmologist to the country primarily. To date, USM have already produced 111
ophthalmologists who are now working in Malaysia and abroad. Currently, our syllabus and
examination format is based on Malaysian Universities Conjoint Committee of Ophthalmology
(MUCCO). MUCCO was formed with representatives from USM, UKM, UM, Ministry of Health
and Academy of Medicine.
MUCCO has been successful in standardization of the curriculum, teaching program and
assessment of training in ophthalmology in Malaysia since 2009. Our program is also recognized
by Fellow Royal College of Edinburgh (FRSCEd). Hence, our graduates who have completed the
course are exempted for Part 1, 2 and 3 (clinical skill certificate) examinations. They are eligible
to sit for Part 4 final examination of FRSCEd.
Our training program is not aimed for academic excellence and surgical skill expertise only. We
hope to be able to impart appropriate attitude, teamwork and great personality in our future
graduate. We certainly hope we will be able to get the best out of you. You are responsible in
colouring your own life. You have chosen another new canvas. Get ready and paint it to the best
of your capability. You are the master of your own masterpiece!
This is just a beginning of your journey….
Professor Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin
MBBS (Malaya), MMed (Ophthal) (USM),PhD (UK), AM (Malaysia)
Professor, Consultant Ophthalmologist and Visual Science Research Centre Coordinator
Head, Department of Ophthalmology
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
No Contents Page
Preface ii
From the desk of the Head of Department iii
1. Introduction 1
2. Objectives 5
2.1. Phase I (Year 1) 6
2.2. Phase II (Year 2 & 3) 6
2.3. Phase III (Year 4) 6
3. Program Structure 7
4. Syllabus 9
4.1. Phase I 10
4.2. Phase II and III 22
5. Text & References 29
6. Duties of a Trainee 35
6.1. Teaching Program 36
6.2. Schedule 37
6.2.1. General planner for assessment and courses 37
6.3. Dissertation 38
6.3.1. Writing a proposal 38
6.3.2. Ethical approval 39
6.3.3. Research grant 39
6.3.4. Data collection 39
6.3.5. Dissertation report 39
6.3.6. Submission of dissertation report 43
6.3.7. Assessment by internal examiners 44
6.3.8. Assessment by external examiner 44
6.3.9. Final submission of dissertation report 44
6.3.10. Publication 45
6.4. Summary of Dissertation Progress 46
6.5. Publication 47
6.5.1. Progress of publication 48
6.5.2. Format of a case report/case series 49
6.5.3. Format of letter to editor 49
6.5.4. Format of original article 50
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6.6. Summary of Surgery Done & Assisted 51
6.7. Summary of Program & Merit Points 53
6.7.1. Overall 53
6.7.2. Presentation 54
6.8. Annual Leave 55
6.8.1. Annual leave 55
6.8.2. Leave application 55
6.8.3. Unrecorded leave 55
6.8.4. Medical/Emergency leave 55
6.8.5. Overseas leave 55
7. Assessment 56
7.1. Continuous Assessment 57
7.2 Progress Interview 60
7.3. Evaluation of the Dissertation Progress 60
7.4. Evaluation of the Program 64
8. Examination 67
8.1. Phase I Examination 68
8.2. Phase II Examination 69
8.3. Phase III Examination 70
8.4. Others 70
8.5. Grading Marks 71
8.6. Merit Points 71
8.7. Summary of Assessment 72
8.8. Evaluation of the Examination 73
8.9. Best Student Award 76
9. Department of Ophthalmology 77
9.1. Lecturers 78
9.2. Visiting Professors 79
9.3. Honorary Lecturers 79
9.4. Trainee Lecturers 80
9.5. Supporting Staffs 80
10. Clinical Services 81
10.1. Rotational Postings 82
10.2. Clinical Services 82
10.2.1. Prevention of blindness clinic 82
10.2.2. General clinic 83
10.2.3. Pre-operative clinic 84
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10.2.4. Subspecialty clinics 85
10.3. Diagnostic Laboratory Services 86
10.4. Optometry Services 86
10.5. On-Call Responsibilities 86
10.6. Patients Requiring Admission 87
10.7. Ward Rounds 88
10.8. Operation Theatre 88
10.9. Specialist Visit to Hospital Tengku Anis, Pasir Putih, Kelantan 89
10.10. Community Eye Screening Program 89
11. Dissertation Projects 91
2
The Ophthalmology Unit started its existence in 1984, about a year after Hospital Universiti Sains
Malaysia (Hospital USM) was first commissioned to offer ophthalmology services for the people
of Kelantan. In response to the Ministry of Health’s requirement for more local specialists and the
introduction of Masters Program in Malaysia, the university first started recruiting local medical
officers for the trainee lecturer program in Ophthalmology in the 1986 – 1990 period, all of whom
were sent for postgraduate training in UKM. The growing number of lecturers has finally
appropriated the move from a Unit to Department status and the subsequent establishment of the
M.Med Ophthalmology program.
The M.Med program kicked off in 1997 with its first intake of 10 candidates. The program is a
mixed-module mode, and almost similarly structured compared to the programs offered by UKM
and UM. However, being the youngest ‘sibling’ has its own unique advantages. Our program
offers a two year in-campus placement for distance learning (PJJ) candidates which puts them
under direct supervision and allows them a better exposure and access to facilities available in
the campus including medical library, computer aided laboratory, clinical skill center and the
highly acclaimed research backups. The postgraduate teaching courses are run by both local as
well as international faculty. Teaching staff strength now is 10 lecturers.
The department is actively involved in serious research activities including collaborative research
with other departments and national institutions. The procurement of the Humphrey visual field
analyser, digital imaging system for anterior and posterior segments, and endothelial cell
analyser, corneal topography, ocular ultrasound (A & B Scans) and IOLMaster®, have increased
the department’s research potential tremendously. Frequency doubling perimetry, confocal
scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (Heidelberg Retinal Tomography III), and scanning laser
polarimetry (GDx) complemented the glaucoma service. The department has also acquired the
HRA, optical coherent tomography and paediatric visual acuity Smart system. The procurement
of a highly recommended phacoemulsification machine saw the department progressing to a new
level in small incision cataract surgery with numerous research projects carried out on this new
type of surgery. Argon and YAG lasers have complemented our clinical service and put our
research output to a higher level. The planning of a well-equipped LASIK centre is the next
natural course of action towards further progress very soon.
One of the major achievements of the department was the organisation of the USM
Ophthalmology Symposium which was first held in 2003 and then followed by another successful
symposium in 2004. In 2005, we were host to the inaugural 1st USM-UM-UKM Ophthalmology
Meeting held in conjunction with the annual Ophthalmology Symposium. It was organised in the
spirit of the conjoint committee; to strengthen the solidarity between the three major universities
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offering the ophthalmology training programme. In 2011, we were honoured once again to
organise the 1st Annual MOH-USM-UKM-UM Ophthalmology Scientific Conference in conjunction
with the 5th USM Ophthalmology Symposium on 16-17 July 2011. We are due again to host the
esteem ophthalmology symposium in 2019.
The collaboration between the universities in the field of ophthalmology was further strengthened
with the formation of a new flagship of the Malaysian Universities Conjoint Committee of
Ophthalmology (MUCCO). With this Committee, the syllabus and examination format have been
standardised to ensure that the quality of graduates produced are of the highest calibre. The first
conjoint examination was held in May 2008 and has continued since then.
The department has been actively organising various courses and workshops that benefit not
only the trainees and staff of USM, but also medical personnel from other hospitals and the
community as a whole. These courses cover wide-ranging topics including phacoemulsification
surgery, diabetic retinopathy, funduscopy, glaucoma, cornea, vitreoretinal surgery, orthoptics and
strabismus, and new advancement in medical/surgical therapeutics and medical equipment.
These courses have been very well-received thus far.
By May 2018, the USM M.Med Ophthalmology program has produced 137 ophthalmologists,
including four of our international candidates who graduated in 2008 and 2009. The high quality
of these graduates was beginning to reflect very well on the postgraduate program, establishing
the department as a well recognised training centre nationally that is on par with and even
surpassing the other more established local universities.
Further collaboration with other ophthalmology centres abroad has significantly added value to
our programme. For the past nine years we have had the honor of a Visiting Professor to
specifically cater to the needs of our candidates sitting for their examinations. Dr. Lee Hung Ming
(a well-respected Refractive and Anterior Segment Consultant), Professor James Barry Cullen (a
world-renowned Neuro-Ophthalmologist), A/Prof Lim Tock Han and A/Prof Heng Wee Jin (both
are Senior Consultants, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore), and Dr Ganga Sundara (Senior
Consultant, National University of Singapore) have shared their tremendous and valuable
experience with our students.
We have also formed a close partnership with the Ophthalmology Departments of Tan Tock Seng
Hospital, Singapore, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, National University of Singapore and
Singapore National Eye Centre. Their highly respected ophthalmology consultants have been
invited as external examiners, subspecialty trainers and also course coordinators. Among them
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are A/Prof Lim Tock Han, A/Prof Heng Wee Jin, Dr. Fam Han Bor, Dr. Wong Hon Tym, A/Prof
Goh Kong Yong, Dr. Leo Seo Wei, Dr. Leonard Yip, A/Prof Kah-Guan Au Eong, Dr. Yip Chee
Chew, Dr Ganga Sundhara and Prof Aung Tin. These consultants are well-known leaders in their
respective subspecialities not only regionally but also internationally.
The department is venturing into more sub-specialised services, which is made possible by the
fellowship training obtained by our lecturers. Cornea and Ocular Surface Disease, Paediatric
Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Neuro-Ophthalmology, Glaucoma, Orbit and Oculoplasty,
Medical Retina and Ocular Trauma are among the subspecialties currently offered.
The department also has a unique and active community ophthalmology program, the “Khidmat
Masyarakat – Saringan Penyakit Mata” which is incorporated into the undergraduate
ophthalmology posting. Other postgraduate teaching activities are regular ward rounds, post
operative audits, journal club, basic science classes, intensive courses, basic surgical skills
workshop and ophthalmology-radiology conference. Among others, staff and Masters candidates
also actively participate in ophthalmology teaching for undergraduates and other projects
organised by the School of Medical Sciences, Hospital USM and non-governmental
organisations.
The recent years saw a large jump in research activities, with numerous research presentations
both locally and internationally (some were award-winning), as well as numerous publications in
the high-impact and international databased journals. The training in Universiti Sains Malaysia
puts high emphasis not only on the high quality of skills and knowledge in ophthalmology but also
to instill “research culture” which is the hallmark of Universiti Sains Malaysia as one of the
research university in Malaysia. The Department of Ophthalmology has an active publication
record, and has been among the top three departments in the publication category within the
School of Medical Sciences since 2011. We have also been winning Anugerah Sanggar Sanjung
USM (Publication Category) since 2011.
Medicine is a vocation that balances between the arts and sciences. In USM, we are committed
to produce excellent ophthalmologists through our program in order to contribute to humanity.
This is consistent with the aspiratios of the university, which was chosen as the Accelerated
Program for Excellence (APEX) University in Malaysia. Good leadership qualities, respect,
caring and positive attitude towards patients and the profession are stressed upon at all times. It
is hoped that at the end of the program, the product of the Masters program will become an
invaluable asset at wherever place and community that they serve.
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2.0. OBJECTIVES
Capability and skills that need to be achieved by masters’ candidates at the end of their
milestones:
2.1. PHASE I (YEAR 1)
1. Acquire good knowledge in basic medical / surgery
2. Acquire good knowledge in anatomy, physiology, ocular pathology and basic
optics
3. Capable of knowing ophthalmic instruments and understand the optical
principles of the instruments
4. Capable of performing a complete ophthalmology examination including
clinical refraction
5. Capable of performing minor ophthalmology surgeries under supervision
2.2. PHASE II (YEAR 2 & 3)
1. Capable of taking relevant ophthalmology history from patients
2. Capable of performing a comprehensive and relevant ophthalmology
examination including refraction to patients
3. Capable of arriving to significant differential diagnosis and continue with
relevant investigations
4. Capable of managing most patients with minimum supervision
5. Capable of performing common surgical procedures such as cataract surgery,
with supervision
2.3. PHASE III (YEAR 4)
1. Capable of treating most of the patients without supervision
2. Capable of performing common surgeries without supervision
3. Have acquired knowledge and skills and able to supervise trainees
4. Capable of presenting cases and discussing plan of management
5. Awareness of self capability in order to refer cases to subspecialists
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OPHTHALMOLOGY PROGRAM STRUCTURE
PHASE
YEAR
CURRICULUM
I
1
Basic Ophthalmology Optics and Refraction Introduction to Clinical Ophthalmology
Phase I Examination
II
2 & 3
Clinical Ophthalmology Scientific Presentations Case Reports / Publications Submission Dissertation Protocol & Ethical Approval Conduct Dissertation Project
Phase II Examination
III
4
Advanced Ophthalmology Specialist-in training Scientific Presentations Case Reports / Publications Submission Conduct and Complete Dissertation Project Dissertation Submission Elective Posting
Phase III Examination
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4.1. PHASE I
4.1.1.
Basic Sciences (General and Ocular)
4.1.1.1. Anatomy
1. The cranial cavity
Osteology of the skull including bony orbit
Meninges, blood supply, nerve supply
Venous sinuses
Foramina and their contents
Cranial fossae
Pituitary gland and its relations
Trigeminal ganglion
2. Central nervous system
Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum
Surface appearance
Internal structure
Cortical areas
Ventricles
Formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
Blood supply and venous drainage
Microscopic anatomy
Brain stem
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla and fourth ventricle
Nuclei of cranial nerves
Cranial nerves
Origin, course and distributions
Spinal canal
Spinal cord, venous plexus, meninges and subarachnoid space
Visual pathways – visual cortex, cortical connections and association
areas
Structures involved in control of eye movements
Autonomic nervous system and the eye
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3. Head and neck anatomy
Nose, mouth and paranasal sinuses
Lateral wall of nose, septum, vessels and nerves, osteology,
anatomy, relations and development of air sinuses
The face and scalp - muscles, nerves and vessels, temporal fossa,
zygomatic arch, salivary glands and temporomandibular joints
The inferotemporal fossa and pterygopalatine fossa – muscles, nerves
and vessels, carotid sheath, pterygopalatine ganglion
General topography of the neck – posterior triangle, anterior triangle,
suprahyoid region, prevetebral region, root of neck
Respiratory system – the anatomy of mouth, pharynx, soft palate and
larynx with particular reference to bulbar palsies and tracheostomy
Lymphatic drainage of the head and neck
4. Histology
Knowledge of histological structure of tissues. Particular attention
should be paid to the histological appearance of the structures of the
head and neck especially in relation to their functions
5. Embryology
General embryology with particular emphasis to structures of the head
and neck
4.1.1.2. Physiology
1. General physiology
Maintenance of homeostasis: osmolarity, osmotic and oncotic
pressure
Transport processes in systems and tissues
Molecular events: the role of calcium in regulation of cell processes
Normal nutritional requirements
General metabolic response to trauma and sepsis
2. Nerve and muscle
Structure and function of nerve cell
Resting membrane potential, action potential and its propagation,
synaptic potentials
The motor unit, neuromuscular junction and molecular events
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Smooth muscle
Pain and its control
3. Autonomic nervous system
Organization and anatomy, cholinergic transmission, adrenergic
transmission
4. Blood
Composition and function of blood
Iron metabolism, erythropoesis and anaemia
Plasma components
Blood groups
Blood clotting and fibrinolysis
5. Respiratory system
Respiratory mechanisms including lung mechanics, volumes
and control of ventilations
Pulmonary blood flow including ventilation-perfusion ratio
CO2 and O2 transport, carriage and distribution
Gas exchange in lung
Assessment of pulmonary function
Respiratory failure and other common derangements of
respiratory function
Oxygen therapy and ventilatory support
6. Cardiovascular system
Blood pressure
The cardiac cycle
Control, excitation and conduction in heart
Control of circulation
Blood vessels and transcapillary exchange, measurement of blood
flow
Pathophysiology and management of shock
7. Acid-base balance / metabolism
PH-buffers-acid-base balance
Bicarbonate/CO2 buffer
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Disturbances of acid-base balance
Nutrition
8. Renal system
Renal circulation
Glomerular filtration
Tubular function
Salt and water: hormonal control and water balance
Kidney in control of acid-base balance
Renin-angiotensin system
Disturbances of fluid and electrolyte balance
9. Endocrine system
Hormones, receptors and secondary messengers
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal system
Adrenal cortex, synthesis of glucocorticoids and steroid hormones
Thyroid hormones
Calcium and phosphate homeostasis
Carbohydrate metabolism: pancreatic hormones
10. Central nervous system and special senses
Cerebrospinal fluid
Superficial senses, proprioception, monosynaptic and polysynaptic
reflexes, synaptic inhibition
Central processing of sensory input
Cerebellar function in motor control
Cerebral cortex in control of movement
Basal ganglia
Organization within cervical and thoracic spinal cord
4.1.1.3. Molecular and cell biology
Cellular biochemistry
Organization of cell organelle, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, nucleus; cell
to cell communication; ion and solute transport
Protein and acid nucleic synthesis: molecular biology
Connective tissue and extracelullar matrix
Collagen; synthesis/degradation
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Basal lamina; collagen, laminin; Fibronektin; Proteoglikans; Glycoprotein
Receptor, signal transduction and second messenger
Adenylate cylase, hormone receptor, protein-F, phosphoinosystide system
Atrial natriuretics factor
Active oxygen species
Free radical and H2O2, scavenger; lipid peroxidase, phospholipase A
Ecosanoids
Prostaglandins, Leukotrines
Enzymes that metabolize drugs (cytochrome P450 and multifunction oxidase
group)
4.1.1.4. Pathology
1. Inflammation
Acute inflammation: chemical and cellular mechanisms
Wound healing
Chronic inflammation: granulomata, granulation tissue, ulceration,
immune mechanisms, chemical mediators in response to infection and
tissue injury
Graft rejection
2. Disturbances of growth
Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia
3. Degenerations
Calcification, hyaline, amyloid
4. Aging
Mechanisms including apoptosis
5. Neoplasia
Morphological and cellular characteristics of benign versus malignant
tumours
Carcinogenesis
Gene control
Oncogenes
Effects of irradiation and cytotoxic drugs
Environmental factors
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6. Vascular disorders
Atheroma
Thrombosis
Embolism
Ischaemia and infarction
Hypertension
Aneurysms
Diabetes
Angiogenesis
7. Shock and trauma
Response to surgical, chemical and radiation trauma
Principles of the pathological effects of head injury
4.1.1.5. Microbiology
1. Principle of infection
2. Culture media
3. Bacteria
Gram staining and classification
Exotoxins and endotoxins
Mechanism of virulence and pathogenicity
Synergistic infections
Antibiotics: including mechanisms of action, bacterial resistance
Host defence mechanisms against bacterial infection
4. Viruses
Classification
Structure and replication
Host defence against viral infection
Antiviral agents: mechanism of action
Laboratory methods for viral detection
5. HIV and AIDS
Classification, diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of HIV
infection
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Opportunistic infections
Anti-HIV agents
6. Fungi
Classification
Host factors which predispose to fungal infection
Antifungal agents
7. Others
Toxolasmosis
Chlamydia
Acanthamoeba
Helminthic infections
Antimicrobials
4.1.1.6. Immunology
Innate and acquired immunity
Effector mechanisms of immune response
Humoral immunity and antibody class and function
Cellular immunity
Immunity against microbes
T and B cells: cluster differentiation, phenotype, T and B cell activation
MHC antigens, antigen presenting cells and antigen processing
Immune mechanism of tissue damage
Interleukins, complements
Immunodeficiency and immunosuppression
Organ transplantation and pathophysiology of allograft rejection
4.1.1.7. Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Drug receptor and secondary messengers: cellular mechanisms of drug
action
Cholinergic and adrenergic systems
Serotonin
Histamine
Anti-inflammatory agents
Anti-infective agents
17
Immunosuppressants
Local anaesthetics
Analgesics
Mechanisms of drug toxicity
4.1.1.8. Genetics
Chromosomes and cell division
Methods of genetic analysis
Mandelian inheritance
X-linked inheritance
Mitochondrial inheritance
Linkage analysis, disequilibrium and population genetics
Chromosome mapping
Gene mutations
Oncogenes and genetics of malignancy
Principles of gene therapy
4.1.2. Ocular Sciences
4.1.2.1. Anatomy of visual and ocular system
Orbit and paranasal sinuses
Ocular appendages
Eyeball
Surface anatomy as seen under slit lamp
Extraocular muscles
Orbital nerves
Visual pathway
Orbital autonomic system
Embryology of the eye
4.1.2.2. Physiology of visual and ocular system
Function of eyelid
Lacrimal apparatus
Physiology of cornea
Somatic sensation
Control of ocular movement and extraocular muscles
Ocular circulation
Aqueous humour
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Intraocular pressure
Vitreous
Lens
Pupil and accommodation
Retina and optic nerve
Photochemistry
Electrical phenomenon in the retina
Physiology of visual pathway
Colour vision
Entoptic phenomenon
Binocular vision
Visual adaptation
Time related visual function
4.1.2.3. Introduction to ocular pathology
1. To describe ocular anatomy and to identify the histology of major
structures of the eye e.g. conjunctiva, sclera, cornea, anterior chamber
angle, iris, ciliary body, lens, vitreous, retina, retinal pigment
epithelium, choroid and optic nerve
2. To describe basic pathophysiology of the common disease processes
of the eye and to identify the major histological findings of each e.g.
wound healing, infection, inflammation, neoplasm
3. To identify the histology of important intraocular and adnexal diseases
e.g. endophthalmitis, retinoblastoma, choroidal melanoma, microbial
keratitis
4. To describe common basic ophthalmic-related immunology
4.1.2.4. Basic optics and principles of ophthalmic instruments
1. Physical Optics
Features of light
Defraction
Interefens
Resolution
Polarization
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Refraction
Transmission and resorption
Photometry
Laser
2. Geometry Optics
Reflection
Refraction
Prisms
Spherical lenses
Astigmatic lenses
Optical prescription
Identification of lenses
Aberration of optical systems
3. Introduction to Clinical Optics
Ocular optic
Refraction by the eye
Reduced schematic eye
Pupillary response (Styles Crowford effect)
Visual acuity
Contrast sensitivity
Catoptric images
Emmetropia
Accomodation
Perkinje image
Principle of pinhole
4. Instruments
Direct ophthalmoscope
Indirect ophthalmoscope
Retinoscope
Simple magnification glass (Loupe)
Focimeter
Lensometer
Automated refractometer
Slit lamp microscope – including technique of examination
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Keratometer
Applanation tonometer
Corneal pachymeter
Specular microscope
Principle of zoom lens
Operating microscope
Gonioscope
Hruby lens, 90D etc.
Fundus lenses (Panfunduscope lens and Goldmann)
Fundus camera
Synoptophore
Stereoscopic test
Lees screen / Hess chart
5. Principles of LASER in Ophthalmology
Basic concept
Argon Laser
Nd:YAG laser
Excimer laser, diode, krypton and CO2 laser
Historical aspect
Lenses use in LASER therapy
6. Ultrasound in Ophthalmology
Principle of sound wave
A-scan and B-scan
Diagnostic ultrasound
4.1.2.5. Clinical refraction
Ametropia
Accommodation disorders
Refractive error
Ametropia correction
Glasses problem in aphakic patient
The effect of glasses and contact lens to accommodation and convergence
Effective power of lenses
Back vertex distance
Spectacle magnification
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Intraocular lens power calculation
Presbyopia
Low visual aids
Retinoscopy
Subjective refraction
Back vertex distance calculation
Accommodative power
Interpupillary distance
Lens decentration and prismatic effect
Advantages of lens
Glass prescription to children
Cycloplegic refraction
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4.2. PHASE II and III
4.2.1.
Clinical ophthalmic pathology
Inflammation and immune related eye disease
Ocular inflammation – specific and idiopathic
Sympathetic ophthalmia
Pathology of external eye
Eyelid growth and lesion
Uveal tract growth
Lens disorders
Retinal degenerative diseases
Retinal vascular diseases
Neuroepithelial growth
Glaucoma
Optic nerve lesion
Phacomatosis
Lymphoid tissue growth
Congenital defect
Injury and surgical trauma
4.2.2. External eye disease
Eyelids inflammatory disease and pseudotumour
Bacterial conjunctivitis
Ophthalmia neonatorum
Follicular conjunctivitis
Phlyctenulosis conjunctivitis
Vernal conjunctivitis
Conjunctival growth
Therapeutic hydrogel lens
Skin and mucous membrane bullous disorder
Lacrimal drainage system
Diagnosis and treatment of dry eye
4.2.3. Uveal disease
Fluorescein angiography
Uveitis work-up
Uveal biopsy
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Ocular albinism
General facts in uveitis
Pathogenesis of uveitis
Aetiology of uveitis
Treatment of uveitis
Bacterial uveitis (including tuberculosis and syphilis)
Viral uveitis
Uveitis – presumed viral aetiology
Presumed ocular histoplasmosis
Mycotic uveitis
Toxoplasmosis
Uveitis and parasites
Uveitis and general diseases
Hypersensitivity uveitis
Postoperative uveitis
Paediatric uveitis
Other types of uveitis
Trauma: laceration and hemorrhage
Trauma: inflammation
Ciliochoroidal effusion
Iris atrophy and degeneration
Choroidal atrophy and degeneration
Uveal tumours
4.2.4. Retinal disease
Fluorescein angiography
Clinical visual electrophysiology
Colour vision
Congenital fundus disorder
Hereditary macular dystrophy
Retinal inflammatory disease
Fungal endogenous endophthalmitis
Hypertension and arteriosclerosis
Retinal periphlebitis
Sickle cell retinopathy
Blood dyscrasia retinopathy
Retinopathy of prematurity
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Age related macular degeneration
Systemic lupus erythematosus retinopathy
Vascular fundal disorder
Acquired maculopathies
Primary retinal degeneration
Choroideremia and gyrate atrophy
Retinal degenerative disease
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
Retinopathy related to metabolic disorder
Diabetic retinopathy
Blunt trauma to the posterior segment
Intraocular tumours
Toxic retinopathy
Radiation retinopathy
Changes and diseases of vitreous
4.2.5. Lens disease
Examination and measurement of lenses
Types of cataracts and complication of cataract
Congenital lens disorders
4.2.6. Orbital disease
Introduction to orbital diseases and technique of examination
Radiology of orbit
CT-scan of orbit
Introduction to ophthalmic ultrasound
Ocular and orbital ultrasonography
Neuro-ophthalmic view of orbital diseases
Congenital orbital disorders and growth abnormalities
Cystic tumour
Introduction to ultrastructure, inflammation and neoplasia
Eye and orbital changes in Graves disease
Vascular tumour, malformation and degeneration
Lymphoma, plasma, histogytic and haemopoitic
Lacrimal gland tumour
Neurogenic tumour
Optic nerve glioma
25
Rhabdomyoscarcoma
Mesenchyme and fibro-osseous tumour
Orbital metastasis tumour
Orbital bone fracture
4.2.7. Visual pathway disease
Diagnosis: prechiasma
Diagnosis: optic chiasma
Diagnosis: retrochiasma and cortical function
Extraocular movement and technique of data recording
Supranuclear and ocular motility disorder
Nystagmus and ocular movement
Infranuclear and ocular motility disorder
Congenital optic disc disease
Pupil and accommodation
Aneurysm, A-V malformation and other related vascular disease
Migraine
4.2.8. Ocular motility disease
Extraocular muscle and extraocular movement
Nerves that innervate the extraocular muscles
Supranuclear area and extraocular movement
Binocular single vision
Alignment
Vergence
Sensorial adaptation in strabismus
Sensorial tests
Amblyopia
Treatment of sensorial adaptation and amblyopia
Concomitant esodeviation
Concomitant exodeviation
Monofixation syndrome
Concomitant vertical deviation
A and V pattern
Oblique muscle dysfunction
Dissociated vertical deviation
Cranial nerve palsies
26
Trauma and ophthalmoplegia syndrome
4.2.9. Glaucoma
Use of gonioscopy
Aqueous humor dynamics
Tonography and tonometry
Visual field changes
Congenital glaucoma
Primary open angle glaucoma
Primary angle closure glaucoma
Secondary glaucoma
Glaucoma and cataract
Changes in glaucoma treatment
Glaucoma surgery
Problems in glaucoma treatment
Postoperative hypotony
4.2.10. Medical ophthalmology and neuro-ophthalmology / neurosurgery
Ocular manifestation of endocrine and metabolic diseases
Cardiovascular disease
Haematology disease
Respiratory disease
Connective tissue disease
Allergy and immunology of external eye disease
Muscle and bone disease
Dietary and gastrointestinal disease
Renal disease
Infection and inflammatory disease
Metastasis to the eye and ocular adnexa
Chromosomal disease
Phacomatosis
Perinatal ophthalmology
Glaucoma and systemic disease
Cataract and systemic disease
Retinal disorder and systemic disease
Corneal disorder and systemic disease
Systemic and ocular manifestation in child abuse
27
4.2.11. Preventive ophthalmology
Introduction to preventive ophthalmology
Causes of blindness
Epidemiology of blindness
Eye screening programme
Ocular surgery in developing countries
Preventive methodology
Food-blindness: xeropthalmia and keratomalacia
Pathogenesis and prevention of trachoma
Onchocerciasis
Ocular leprosy
Epidemiology and clinical research
Statistics in clinical research
4.2.12. Therapeutics
Drugs used in treating ocular diseases
Ocular side effects of systemic drugs
4.2.13. Paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus
Ocular congenital defects
Hereditary diseases
Paediatric eye diseases, orbit and visual pathway diseases
Ocular manifestation of paediatric diseases
Refractive error and ambylopia
Anisometropia
Allergic conjunctivitis
Congenital ptosis
Type of strabismus
Management of strabismus
Principle of strabismus surgery
Retinopathy of prematurity
4.2.14. Ophthalmic surgeries
Principles of ophthalmic surgeries
Preoperative assessment
Techniques in operation theatre
Instruments, suture and technique of suturing
28
Cryotherapy, laser surgery, diathermy and cautery
Lids surgery
Extraocular muscle surgery
Lacrimal system surgery
Orbital surgery
Reconstructive surgery
Complications of surgery
Postoperative treatment
4.2.15. Others
Tests for ophthalmic disease including CT-scan and MRI
Ocular trauma
Genetic counseling
Rehabilitation for blinds
Current views and issues
30
The following is a recommended reading list for trainees. However, trainees are encouraged to
read other books and also glean knowledge from articles in major ophthalmic journals.
5.1. BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES
1. Review of Medical Physiology. Ganong, Appleton and Lange
2. General Pathology. Walter & Israel, Churchill Livingstone
3. Methods of Anatomy – A Clinical Problem - Solving approach. Williams and
Wilkins
4.
Immunology. Churchill Livingstone
5.2. BASIC OCULAR SCIENCE
1.
2.
Basic Sciences Section from the American Academy of Ophthalmology
Series
THE EYE, Basic Sciences in Practice. Forrester J, Dick A et al. Saunders
5.3. OCULAR ANATOMY
1. Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit. Woff & Warwick, Saunders
2. Clinical Anatomy of the Eye. Richard Snell, Michael A Lemp, Blackwell
5.4. OCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
1. Adler’s Physiology of the Eye. Moses & Hart Mosby
5.5. OCULAR PATHOLOGY
1. Greer’s Ocular Pathology. David Lucas, Blackwell Scientific Publication
2. Ocular Histology a text and atlas. Fine and Yanoff, Harper & Row
3.
4.
Ocular Pathology. D Apple, M Rabb. Moby
Ophthalmic Pathology. Weng Sehu, William R Lee, Blackwell Publishing
5.6.
5.7..
REFRACTION
1. Duke Elder’s Practice of Refraction
2. Clinical Optics. AR Elkington & HJ Frank, Blackwell
3. Optic & Refraction (Section of the American Academy of Ophthalmology
Series)
GENERAL OPHTHALMOLOGY
1. Clinical Sciences (Section of the American Academy of Ophthalmology
Series)
31
2. A Manual for the beginning Ophthalmology Resident American Academy
Ophthalmology
3. Clinical Ophthalmology. JJ Kanski, Butterworth-Heinemann
4. Ophthalmology Principles and Concepts. Newell, Mosby
5. Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. Albert & Jakobiec, Saunders
6. General Ophthalmology. Vaughan, Asbury, Tabbara, Lange Pub
7. Atlas of Clinical Ophthalmology. Spalton, Hitchings & Hunter
8. Clinical Ophthalmology – An Asian Perspective. Saunders-Elsevier
5.8. OCULAR MOTILITY AND STRABISMUS
1. Ocular Motility and Strabismus. Marshall Parks, Harper & Row
2. Atlas of Strabismus. Von Noorden
3. Manual of Strabismus Surgery. Caroline MacEwen & Richard Gregson,
Butterworth Heinemann
5.9. NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY
1. Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology 5th Edition The Essential,
Neil R. Miller, Nancy J. Newman, William & Wilkins
2. Neuro-ophthalmology 3rd Edition, Joel S. Glaser, Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins
3. Neuro-ophthalmology Review Manual 2nd Edition, Frank J. Bajandas,
Lanning B. Kline, SLACK Incorporated
5.10. MEDICAL RETINA AND UVEITIS
1. Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology. Harper & Row
2. Retina Vol I,II,III. Edited by S Ryan, CV Mosby
3. Ballantyne’s Textbook of the Fundus of the Eye. Michaelson, Churchill
Livingstone
4. Atlas of Inflammatory Eye Diseases. Saunders-Elsevier
5. Laser- Its Clinical Uses in Eye Diseases. PG Lim
5.11. GLAUCOMA
1. Becker’s Shaeffer’s Diagnosis and Therapy of the Glaucoma. Kolker,
Herherington
2. The Secondary Glaucoma. R Ritch, B Shields
3. Clinical Guide to Glaucoma Management, Eve J Higginbotham and David A
Lee, Butterworth-Heineman 2003
32
4. Atlas of Glaucoma. Neil T Choplin. Informahealth care 2007
5. Glaucoma: Science and Practice. John C Morrison and Irvin P Pollack. Pg
Books
6. Becker-Shaffer’s Diagnosis and Therapy of the Glaucoma, 8th edition, Robert
L Stamper, Marc F Lieberman, Michael V Drake. Elsevier 2005
7. Shield’s Textbook of Glaucoma, 5th edition. R.Rand Allingham, Karim Damji,
Sharon Freedman, Sayoko Moroi, George Shatranov. Lippincott Williams
and Wilkins 2005
8. Glaucoma: Color Atlas & synopsis of clinical ophthalmology. Wills Eye
Hospital Series. McGraw Hill/SLACK 2003
5.12. DISEASES OF THE CORNEA
1. Disease of the Cornea. M Grayson
2. Cornea, 2004. Jay H. Krachmer, Mark J. Mannis, Edward J. Holland
3. The art of LASIK, 2nd Edition. Jeffery J. Machat, Louis E. Probst, Stephen
G. Slade
4. LASIK: Fundamentals, Surgical Techniques and Complications. Dimitri T. Azar, Douglas Koch
5.13. DISEASES OF THE ORBIT
1. Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology. Harper & Row
2. Diseases of The Orbit – A Multidisciplinary Approach. Jack Rootman
3. Orbital Tumors – Diagnosis and Treatment. Zeynel A. Karcioglu
4. Orbital Fractures – Diagnosis, Operative Treatment & Secondary
Corrections. P.Tessier
5. Imaging of The Globe and Orbit. A Guide to Differential Diagnosis. Norbert
Hosten
6. Oculofacial Plastic Surgery. John L. Wobig
5.14. DISEASES OF THE LENS
1. Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology. Harper & Row
5.15. EXTERNAL EYE DISEASES
1. Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology. Harper & Row
33
5.16. SYSTEMIC OPHTHALMOLOGY
1. Ophthalmology in Internal Medicine. Chumbley, Sauders Co
2. Systemic Inflammatory Diseases and the Eye. Dining & Wright
3. The Eye in systemic Diseases. Gold & Weingeist, Lippincott
5.17. PAEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY
1. Paediatric Ophthalmology Practice. Helvestone, Ellis
2. Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. Kenneth W. Wright & Peter
H.Spiegel, Springer
3. Practical Paediatric Ophthalmology. D. Taylor, Blackwell Publishing
5.18. PREVENTIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY
1. Duane’s Clinical Ophthalmology. Harper & Row
5.19. OPHTHALMIC SURGERY
1. Strallard’s Eye Surgery. Roper-Hall, Lippincott
2. A Manual of Systemic Eyelid Surgery. Collin, Churchill Livingstone
3. Retinal of Strabismus Surgery. Chignell, Springerverlag
4. Cataract Surgery and its Complications. N Jaffe, Mosby
5. Atlas of Strabismus Surgery. E Halvestone
6. Laser, its Clinical Used in Eye Diseases. Lim, Constable, Churchill
Livingstone
7. Corneal Surgery. T Casey
8. Atlas of Vitreoretinal Surgery. Freeman, Tolention. Thieme Publishing
9. Advances in Ocular Surgery. Jakobiec, Sigelman. Saunders
5.20. EMERGENCY PHARMACOLOGY
1. Handbook of Ocular Emergencies. Gombos
5.21. OCULAR PHARMACOLOGY
1. Ocular Pharmacology. Havener
5.22. LIST OF JOURNALS
1. American Journal of Ophthalmology*
2. Annals of Ophthalmology*
3. Archives of Ophthalmology*
4. Asian Journal of Ophthalmology
34
5. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Ophthalmology
6. British Journal of Ophthalmology*
7. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology
8. Contact Lens & Anterior Eye
9. Cornea
10. Current Eye Research
11. Eye*
12. European Journal of Ophthalmology
13. Eye & Contact Lens
14. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology
15. Journal of AAPOS
16. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
17. Journal of Glaucoma
18. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics
19 Journal of Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus*
20. Journal of Paediatric Ophthalmology
21. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
22. International Ophthalmology
23. International Journal of Ophthalmology
24. Ocular Epidemiology
25. Ophthalmic Genetics
26. Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
27. Ophthalmic Surgery and Laser*
28. Ophthalmology*
29. Orbit
30. Retina
31. Survey of Ophthalmology
*Available in Hamdan Tahir Library, USM, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan
Members of the Ophthalmological Society of MMA can also get access to these journals
via Science Direct, using a common user id and password which can be obtained from the
society’s Honorary Secretary:
1. Survey of Ophthalmology
2. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery
3. American Journal of Ophthalmology
36
6.1. TEACHING PROGRAM
The department has planned various teaching activities for the whole academic year. These include,
a) Phase I
- Basic science classes, clinical refraction, intensive courses and mock exams.
b) Phase II and III
- Lectures, case discussions, X-ray conferences, journal clubs, grand ward rounds,
surgical procedures, audits, short courses, clinical presentations, essay writings, viva
and exam preparatory courses.
Thursday is declared an official academic day for all the trainees where numerous academic
activities are conducted. X-ray conference is conducted every fortnightly with the collaboration of
Department of Radiology. Journal clubs, audits, case discussions, grand ward rounds, clinical
presentations, essay writings and viva are scheduled on rotational basis.
Department is also organizing the following activities,
a) Short courses at regular intervals, with distinguished local and international speakers
b) Intensive courses, exam preparatory courses and mock examinations
The intensive courses are conducted twice a year with the presence of visiting professor and in-
house lecturers. The trainees are expected to have a satisfactory preparation before hand.
Attendance is compulsory to everyone. Postgraduate Coordinator and Academic Registrar are
responsible to ensure that the teaching activities run as planned. It is the responsibilities of all
trainees to gain maximum knowledge during this training program and become a competent and safe
ophthalmologist to serve the mankind.
Postgraduate Office of School of Medical Sciences, USM has been conducted courses at frequent
intervals, that include,
a) Good Clinical Practice & Bioethics and Communication Skill
b) Bio-Statistic & Research Methodology
These courses are aimed to help the trainees in preparation of their research projects.
Trainees are also encouraged to attend local and international ophthalmology conferences to gain
further knowledge, and develop good interpersonal and social skills to be able to work as a team and
help each other in clinical and academic works.
37
6.2. SCHEDULE
There are specified time frames for all the academic activities for Year I to Year IV trainees. It is
expected that the trainee understands and follows the individual schedule. Failure to adhere to the
specified schedule below may result in trainees being barred from sitting for the examinations.
6.2.1. General planner for assessment and courses
YEAR MONTH PROGRESS POSTING / COURSES
1 1 JUN Orientation - 1 week
2 JULY
3 AUG Progress Interview
4 SEPT
5 OCT
6 NOV
7 DEC
8 JAN
9 FEB Bioethics & Communication Skill (3 days)
10 MAR Progress Interview Intensive Course / Mock Exam (1 week)
11 APR
12 MAY Phase I Examination
2 1 JUN
2 JULY Protocol Presentation
3 AUG
4 SEPT Progress Interview
5 OCT Good Clinical Practice Course (1 week)
6 NOV
7 DEC Submission of First Manuscript
8 JAN
9 FEB Bio-Statistic & Research Methodology
10 MAC Progress Interview
11 APR
12 MAY
3 1 JUN Submission of 2nd Manuscript
2 JULY
3 AUG Progress Interview
4 SEPT Intensive Course / Mock Exam - 1 week
5 OCT
6 NOV Obtain Ethical Approval
7 DEC
8 JAN
9 FEB
10 MAC Progress Interview
11 APR
12 MAY Phase II Examination
4 1 JUN
2 JULY
3 AUG Progress Interview
4 SEPT
5 OCT
6 NOV Submission of Dissertation
7 DEC
8 JAN Elective Posting
9 FEB Submission of Publications Elective Posting
10 MAC Progress Interview
11 APR
12 MAY Phase III Examination
38
6.3. DISSERTATION
Trainees are required to conduct a research project as a partial fulfillment to be conferred the degree
of the Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) of USM.
6.3.1. Writing a proposal
Trainees are expected to discuss the dissertation topic with the respective supervisor. A 2500-
word of research proposal (word format, font of Times New Roman, 12 pitch) should cover the
followings,
i) Topic
The chosen topic should be concise and clear.
ii) Introduction and literature review
Outline the previous works in the related topic and explain the necessity of
conducting the proposed project. Elaborate on the added value and potential gain of
the research project.
iii) Objective
Clearly define the general and specific objective of the study. Research hypothesis
or research questions should be listed if applicable.
iv) Methodology
This should include the details of study design, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria,
sample size calculation, definition of terms, details of methodology, methods to
minimize errors, instruments used, research flow chart, gantt chart, milestone and
dummy tables.
v) Data collection sheet and consent
Data collection sheet and consent in English and Bahasa Malaysia must be prepared
accordingly.
v) References
A minimum of 20 references are required.
Trainees are required to submit the research proposal to the department one week before the
date of presentation. The trainees will then present (in power point format) their proposal to the
department. A second presentation to the medical statisticians will be arranged soon by the
Postgraduate Coordinator.
39
6.3.2. Ethical approval
Trainees are required to complete the Ethical Approval Form and submit to the Research and
Development (R & D) Office, School of Medical Sciences, USM. Approvals from Head,
Department of Ophthalmology and Dean, School of Medical Sciences are mandatory. Trainees
should enquire the guidance from the supervisor to complete this task.
Research projects require approval from:
i) Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, USM
ii) Ethical Committee of USM
iii) Animal Ethics Committee of USM (if applicable)
The Ethical Approval Certificate should be obtained at least 6 months before the Phase II
Examination and a copy should be submitted to the Postgraduate Coordinator
(Ophthalmology). The dateline is on 31 May or 30 November of each academic year. Failure to
adhere to this policy will result in trainees being barred from sitting for the Phase II
Examination.
6.3.3. Research grant
Trainees are strongly encouraged to produce a world class quality of research. A maximum of
RM 40 000.00 financial aid can be applied from the Short Term USM Grant or other grants
such as FRGS, RU, IRPA Grant etc via the supervisors. Each supervisor is limited to 2 Short
Term USM grants at one time. Application of research university and external grants are highly
encouraged.
6.3.4. Data collection
Trainees are expected to conduct their dissertation projects with ethics and professionalism
within the expected time frame. Approval from Head of Department should be obtained if field
works are required, especially school screening or visit to other hospitals or institution.
Collaboration and networking such as with other faculty, Ministry of Health, Ministry of
Education etc. are strongly encouraged.
6.3.5. Dissertation report
Manuscripts should be typed using Times New Roman 12, double spacing, 3 mm margins on
either side and printed on A4 white paper. Spelling should comply with the concise Oxford
English Dictionary. The trainees are allowed to submit either standard or alternative format of
dissertation report. Supervisor (s) need to be informed about either format of submission by
the trainees.
40
Standard Format
i) Title Page
This is the first page and should include;
the research topic
name of the trainee
USM logo
Statement of ‘Dissertation Submitted for Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of
Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology)’
Year of submission
ii) Disclaimer
It is the responsible of a trainee to disclaim his/her research work honestly.
iii) Acknowledgements
Those research projects that have been funded by university grants are expected to
acknowledge the financial aid received. Most researchers convey appreciations to
those who have involved or contributed in the study.
iv) Table of Contents
The table lists the chapters, topics and subtopics with the page numbers. Topics and
subtopics are labeled accordingly. For example, the first topic in chapter 1 is marked
as 1.1. and first subtopic is labeled as 1.1.1. The use of letters in parenthesis (for
example 1.2.2. (a)) is appropriate as a means of differentiating subtopics of the same
topic.
1.0. Introduction
1.1. xxx
1.1.1. xxx
1.1.2. xxx
1.2. xxx
1.2.1. xxx
1.2.2. xxx
1.2.2. (a) xxx
1.2.2. (b) xxx
2.0. Objective
3.0. Material and Methods
4.0. Result
5.0. Discussion
41
v) List of Table
The list includes the title of tables with the page numbers, which are listed in the text
or appendix. The numbering system is similar to the table of contents. All tables
should be in Arabic form.
vi) List of Figure
The list includes the title of figures with the page numbers, which are listed in the text
or appendix. The numbering system is similar to the table of contents. All figures
should be in Arabic form.
vii) List of Abbreviation
Abbreviation should be specifically defined before they are used in the text.
viii) Abstract
It summarizes the objective, methodology, result and conclusion of the research
project. It should be written in English and Bahasa Malaysia, and should not exceed
250 words.
ix) Introduction
This chapter explains the background of the research projects, literature review, gap
of the knowledge and rationale of conducting the project.
x) Objective
The general and specific objective of the study should be defined clearly. Research
hypothesis or research questions should be listed if applicable.
xi) Methodology
This should include the details of study design, time frame, study population, study
venue, inclusion criteria, exclusion criteria, sample size calculation, definition of
terms, details of methodology, methods to minimize errors, list of instruments and
statistical analysis employed. The research grant details including number and
amount of money, and date of ethical approval should be written clearly.
xii) Result
Results and data analysis are presented in the text and tables or figures. Trainees
are not allowed to present the same result in both table and figure. This chapter
should not include any part of methodology or discussion points.
42
xiii) Discussion
This chapter contains the interpretation of the results and analysis of the data. The
outcomes of the research should be compared and contrasted with those previous
studies in the literature. Assumptions and postulations are accepted. Limitation of the
study and recommendations should be included. Trainees are discouraged from
repeating the results again in this chapter.
xiv) Conclusion
Conclusions are made based on the objectives of the research projects. They should
be concise and clear.
xv) References
All previous studies referred to in the research report in the form of quotations or
citations must be included. They should be listed according to Harvard format/style.
The followings are examples;
Journal article
Noguchi, T., Kitawaki, J., Tamura, T., Kim, T., Kanno, H., Yamamoto, T., et al. (1993).
Relationship between aromatase activity and steroid receptor levels in ovarian tumors from
postmenopausal women. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44(4-6), 657-
660.
Conference paper in published proceedings
Borgman, C. L., Bower, J., & Krieger, D. (1989). From hands-on science to hands-on
information retrieval. In J. Katzer, & G. B. Newby (Eds.), Proceedings of the 52nd ASIS annual
meeting: Vol.26. Managing information and technology (pp. 96-100). Medford, NJ: Learned
Information.
Book
Moore, M. H., Estrich, S., McGillis, D., & Spelman, W. (1984). Dangerous offenders: the
elusivetarget of justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Chapter in book
Vygotsky, L. S. (1991). Genesis of the higher mental functions. In P. Light, S. Sheldon, &
M.Woodhead (Eds.), Learning to think (pp. 32-41). London: Routledge.
Report/working paper
Birney, A. J., & Hall, M. M. (1981). Early identification of children with written language
difficulties (Report No. 81-502). Washington D.C.: National Educational Association.
43
xvi) List of Appendix
Specific items which are not included in the main text should be listed in the
appendix. These include,
Consent form in English and Bahasa Malaysia
Data collection sheets, research questionnaires and letter of
appointment/approval (if applicable)
Additional illustrations that are large or long to be placed in the main text
Raw data
It should be labeled as Appendix A, B, C etc. Each appendix needs to be listed in the
table of contents. Each table or figure is numbered and listed in the list of table or list
of figure accordingly.
Alternative Format
i till ix) Similar as in the standard format.
x) Introduction
xi) Manuscript
This includes title page, abstract, introduction, methodology, result, discussion,
conclusion and references.
x) Dissertation Protocol
The original research protocol that was approved earlier at the department/school
level must be attached. This includes Ethical Approval Letter and informed consent.
xi) Selected Journal Format
The trainees are suggested to follow format of Malaysian Journal of Medical
Sciences. Other journals are also accepted.
6.3.6. Submission of dissertation report
Trainees are expected to have regular meetings with the supervisor during conducting and
writing the dissertation report. The report should be submitted to the supervisor/co-supervisor
one month before the date line. Use of plagiarism detection program (i.e. Turnitin Software) is
required before final submission of the dissertation report.
The dateline of submission of the dissertation report to the Postgraduate Office, School of
Medical Sciences, USM is on 15 June or 15 December. Failure to comply will result trainees
being barred from sitting for the Phase III Examination.
44
6.3.7. Assessment by internal examiners
Each dissertation report will be evaluated by 2 or 3 internal examiners appointed by the
university. The examiners are the experts of the field, either from USM, other teaching
institutions or from the Ministry of Health. Satisfactory dissertations will be sent to the external
examiner by the Postgraduate Office. Poorly written/unsatisfactory dissertation will be returned
to the trainees for corrections and amendments. A repeat submission of the dissertation report
within 2 weeks time to the Postgraduate Office is mandatory. The corrected dissertation will be
evaluated again by the internal examiners.
6.3.8. Assessment by external examiner
The final evaluation will be done during the Phase III Examination by the external examiner
appointed by the university. This include;
i) Oral Presentation (20 minutes)
ii) Viva (20 minutes)
6.3.9. Final submission of dissertation report
The final copy of dissertation report should contain the amendments suggested during the
Phase III Examination. Three hard copies are required to be submitted to the department
before the final working day.
i) Binding
The title, author, USM logo, Statement of ‘Submission for Partial Fulfillment of the
Degree of Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology)’ and year of submission must be
printed on the front cover. Cover of the hardbound copies should be dark red or
maroon and made from Rexene. The letters for the front cover should be printed in
gold of font size 15 and upper case letters.
ii) Paper and Duplicating
Manuscript should be printed on high quality of A4 paper. Figures are printed in color
on paper with good quality. Computer pin-feed printout paper and duplicating with
carbon copies are not permitted.
iii) Printing quality
Font of Times New Roman, 12 pitch should be employed. A high quality laser or ink-
jet printer should be used for printing.
45
iv) Line Spacing
Double spacing should be used for typing. Single-spacing is only permitted in tables
and references.
v) Page Numbering
All page numbers should be printed at the centre of the bottom margin.
6.3.10. Publication
Approved dissertation reports or parts of the content are allowed for publication. A trainee with
approval of the supervisor shall publish paper(s) with due reference is made to the university
written in the manuscript.
46
6.4. SUMMARY OF DISSERTATION PROGRESS
This form needs to be prepared and presented by the trainee during progress interview.
Name:
Title:
No Progress Remarks
1. Preparation of proposal
2. Presentation of proposal
3. Date of ethical approval
(Certificate of ethical approval required)
4. Grant/Fund application
5. Data Collection
6. Writing up
7. Submission to Supervisor
8. Submission to Postgraduate Office
9. Presentation (Department level)
10. Comments by Supervisor
(Supervisor’s signature)
Name of Supervisor:
Date:
(Head of Department’s signature)
Name of HOD:
Date:
47
6.5. PUBLICATION
The trainees are required to submit 2 publications of either original article, case report, case series,
letter to editor, pilot study etc. It is essential for the trainees to discuss and plan their publications with
the supervisors. This exercise is aimed to provide exposure to the trainees regarding scientific
journal writings.
Trainees are encouraged to start writing their drafts soon as they pass their Phase I Examination.
The first drafts of 2 publications must be submitted to the supervisor not later than 3 months before
sitting for the Phase II Examination. All publications must be accepted by journals not later than 3
months before sitting for the Phase III Examination. The dateline is on 28 February or 30 August of
each academic year.
Trainees are encouraged to submit their work to indexed journals if possible. The merit points are
counted as 5 points for each publication. However, only the first author is eligible to claim for merit
points for case report and letter to editor, while the first two authors are able to claim merit points for
case series and original articles. This denotes that 2 trainees can work together in writing the case
series and original articles.
The correspondence author of the manuscript can be either the trainee or the supervisor. The
institution should be written as ‘Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti
Sains Malaysia’. Please ensure the spelling is correct. Common mistakes by the trainees include
Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, University Science of Malaysia, Universiti Science Malaysia etc.
Submission to the journals currently is made easy by online submission. However, there are still
journals require hard copy submissions. Letter of acceptance is considered a successful publication
prior to the actual printing.
The trainees, who are unable to write manuscript for publication will be required to submit 10 case
reports. The first draft of 10 case reports must be submitted to the supervisor not later than 3 months
before sitting for the Phase II Examination. The final 10 case reports must be handed to the
department not later than 3 months before sitting for the Phase III Examination. The dateline is
similar as above, 28 February or 30 August of each academic year.
48
6.5.1. Progress of publication
Either one of the following forms (where applicable, page 47 or 48) needs to be prepared and
presented by the trainee during progress interview.
Name :
Matric no:
No
Title of Publication
Submit to
Supervisor
(Date)
Submit to
Journal
Name/date)
Accept
(Date)
Publish
(Date)
Merit
Points
N.B: Please ensure that the front page of patient’s folder which has the patient’s particulars is included.
Recommendation from the supervisor,
On-going Progress.
2 first drafts have been submitted and the trainee shall be allowed to sit for Phase
II Examination if fulfils other requirement.
Incomplete number of publications. The trainee is not allowed to sit for Phase II /
III Examination.
*Tick (/) in the appropriate box
(Supervisor’s signature)
Name of Supervisor:
Date:
(Head of Department’s signature)
Name of HOD:
Date:
49
6.5.2. Format of a case report/case series
Manuscripts should be typed using double spacing and 3 mm margins on either side. Spelling
should comply with the concise English Dictionary. Abbreviation should be specifically defined
before they are used in the text. All tables and figures should be in Arabic form.
Title page
This consists of a title, authors’ names and institution(s).
Abstract
This includes summary of the case or highlighting important facts and keywords.
Case report/case series
A relevant history of presenting illness, medical / ocular history, important ocular and systemic
examination findings, investigations and management including progression or outcome of the
patient patients are detailed out where relevant.
Discussion
This includes provisional/differential diagnosis, a short discussion and added value or
knowledge of the case.
References
Further details can be obtained from any journal’s “Instructions to Authors”.
6.5.3. Format of letter to editor
Manuscripts should be typed using double spacing and 3 mm margins on either side. Spelling
should comply with the concise English Dictionary. There is usually no specific format.
However the number of authors and references are limited.
Further details can be obtained from any journal’s “Instructions to Authors”.
50
6.5.4. Format of original article
Manuscripts should be typed using double spacing and 3 mm margins on either side. Spelling
should comply with the concise English Dictionary.
Introduction
This explains the background of topic, gap of the knowledge and aim of a study.
Material and Methods
This includes the details of study design, time frame, study population, study venue, inclusion
criteria, exclusion criteria, certain definition of terms, details of methodology, and statistical
analysis employed. It is essential to declare the ethical approval obtained from the local
committee and ensure the methodology adheres to the Helsinki Declaration of ARVO
Declaration (if applicable).
Results
Results should be presented clearly and systematically. Table or figure should be self
explainable.
Discussions
This refers to the interpretation of the results and analysis of the data. Appropriate and sound
comparisons with other published studies are expected. The strong point and added
knowledge of the study should be highlighted. Limitations of the study should be addressed.
References
Please adhere to specific journal instruction before submitting your manuscript.
51
6.6. SUMMARY OF SURGERY DONE & ASSISTED
This form needs to be prepared and presented by the trainee during progress interview.
Name: Matric No:
Date:
(Supervisor’s signature)
Name of Supervisor:
Date:
(Head of Department’s signature)
Name of HOD:
Date:
No. Surgery / Procedure Total
Done Assist Done Assist Done Assist
1 ECCE with PCIOL
2 ECCE with ACIOL
3 Phacoemulsification
4 Lens Aspiration with IOL
5 Lens Aspiration
6 Secondary IOL
7 Trabeculectomy
8 Triple Procedure
9 Dacryocystorhinostomy
10 Squint Surgery
11 Evisceration
12 Anterior Vitrectomy
13 Posterior Vitrectomy
14 RD Surgery (Ext. Approach)
15 RD Surgery (Int. Approach)
16 IOFB Removal
17 Cyclocryopexy
18 Cyclodiode
19 Ptosis Surgery
20 Ectropion/Entropion Correction
21 Eyelid T&S
22 Corneal/Scleral T&S
23 Corneal Graft
24 Pterygium Excision
25 Limbal/Conjunctival Graft
26 Etc. I&C
I&D
Vitreous Tap / Intravitreal Antibiotic
AC Washout
Orbital Implant
2 Post Capsulotomy
Iris Repositioning
Repositioning of IOL
Tarsorrhapy
Excision
TOTAL
52
6.7. SUMMARY OF PROGRAM & MERIT POINTS
This form needs to be prepared and presented by the trainee during progress interview.
Name:
In / Out Campus :
Semester:
6.7.1. Overall
Year Sem Oral/Poster
Presentation
Publications Dissertation
Progress
JEPeM Postings Awards
1 1
2
Exam
2 1
2
3 1
2
Exam
4 1
2
Merit
Points
53
Supervisor’s remarks:
Recommendation from the supervisor,
On-going progress.
A minimum of 10 points are collected and the trainee shall be allowed to sit for
Phase III Examination if fulfils other requirements.
Incomplete merit points. The trainee is not allowed to sit for Phase II / III
Examination.
*Tick (/) in the appropriate box
(Supervisor’s signature)
Name of Supervisor:
Date:
(Head of Department’s signature)
Name of HOD:
Date:
54
6.7.2. Presentation
No Title Oral/Poster International /
Local
Authorship Points
Recommendation from the supervisor,
On-going Progress.
A minimum of 5 points are collected and the trainee shall be allowed to sit
for Phase III Examination if fulfils other requirements.
Incomplete merit points. The trainee is not allowed to sit for Phase II / III
Examination.
*Tick (/) in the appropriate box
(Supervisor’s signature)
Name of Supervisor:
Date:
(Head of Department’s signature)
Name of HOD:
Date:
55
6.8. ANNUAL LEAVE
6.8.1. Annual leave
Each trainee is entitled to 14 days of annual leave per semester (6 months). Trainees are not
allowed to carry forward up to 1 year of his/her annual leave entitlement to the following year.
Trainees absent for more than 14 consecutive days for any reason will be barred from sitting
for his/her examination, this includes the medical leave.
6.8.2. Leave application
All leave application should be discussed with Team Registrar and approved by the Team
Lecturer. Leave applications will be then submitted to the Head of Department for final
approval 7 days prior.
Depending on the adequacy of manpower, usually one trainee may be allowed to apply for
leave at any one time. Should there be more than one trainee forecasting for leave at the
same period, the leave entitlement will be prioritized accordingly. Trainees are advised not to
take leave during their clinic days.
6.8.3. Unrecorded leave
Unrecorded leaves are awarded to trainees under the following circumstances,
i) To present in local/international ophthalmology conferences, approved by the
department. However, there is no travelling day allowed.
ii) Study leave of 14 days (including public holidays) prior to Phase I and II Examinations.
iii) Study leave of 7 days (including public holidays) prior to Phase III Examination.
6.8.4. Medical/Emergency leave
Trainees are expected to inform the Head of Department and the Team Lecturer about their
medical and emergency leave. However, the leave is considered as their annual leave that
they are entitled for.
6.8.5. Overseas leave
Trainees who plan to apply the overseas leave are required to obey the same format. The
leave application should be discussed with the Team Registrar and approved by Team
Lecturer. Leave applications will be then submitted to the Head of Department for final
approval 30 days prior.
57
7.1. CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT
Assessments are carried out through the 4-year training program. It serves as guide to the trainees
on their expected achievement at different stages of the program. It is also used as prerequisite
criteria for sitting the Phase I, II, and III Examinations.
These continuous assessments will be performed at every 4 months by,
i) supervisor (s)
- This includes both supervisor(s) in university and Ministry of Health
ii) Specialist (s) of the team on rotational basis
- This includes the supervisor(s) in ophthalmology and neuro-ophthalmology postings
Component of the assessment includes academic knowledge, professional skills, interpersonal skills,
personality/attitude, continuing medical education, teaching and operating skills as in the following
form. This form will be sent directly to the Head of Department by the respective supervisor(s).
58
SCHOOL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
MASTER OF MEDICINE ( Ophthalmology )
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * INSTRUCTION:
Please rate candidate’s performance/abilities in the following areas and return the completed form.
Scale : (1 - 4) (5 – 6) (7 – 8) (9 – 10)
Ranking : Poor Satisfactory Good Excellent
The pass mark is 50%. A. ACADEMIC
(Core knowledge, case presentation) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B. PROFESSIONAL SKILL
(Communication skill, clinical judgement and decision, emergency care) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C. INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
(Doctor/Patient relationship, team relationships) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SUPERVISOR’S REPORT FORM
Candidate’s name :
Hospital/Institution:
Specialty :
Dates of posting : To:
Phase/Year of study : Year of Admission:
59
D. PERSONALITY / ATTITUDE
(Sense of responsibility, initiative, leadership, honesty, enthusiasm, punctuality, professional conduct) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 E. CONTINUING MEDICAL EDUCATION
(Participation in education program, journal reading, teaching skill)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 F. TEACHING SKILLS, PRACTICAL PROCEDURES (OPERATING SKILLS)
(Participation in education program, journal reading, teaching skill)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 OVERALL PERFORMANCE:
Total score = X 100 = % 60 Comments:…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………….………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Specific recommendations:……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Supervisors Name: ………………………………………………………………………. Signature: ……………………………………….. Date: ……………………………… Head of Department: Name: ……………………………………………………………………………………… Signature: ……………………………………….. Date: ………………………………
Please return completed form to : Head, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan.
60
7.2. PROGRESS INTERVIEW
Progress interview are conducted by the department twice a year, tentatively in August and February
of each academic year (refer to page 37). Trainees are required to update the following documents,
i) Summary of dissertation progress (refer 6.4)
ii) Progress of publication (refer 6.5.1)
iii) Summary of surgery done & assisted (refer 6.6)
iv) Summary of program and merit points (refer 6.7.1. and 6.7.2)
It is a must for the trainees to get the supervisor’s signatures for the above listed documents before
attending the progress interview. It is mandatory for the trainees to attend the interview, though
he/she is on leave.
7.3. EVALUATION OF THE DISSERTATION PROGRESS
Trainees in Phase II and III are required to fill in the following evaluation form (refer page 60) at every
6 month period and submit to the supervisor. The supervisor will evaluate the research progress and
submit the evaluation result to the Postgraduate Office.
61
PUSAT PENGAJIAN SAINS PERUBATAN
UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA
RANCANGAN SARJANA PERUBATAN .......................................
Laporan Kemajuan Penyediaan Disertasi
(Setiap 6 bulan)
(Bagi Tempoh………………………. hingga…………….20……………….)
Bahagian l (Untuk disikan oleh calon)
A. Nama Calon : ………………………………………………………………..
No. Pendaftaran : ...............................................Tarikh Pendaftaran:.....................................
Tarikh Pengajian : 2 3 4 (sila tandakan)
Tajuk Disertasi :
..........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
Tarikh Kelulusan
JawatankuasaEtika PPSP : .......................................................................................................................
Nama Penyelia : ........................................................................................................................
PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/L10
62
B. Nyatakan tarikh setiap aktiviti yang telah/akan disempurnakan. Sila nyatakan juga jika ada pindaan tentang tarikh-
tarikh yang dinyatakan dahulu.
AKTIVITI
Fasa ll
1
Bincang dan tetapkan tajuk dan metodologi
2
Menyiapkan pengumpulan data
3
Menganalisakan data
Fasa lll
4
Draf telah disempurnakan (Sekiranya telah mula mendraf)
5
Kajian penyelidikan diselesaikan
6
Draf pertama disertasi yang lengkap ditulis dengan cara dan format yang
betul dikemukakan kepada penyelia
7
Draf diperakukan oleh penyelia
8
Disertasi diperiksa oleh pemeriksa
C. Sila nyatakan :
(a) Berapa kerap anda telah berhubung dengan penyelia sejak mula menderaf disertasi
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Masalah yang dihadapi
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Catatan lain / cadangan
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Tarikh:……………………………… Tandatangan:…………………
Calon dikehendaki menyerahkan disertasi yang memuaskan (selepas semakan Penyelia) enam bulan sebelum
Peperiksaan Ikhtisas II/Penilaian Fasa III yang mana berkaitan.
63
Bahagian II (Catatan Penyelia)
1. Sila tandakan ( /) pada petak berkenaan
(a) Kemajuan
calon
Kurang
Memuaskan
Sederhana Memuaskan Baik Sangat
Baik
1 2 3 4 5
(b)
Prestasi
Calon
1 2 3 4 5
2. Catatan lain (jika ada):
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Saya mengesahkan bahawa saya telah melihat Bahagian (l) borang ini yang telah diisi oleh calon.
Tarikh: ………………………… Tandatangan :……………………………..
Nama Penyelia:…………………………….
Tarikh: ………………………....… Tandatangan :......................................
Ketua Jabatan :…………………………….
Perhatian: Laporan ini perlu dikembalikan ke Ketua Jabatan, Jabatan________________________,
64
7.4 EVALUATION OF THE PROGRAM It is expected for the trainees to evaluate the training program at the end of the program. The evaluation form should be returned to the Postgraduate Coordinator not later than one week after the Phase III Assessment.
DEPARTMENT OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
FEEDBACK QUESTIONNAIRE MASTERS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY PROGRAMME
Name (Optional): ………………………………… 1. Please state your year of registration into the program (Month/Year) ………………………. 2. For following questions kindly rate the training program that you have gone through for your specialist qualification
according to the areas of concern using the scale below: 1 2 3 4 5 Very poor Borderline Adequate Good Excellent
No. Areas of concern
Score
1.
Training for clinical competence:
a. Decision making on patient management 1 2 3 4 5
b. Procedural skills e.g. FFA, fundus photo, lasers etc. 1 2 3 4 5
2.
Surgical skills technique and management of complications:
a. Adequate cases 1 2 3 4 5
b. Adequate supervisions 1 2 3 4 5
3.
Exposure to sub-specialty:
a. Orbit and oculoplasty 1 2 3 4 5
b. Cornea and anterior segment diseases 1 2 3 4 5
c. Glaucoma 1 2 3 4 5
d. Paediatric ophthalmology and strabismus 1 2 3 4 5
e. Vitreo-retina 1 2 3 4 5
f. Medical retina and ocular Inflammations 1 2 3 4 5
g. Neuro-ophthalmology
1 2 3 4 5
PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/L11
65
4.
Teaching-learning activities:
a. Case presentations at department level 1 2 3 4 5
b. Ward rounds 1 2 3 4 5
c. Journal critical appraisal 1 2 3 4 5
d. Radiology conference 1 2 3 4 5
5.
Chance to participate in national/international ophthalmology conference
1
2
3
4
5
6.
Training for research
a. Planning and executing a study 1 2 3 4 5
b. Statistical analysis 1 2 3 4 5
c. Research presentation 1 2 3 4 5
d. Scientific writing and publications 1 2 3 4 5
7.
Academic supervision
1
2
3
4
5
8.
Community work involvement
1
2
3
4
5
3. Please rate the lecturers’ effectiveness in the fields concerned based on the scale provided 1 2 3 4 5
Poorly effective Borderline Adequate Good Excellent
a.
1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5
2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5
3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5
4. Training for research 1 2 3 4 5
5. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5
b.
1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5
2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5
3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5
4. Training for research 1 2 3 4 5
5. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5
c.
1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5
2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5
3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5
4. Training for research 1 2 3 4 5
5. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5
d.
1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5
2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5
3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5
4. Training for research 1 2 3 4 5
5. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5
66
e.
1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5
2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5
3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5
4. Training for research 1 2 3 4 5
5. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5
f.
1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5
2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5
3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5
4. Training for research 1 2 3 4 5
5. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5
g.
1. Teaching and learning activities 1 2 3 4 5
2. Clinical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5
3. Surgical skill supervision 1 2 3 4 5
4. Training for research 1 2 3 4 5
5. Personality development 1 2 3 4 5
We would be extremely grateful for further comments to improve the standard of the training of Ophthalmology in USM
68
8.1. PHASE I EXAMINATION
8.1.1. Prerequisite
a. Successfully completed one year posting
b. Satisfactory supervisor reports
c. Satisfactory continuous assessment and progress reports
d. Satisfactory intensive course attendance and examination results
8.1.2. Component
a. Theory – 50%
b. Clinical – 30%
c. Refraction – 20%
Section
Type
No. of Questions
Duration
% Marks
% Total marks
A MCQ I
60 questions (Basic Ophthalmology, Optics & Refraction)
2 hours
100
15
MCQ II 60 questions (Basic Ophthalmology, Optics & Refraction)
2 hours
100
15
Essay
8 short notes questions (Basic Ophthalmology)
2 hours 30 mins
100 20
Total for Theory
300 50
B
OSCE
10 stations (Basic Ophthalmology) 50 mins 100 15
Viva
1 session (Basic Ophthalmology) 30 mins 100 15
Total for Clinical
200 30
C
Clinical
1 case (Clinical Refraction) 30 mins 100 10
OSCE
4 stations (Optics & Refraction)
20 mins 100 10
Total for Refraction
200 20
Grand Total
700 100
A candidate is eligible to pass the Phase I Examination if he/she has obtained 50% or more of the
marks for each section (referring to section A, B and C).
A trainee who has failed the Phase I Examination may be permitted to a second attempt after a
period of 6 months, and final attempt after another 6 months. The Phase I Examination must be
passed not later than 24 months from the initial date of registration into the program. Failure of 3
attempts will automatically terminate the candidate from the program.
69
8.2. PHASE II EXAMINATION
8.2.1. Prerequisite
a. Successfully completed two years after passing Phase I Examination
b. Satisfactory supervisor reports
c. Satisfactory continuous assessment and progress reports
d. First draft of 2 manuscripts are submitted to the supervisor at least three (3)
months prior to exam
e. Obtained ethical approval for dissertation at least six (6) months prior to exam
8.2.2. Component
a. Theory – 40%
b. Clinical – 40%
c. Viva – 20%
Section
Type
No. of Questions
Duration
% Marks
% Total marks
A MCQ
60 Questions 2 hours 100 20
Essay I
6 Short Notes
1 hour 30 mins 100 10
Essay II
Key Features Questions 1 hour 30 mins 100 10
Total for Theory
300 40
B Clinical 1 Long Case 1 hour 10 mins
100 15
6 Short Cases
30 mins 100 15
Clinical 4 Short Cases (Medicine in relation to Ophthalmology)
30 mins 100 10
Total for Clinical
300 40
C Viva Ophthalmology
30 mins 100 10
Viva Medicine in relation to Ophthalmology
30 mins 100 10
Total for Viva
200 20
Grand total
800 100
Those candidates who have passed the section A will be allowed to sit for sections B and C. A
candidate is eligible to pass the Phase II Examination if he/she has obtained 50% or more of the
marks for each section (referring to section A, B and C).
A trainee who has failed the Phase II Examination may be permitted to a second attempt after a
period of 6 months, and final attempt after another 6 months. Failure of 3 attempts will
automatically terminate the candidate from the program.
70
8.3. PHASE III EXAMINATION
8.3.1. Prerequisite
a. At least one year after passing Phase II Examination
b. Satisfactory supervisor reports
c. Satisfactory continuous assessment and progress reports
d. Accepted 2 manuscripts for publication at least three (3) months prior to exam
e. Completed dissertation is submitted to the Postgraduate Office six at least (6)
months prior to exam
8.3.2. Assessment of dissertation
a. Dissertation will be evaluated by internal, local and external examiners appointed by
the University
b. Structure:
i) Dissertation Project
- Oral Presentation (20 minutes)
- Viva (20 minutes)
ii) Publication and Log Book (20 minutes)
c. Written assessment will be obtained and candidates should adhere to suggested
amendments and corrections before being certified for passing the examination.
d. If amendments/corrections are not satisfactory within the time limit given, the
candidates are considered failed and should re-sit after six months
8.4. OTHERS
a. Each candidate is given three attempts for every examination
b. If a candidate fails at the third attempt, he/she is terminated from the program
c. Each candidate should complete the program within 7 years from enrolment
71
8.5. GRADING OF MARKS
% of marks
Grade
Definition
75 & above
A+
Pass with distinction
70-74
A
Pass
60-69
B
Pass
50-59
C
Pass
49 & below
F
Fail
8.6.
MERIT POINTS
a. Publications
i) Case report / case series /
letter to editor
: 5 points
ii) Original article : 5 points
*Unpublished case report : I point for each case report
(A minimum of 10 points are required for this section)
b. Presentations
i) Oral : Local – 2 points International – 3 points
ii) Poster : Local – 1 point International – 2 points
(A minimum of 5 points are required for this section)
For satisfactory continuous assessment and fulfilling the prerequisite for Phase III examination, a
candidate must achieve minimum points from each component.
72
8.7. SUMMARY OF ASSESSMENT
Examination
Prerequisite
Deadline
Phase I Examination
1. 2. 3.
Satisfactory supervisor reports Satisfactory continuous assessment & progress report Satisfactory intensive course attendance & examination results
Phase II Examination
1. 2. 3. 4.
Satisfactory supervisor reports Satisfactory continuous assessment & progress report Publication First draft of 2 manuscripts are submitted by trainees to supervisor at least 3 months prior to exam
Dissertation Should obtain ethical approval for dissertation at least 6 months prior to exam
May exam – 28 Feb Nov exam – 30 August May exam – 30 Nov Nov exam – 31 May
Phase III Examination
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Satisfactory supervisor reports Satisfactory continuous assessment & progress report Publications Accepted 2 manuscripts are submitted by students (to department) at least 3 months prior to exam Dissertation Completed dissertation is submitted by students (to Postgraduate Office) at least 6 months prior to exam Presentations A minimum of 5 points are required
May exam – 28 Feb Nov exam – 30 August May exam – 15 June Nov exam – 15 Dec
73
8.8. EVALUATION OF THE EXAMINATION It is essential for all the trainees to fill in the evaluation form after,
i) Phase I Examination
ii) Phase II Examination
iii) Phase III Examination
The completed forms should be returned to the Postgraduate Coordinator not later than one week
after the conduct of examinations.
FEEDBACK QUESTIONNAIRE PHASE I
MAY/NOVEMBER…
Name (Optional):
For following questions kindly rate the examination that has been recently conducted according to the areas of concern using the scale below:
1 2 3 4 5
Very poor Borderline Adequate Good Excellent
1 Examination place 1 2 3 4 5
2 Conduct of examination 1 2 3 4 5
3 Assistance during examination from invigilators/staffs
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Very Easy Easy Adequate Difficult Very Difficult
4 Level of difficulty of questions:
a. MCQ I 1 2 3 4 5
b. MCQ II 1 2 3 4 5
c. Essay 1 2 3 4 5
d. OSCE 1 2 3 4 5
e. Clinical Refraction 1 2 3 4 5
f. Viva 1 2 3 4 5
We would be extremely grateful for further comments to improve the standard of examinations in the future. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Thank you for your cooperation and participation.
PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/L13
74
FEEDBACK QUESTIONNAIRE PHASE ll
MAY/NOVEMBER ……….
Name (Optional):
For following questions kindly rate the examination that has been recently conducted according to the areas of concern using the scale below:
1 2 3 4 5
Very poor Borderline Adequate Good Excellent
1 Examination place 1 2 3 4 5
2 Conduct of examination 1 2 3 4 5
3 Assistance during examination from invigilators/staffs
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Very Easy Easy Adequate Difficult Very Difficult
4 Level of difficulty of questions:
a. MCQ 1 2 3 4 5
b. Essay 1 2 3 4 5
d. Long Case 1 2 3 4 5
e. Short Case (Ophthalmology) 1 2 3 4 5
f. Short Case (Medical) 1 2 3 4 5
g. Viva (Ophthalmology) 1 2 3 4 5
h. Viva (Medical) 1 2 3 4 5
We would be extremely grateful for further comments to improve the standard of examinations in future. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Thank you for your cooperation and participation.
PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/L13
75
FEEDBACK QUESTIONNAIRE PHASE lll MAY/NOVEMBER ……….
Name (Optional):
For following questions kindly rate the examination that has been recently conducted according to the areas of concern using the scale below:
1 2 3 4 5
Very poor Borderline Adequate Good Excellent
Very poor Borderline Adequate Good Excellent
1 Examination place
2 Conduct of examination
3 Assistance during examination from the coordinator/staffs
1 2 3 4 5
Very Easy Easy Adequate Difficult Very Difficult
4 Level of difficulty of questions during the Final Assessment Viva:
1 2 3 4 5
a. Dissertation
1 2 3 4 5
b. Case reports/Publication
1 2 3 4 5
c. Surgical Log Book
1 2 3 4 5
d. Others (please name)
1 2 3 4 5
We would be extremely grateful for further comments to improve the standard of examinations in future. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Thank you for your cooperation and participation.
PPSP/PG/OPH/CP2/L13
76
8.9. BEST STUDENT AWARD Trainee who passed the Phase I Examination, Phase II Examination and Phase III Examination
successfully with only one attempt in each examination, will be entitled for Best Student Award for
Master of Medicine (Ophthalmology) USM for that respective academic year.
Eligible trainee(s) will be required to submit a CV that include,
i) Work experience
ii) Academic experience
iii) List of publications
iv) List of presentations
v) List of award(s) received
A panel headed by Dean, School of Medical Sciences of USM will select the most eligible candidate
from the list submitted by the department. A certificate, trophy and monetary reward will be awarded.
78
The department undertakes undergraduate and postgraduate teaching, research and clinical services
for Ophthalmology the flagship of School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia and Hospital
Universiti Sains Malaysia.
9.1. LECTURERS
1. Professor Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin MBBS (Malaya), MMed (Ophthal) (USM), PhD (UK), AM (Malaysia)
Head of Department and Professor
2. Professor Dr. Wan Hazabbah Wan Hitam MD (USM), MSurg (UKM), Fellowship in Neuro-Ophthalmology (Singapore)
Professor
3. Professor Dr. Shatriah Ismail MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM), Fellowship in Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (Singapore), AM (Malaysia)
Professor
4. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohtar Ibrahim MD (USM), MSurg (UKM), Fellowship in Cornea and Ocular Surface Diseases (UK)
Associate Professor
5. Assoc. Prof. Datin Dr. Zunaina Embong MD (UKM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM), Fellowship in
Vitreoretinal Surgery (Australia), AM (Malaysia)
Associate Professor
6. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azhany Yaakub
MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM), AM (Malaysia)
Associate Professor
7. Assoc. Prof. Dr. Adil Hussein MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM)
Associate Professor
8. Dr. Khairy Shamel Sonny Teo MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM)
Senior Lecturer
9. Dr. Julieana Muhammed MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM)
Lecturer
10. Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min MD (USM), MMed (Ophthal) (USM)
Lecturer
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9.2.
VISITING PROFESSORS
1. Dr. Lee Hung Ming Senior Consultant and Head of Refractive Services Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
January 2005 till June 2007
2. Prof. James F. Barry Cullen Consultant Neuro-Ophthalmologist Head, Neuro-Ophthalmology Services Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Overseas Advisor in Ophthalmology Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh
July 2007 till December 2008
3.
Associate Professor Dr. Lim Tock Han Senior Consultant, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Director, The Eye Institute National Healthcare Group, Singapore
January- Dec 2009
4. Dr. Yip Chee Chew Head, Department of Ophthalmology Alexandra Hospital, Singapore
January - Dec 2010
5. Associate Professor Heng Wee Jin Senior Consultant, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, The Eye Institute National Healthcare Group, Singapore
January - Dec 2011
6. Dr. Ganga Sundhara Senior Consultant Ophthalmologist National University of Singapore, Singapore
January 2012 - 2013
7. Professor Aung Tin Senior Consultant, Singapore National Eye Centre Singapore
January 2013 -2014
9.3.
HONORARY LECTURERS
1. Dr. Zamri Noordin Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan
2. Dr. Norhalwani Husain Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan
3. Dr. Tengku Norina Tuan Jaafar Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan
4. Dr. Idahriani Muhd Nor Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan
5. Dr. Nurhamiza Buang Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan
6. Dr. Sakinah Zakaria Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan
7. Dr. Nor Sharina Yusof Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kelantan
8. Dr. Hjh. Zuraidah Mustari Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu
9. Dr. Nor Anita Che Omar Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Terengganu
10. Dr. Raja Norliza Raja Omar Hospital Melaka
11. Dato’ Dr. Ahmad Mat Saad Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah
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12. Dato’ Dr Haslina Mohd Ali Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah
13. Dr Farrah Jaafar Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah
14. Dr. Muzaliha Mohamed Nor Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah
15. Dr. Azreen Redzal Anuar Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Alor Setar, Kedah
16. Dr. Hayati Abd Aziz Hospital Sultanah Aminah, Johor Bharu
17. Dr. Devaraj L.A Supramaniam Hospital Selayang, Selangor
18. Dr. Fiona Chew Lee Min Hospital Selayang, Selangor
19. Dr. Mohd Aziz Salowi Hospital Selayang, Selangor
20. Dr. Kursiah Mohd. Razali Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Perak
21. Dr. Chong Mei Fong Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Perak
22. Dr. Widad Md Yusof Hospital Raja Permaisuri Bainun, Perak
23. Dr. Ang Ee Ling Hospital Pulau Pinang
24. Dr. Jamalia Rahmat Hospital Kuala Lumpur
25. Dr. Lakana Kumar Hospital Kuala Lumpur
26. Dr. Gan Eng Hui Hospital Kuala Lumpur
27. Dr. Shuaibah Abd Ghani Hospital Queen Elizabeth, Sabah
28. Dr. Akmal Haliza Zamli Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang
29. Dr. Shawarinin Jusoh Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Pahang
30. Dr Norlaila Talib Hospital Serdang, Selangor
31. Dr. Fazilawati A. Qamaruddin
Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah, Klang
9.4. TRAINEE LECTURER
1.
2.
3.
4.
Dr. Ngoo Qi Zhe
Dr. Shahidatul Adha Mohamad
Dr. Ainul Mardhiyyah Mohd Yazid
Dr. Ng Kwang Sheng
9.5. SUPPORTING STAFF
Setiausaha Eksekutif
1. Cik Nurul Ameera Bt Azmi
Pembantu Am Pejabat
1. Encik Wan Ahmad Tarmizi Wan Zainal Abidin
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10.1. ROTATIONAL POSTINGS
At present there are five clinical services unit with 1-2 lecturers per unit, assisted by 1-2 registrars, and
5-6 medical officers. Trainees will undergo a 4-monthly rotational posting. Each clinical service unit has
a general clinic day, pre and post operative clinic. Subspecialty clinics which are consultant-led are
assisted by the registrars and medical officers of the team.
Neuro-ophthalmology Service Professor Dr. Wan Hazabbah Wan Hitam
Orbit & Oculoplasty Service Associate Professor Dr. Adil Hussein Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min
Glaucoma Service Professor Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajuddin Associate Professor Dr. Azhany Yaakub
Retina Service Associate Professor Datin Dr. Zunaina Embong
Paediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Service Professor Dr. Shatriah Ismail
Cornea and Ocular Surface Service Associate Professor Dr. Mohtar Ibrahim Dr. Julieana Muhammed
Ocular Trauma & Daycare Service Dr. Khairy Shamel Sonny Teo
10.2. CLINICAL SERVICES
10.2.1. Prevention of blindness clinic
A 24-hour casualty service is provided by the department. During office hours, these cases will
be channeled to the Trauma & Emergency Eye Clinic or called the ‘PREVENTION OF
BLINDNESS (POB) CLINIC’. One medical officer and one registrar will be in-charge of this
clinic office hours. A specialist on-call is assigned to provide consultation for this clinic.
Patients requiring further follow-up can be seen at this clinic on the next day. However a
patient who requires more than 3 follow-ups, he/she should be channeled to the specialist’s
general clinic appointment to avoid crowding of the POB clinic.
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10.2.2. General clinic
Clinics run every Sunday, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday. There are about 60 – 80
patients per clinic. Clinics are run by trainees and supervised by specialists. The clinic
commences at 8.00 a.m. promptly. Trainees must start the clinic and begin examining
patients at 8.30 a.m.
No trainees may leave the clinic until all patients have been seen. In the event of unusually
heavy patient load, trainees assigned to another rotation may be requested by the Chief
Registrar to assist in this clinic.
All new cases referred to the clinic should be evaluated at least once by the specialist covering
the clinic. All patients referred to the clinic by another ophthalmologist, the police, a lawyer, or
patients desiring a second opinion or assessment must be evaluated by the specialists
covering the clinic. Always seek further opinion and review when uncertain of diagnosis, or
when managing complicated cases.
For all new cases, the attending trainee must write the names of the specialist covering the
clinic as well as his/her own name, time and date of consultation, on the front page of the
clinical record. Trainees are encouraged to complete the reply slips accompanying the
referrals to be sent back to the referring physician. Each consultation should be completed
with the resident’s name-stamp.
After seeing each patient and at every patient visit, trainees must record the clinical findings
and treatment plan in the following format:
Subjective complaints
Objective findings
Assessment
Plan
All anterior and posterior segment signs must be meticulously and clearly drawn using the
appropriate coding colours.
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10.2.3. Pre-operative clinic
The duties of the trainees include,
i) Review all pre-operative cases with regards to general fitness for surgery
ii) Ensure,
a. Instructions for nothing-by-mouth are given to patient (if applicable)
b. Appropriate medications are taken by patient pre-op (e.g. anti-hypertensives,
IHD, DM)
c. Biometry has been performed and that the printout shows the IOL power or the
target post-op refraction
d. If IOL power on the biometry is <10D or >28D, please check with the surgeon on
his choice of IOL power, as well as the availability of the IOL
e. Pre-op dilating drops are ordered accordingly.
Dilation required for:
Cataract surgery – either primary procedure or part of surgery
Vitreoretinal surgery
Do not dilate pupils for:
Trabeculectomy or filtration implant surgery (unless combined
with phacoemulsification surgery)
Pterygium, oculoplastics and strabismus surgery
AC IOL implant (Pilocarpine may be needed)
f. Blood results / CXR / ECG done pre-op are within normal limits. Any
abnormalities e.g. high BSL, new abnormal ECG findings etc., please consult
the surgeon in charge. Do not cancel any case listed for elective surgery
without informing the surgeon in charge
g. Referral to the physician or anaesthetist should be made where appropriate
h. Patient has no acute illnesses both systemically as well as locally in any eye
(e.g. conjunctivitis, acute chalazion, etc)
iii) Recheck the patients’ consent as well as which eye the surgery is to be performed
on. Consent is valid as long as the patient’s desire for surgery and the clinical
indication has not changed
iv) Reinforce visual prognosis to patients where necessary.
E.g. those with guarded prognosis, risk of diplopia, over & under-correction in
patients with strabismus, amblyopia in anisometropic patients, etc.
85
10.2.4. Subspecialty clinics
Subspecialty clinic runs every Sunday, Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, led by the
specialists, registrars and medical officers. There are about 15-40 patients per clinic. Each
patient should be seen or presented to the managing specialists.
Procedures such as lasers and fundus fluorescein angiogram have been incorporated into the
subspecialty clinics. The trainees will perform laser procedures under team
specialists/registrar. The trainees are required to perform basic laser procedures as follows,
Laser Procedure Trainees Clinic
Argon laser retinal photocoagulation All trainees
Retina Clinic
Laser indirect ophthalmoscopy Registrars
Focal / Grid laser 2nd year M.Med and above
Ar-YAG peripheral iridotomy 2nd year M.Med and above
Glaucoma
Clinic
Argon Laser Trabeculopasty Registrars
Nd-YAG laser capsulotomy 2nd year M.Med and above
All clinics
Suturelysis Registrars
86
10.3. DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY SERVICES
Trainees are expected to learn and to perform the following investigations when necessary:
i) Autorefraction / Subjective refraction
ii) Ultrasound A & B-scan
iii) Ocular biometry
iv) Specular microscopy
v) Corneal topography
vi) Corneal pachymeter
vii) Fundus photography and fluorescein angiography
viii) Air-puff tonometer
ix) Hess chart / BSV
x) Contrast sensitivity
xi) Electroretinogram (i.e. ERG and EOG)
xii) Visual fields (i.e. Humphrey, Bjerrum, FDT and GDx)
xiii) Visual evoke potential
xiiii) Retinal tomography (i.e. HRT, HRA and OCT)
10.4 OPTOMETRY SERVICES
Trainees are encouraged to have adequate exposure in the following services offered, which include,
i) Adult refraction clinic
ii) Paediatric refraction clinic
iii) Low visual aid clinic
iv) Colour vision clinic
v) Binocular vision clinic
vi) Contact lens clinic
10.5. ON-CALL RESPONSIBILITIES
Each trainee will be responsible for patient care and related on-call activities when he/she is on-call e.g.
eye in-patients, emergency calls after working hours. The trainee is required to be physically present at
the emergency room in a reasonable amount of time after being called. Swapping of on-call duties is
permitted by mutual agreement, and must be noted on the official on-call list. The trainee on-call must
remain contactable at all times, even if he/she is in the operation theatre.
87
All ward works which arise after working hours are the responsibility of the trainee on-call and must be
completed before the next day e.g. reviewing of post-op patients, acting on inter-departmental referral
recommendations, arrangements for early/urgent radiological scans, and morning fasting bloods.
Uncompleted duties should not be passed on to the ward trainee the next day.
All call requests each month are to be submitted to the registrar in-charge as early as possible so that
the roster can be planned with minimal disruption. Last minute requests will not be entertained. The
total number of calls done per trainee is equally divided. This includes public holidays and weekends.
During working hours the patients will be sent directly to the POB clinic. Occasionally, for patients who
are unable to go the clinic (e.g. severe trauma), the second on-call trainee will be consulted, and the
patient will be reviewed at the Trauma Center.
After working hours, the Emergency Department will page the first on-call trainee directly, and the
patients will be reviewed at the Trauma Center. Peripheral referral from other wards will also be
referred to the second on-call trainee. The on-call trainees should evaluate patients promptly.
The trainee must inform the registrar on-call and specialist on-call of any cases requiring further
consultation. This include post-operative event (ophthalmic or non-ophthalmic) related to surgery.
Patients requiring urgent minor surgery (e.g. those with lid lacerations, I&D and I&C) can be managed
in the Minor Surgery Room at the discretion of the attending trainee. For more complicated
procedures, the advice and assistance of the on-call registrar should be sought.
10.6. PATIENTS REQUIRING ADMISSION
The patient will be initially evaluated by the trainee. The on-call registrar should be notified immediately
of any admissions via the Emergency Department or through the clinic. For private or complex patients
already under the care of a specialist, the specialist must be notified. Further management of the
patient will be directed by the specialist.
Should any patient require surgery (emergency or elective), the specialist on-call should be notified.
The specialist on-call may allow the registrar on-call to continue with the medical or surgical
management of the patient. However, the specialist on-call on the day of admission will ultimately be
responsible for the patient’s care and will also retain the right to perform any surgical procedure for
which he/she is qualified. In cases requiring urgent medication (e.g. corneal ulcers, acute glaucoma),
treatment should be started promptly.
88
10.7. WARD ROUNDS
Morning rounds will be held daily. It is compulsory for all trainees to attend the ward round
unless specified by Team Registrar/Specialists. It will be led by the team registrar and/or team
specialists each day. The trainee on-call the previous day will hold and update the list of in-
patients to be reviewed.
10.8. OPERATION THEATRE
Trainees must be in the operation theatre by 8.20 am. A trainee who is participating in a patient's
surgery is encouraged to examine the patient and must review the clinical records pre-operatively. On
every surgical case, the trainee must complete the following:
i) Pre-operative - check pre-operative clerking (e.g. cataract registry), pre-op orders
and informed consent
ii) Post-operative notes - must be done in immediately following surgery.
iii) Case register in the OT register book – surgeon’s name, date, type of operation, etc.
iv) Prescriptions
v) Pathology and microbiology forms (where necessary)
The trainees will get priority whenever a suitable cataract patient is available for supervised surgery.
Surgical opportunities will be equalized among trainees as far as possible, but the actual number of
cases each one will get to do will also depend on individual surgical competence.
Trainees must follow up the patients whom they have operated on post-operatively. Trainees should
also keep a record of the cases in their log book (important for training qualifications and examinations)
with specification of the type of surgical participation. Supervised surgery refers to the case that is
essentially done by the trainee under the supervision of a consultant. Assisted surgery denotes the
case is done by the specialist with trainee assistance. Performed alone indicates that the case is done
by the trainee independently.
89
10.9. SPECIALIST VISIT TO HOSPITAL TENGKU ANIS, PASIR PUTIH, KELANTAN
This visit is being conducted once in a month (Sunday) by a specialist and a registrar. Hospital Tengku
Anis is located in Pasir Putih which is about 40 km south from Kubang Kerian. We are providing out
patient consultation as well as case referral to USM for further management. It also gives our
registrars/trainees ample opportunity in managing ocular patients at the level of district hospitals/rural
areas.
10.10. COMMUNITY EYE SCREENING PROGRAM
The Community Eye Screening program is conducted on a monthly basis, in which specialists, medical
officers and medical students (ophthalmology posting) are directly involved. This eye screening
programme is usually carried out in several selected rural areas in Kelantan. Patients who require
further ophthalmology attention will be given a special appointment to the Eye Clinic, Hospital USM.
The aim of this program is to introduce medical students to common ocular problems in the community
e.g. glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, refractive error, amblyopia, squint etc. The patients also
benefit for early detection of the above diseases.
90
Ophthalmology Services, Hospital USM (2018)
Sunday
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Glaucoma Service
Prof Dr. Liza Sharmini AT A/Prof Dr. Azhany Yaakub
Operation Day
Academic and Research Day
Clinic
Clinic
Glaucoma Diagnostic Lab
Visual Field
Orbit
& Oculoplasty Service
A/Prof Dr. Adil Hussein Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min
Clinic
Clinic
Operation Day
Academic and Research Day
Combined Clinic Pathology Meeting
Neuro-Ophthalmology
Prof Dr. Wan Hazabbah
Academic and Research Day
Operation Day
Clinic
Clinic
Neuro-Ophthal Diagnostic Lab
VEP
ERG
Retina Service
A/Prof Datin Dr. Zunaina
Academic and Research Day
Operation Day
Clinic
Clinic
Laser Clinic
Paed-Ophthal & Strabismus Service
Prof Dr. Shatriah Ismail
Clinic
Clinic
Academic and Research Day
Operation Day
Paed Neuro-Ophthal Diagnostic Lab
VEP
Cornea & Ocular Surface
Service
A/Prof Dr. Mohtar Ibrahim Dr. Julieana Muhammed
Clinic
Clinic
Operation Day
Academic and Research Day
Cornea Diagnostic Lab
Ocular Trauma & Daycare Services
Dr. Khairy Shamel ST
Prevention of Blindness Clinic
Academic and Research Day
Optometry Services
Refraction
Contact Lens
Refraction
Low Visual Aid
Refraction
Colour Vision
Refraction
Binocular Vision
Refraction
Electrophysiology
No Name Research Project Year Publication / Presentation
1.
Dr. Noramazlan Ramli
The use of conjunctival impression cytology to determine the density of goblet cells and presence of mast cells on the conjunctival epithelium in patient with vernal keratoconjunctivitis
May 2001
Conjunctival impression cytology to determine the density of goblet cells and presence of mast cells on the conjunctival epithelium in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis 19th Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress, Penang, Malaysia, 15-17 June 2001 (Oral Presentation)
2.
Dr. Nik Azlan Nik Zaid
Topical latanoprost (PGF2 analogue) for the prevention of immediate increase in intraocular pressure after cataract extraction
May 2001
-
3.
Dr. Maizan Yaakub
Factors influencing raised intraocular pressure in corneal ulcer
May 2001
Contributing factors for high intraocular pressure (IOP) in corneal ulcers International Medical & Health Congress, USM Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 25-28 May 2007 (Oral Presentation) Factors influencing raised intraocular pressure in corneal ulcers The Asia-ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Singapore, 2-5 March 2007 (Poster Presentation)
4.
Dr. Ng Sok Lin
Association between myopia and amplitude of accommodation in young adults
Nov 2001
-
5.
Dr. Tengku Ahmad Kamal Al-riffin b. Tg. Abd. Halim
Comparison in predictability of postoperative refraction between phacoemulsification and extracapsular cataract extraction
May 2002
Comparison in predictability of postoperative refraction between phacoemulsification and extracapsular cataract extraction 1st USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2003 (Oral Presentation)
6.
Dr. Go Eng Soon
Expression of interleukin 4, Interleukin 4 receptor and IL – 4 receptor related GP 200-MR6 molecule in pterygium and normal bulbar conjunctiva tissue
May 2002
Expression of interleukin 4, Interleukin 4 receptor and IL – 4 receptor related GP 200-MR6 molecule in pterygium and normal bulbar conjunctiva tissue International Council of Ophthalmology Congress Sydney, Australia, 20 April 2002 (Poster Presentation)
7.
Dr. Liza Sharmini Ahmad Tajudin
The effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctiva cell profile
May 2002
The effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctiva cell profile 8th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 8-9 May 2003 (Oral Presentation) The effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctiva cell profile on Asian patients 21st Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress, Langkawi, Malaysia, 20-22 June 2003 (Oral Presentation) Topical antiglaucoma drugs: The effects on the conjunctiva cell profile and trabeculectomy outcome 4th Congress of Asian-Oceanic Glaucoma Society, Hong Kong, 1-4 October 2003 (Poster Presentation)
The effects of topical antiglaucoma drugs on the conjunctival cell profile of Asian patients Asian Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;9:17-22 (Publication)
8.
Dr. Chew Leong Sun
Morphological differences between the two eyes of patients with asymmetrical cataract : A pilot study
Nov 2002
-
9.
Dr. Zunaina Embong
Evaluation of PCR method to detect fungal aetiology in microbial keratitis
Nov 2002
Evaluation of PCR method to detect fungal aetiology in microbial keratitis
7th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 May 2002 (Oral Presentation) Evaluation of PCR method to detect fungal aetiology in microbial keratitis 21st Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress, Langkawi, Malaysia, 20-22 June 2003 Best Oral Presentation Detection of fungal pathogen in microbial keratitis by PCR 1st USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2003 (Oral Presentation) Detection of fungal keratitis by PCR Medical Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 4 October 2003 Best Oral Presentation Specific detection of fungal pathogens by 18S rRNA gene PCR in microbial keratitis BMC Ophthalmology 2008;8:7 (Publication)
10.
Dr. Ng Gim Leong
A demographic study of glaucoma cases seen in the Eye Clinic of Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia
Nov 2002
-
11.
Dr. Wan Azizan Wan Ab. Kadir
Corneal endothelial cell changes in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)
Nov 2002
Corneal endothelial cell changes in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG)
7th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 May 2002 (Oral Presentation)
Corneal endothelial cell changes in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) 1st USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2003 (Oral Presentation) Corneal endothelial cell changes in primary open angle glaucoma International Medical Journal 2004; 2(2): (Publication)
12.
Dr. Chandramalar a/p Santhirathelagan
Association of degree of corneal arcus with fasting lipid profile in individuals aged 30 – 60 years
Nov 2002
-
13.
Dr. Bakiah Shaharuddin
The antifungal effects of “Gamat” extracts in aspergillus keratitis in rabbits
May 2003
The antifungal effects of “Gamat” extracts (Stichopus chloronatus) in aspergillus keratitis in rabbits 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 May 2004 (Oral Presentation) The antifungal effects of “Gamat” extracts (Stichopus chloronatus) in aspergillus keratitis in rabbits
20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Oral Presentation) Antifungal effects of a sea cucumber (Stichopus chloranatus) on Aspergillus fumigatus International Medical Journal 2006;13(2):135-138 (Publication)
14.
Dr. Rosnita Alias
The modified VF-14 : Study of visual function status in pre and post cataract surgery
May 2003
Evaluation of visual function status pre and post cataract surgery using a modified VF-14 13th MaSIS Meeting 2009 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 3-4 October 2009 (Oral Presentation)
Modified VF-14: a visual function status assessment pre and post cataract surgery 25th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmic Congress Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-22 Nov 2009 (Poster Presentation)
15.
Dr. Zamri Noordin
A review of open globe injury in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia over 10 years
May 2003
Open globe eye injury – A 10 years experience of HUSM (1990-1999) 21st Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress 2003 Langkawi, Malaysia, 20-22 June 2003 (Poster Presentation) Open globe eye injury – A 10 years experience of HUSM (1990-1999) 1st USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2003 (Poster Presentation)
Open globe injury in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia - a 10-year review International Journal of Ophthalmology 2014:7(3):486-490 (Publication)
16.
Dr. Shuaibah Ab. Ghani
A study of contrast sensitivity in smokers and non-smokers among army personnel
May 2003
-
17.
Dr. Zabri Kamarudin
The intraocular pressure changes during haemodialysis at Hospital Kuala Terengganu
May 2003
Intraocular pressure changes during haemodialysis in Hospital Kuala Terengganu 8th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 8-9 May 2003 (Poster Presentation) The intraocular pressure changes during haemodialysis
21st Malaysia - Singapore Ophthalmic Congress 2003 Langkawi, Malaysia, 20-22 June 2003 (Poster Presentation)
18.
Dr. Saira Fairma Ismail Mokhtar
A comparative study on the severity of dry eyes between menopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and those on HRT in HUSM
Nov 2003
A comparative study on the severity of dry eyes between menopausal women not on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and those on HRT in HUSM 2nd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2004 Best Oral Presentation Occurrence of dry eye in post-menopausal women on hormone replacement therapy: fake or fact?
International Medical & Health Congress USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 25-28 May 2007 (Oral Presentation) Dry eye in post-menopausal Asian women on hormone replacement therapy International Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;7(5):1237-1239 (Publication)
19.
Dr. Azma Azalina Ahmad Alwi
Detection of herpes simplex infection in viral conjunctivitis using polymerase chain reaction – A pilot study
May 2004
Detection of herpes simplex infection in viral conjunctivitis using polymerase chain reaction – A pilot study
9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation) Detection of herpes simplex infection in viral conjunctivitis using PCR – A pilot study 2nd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2004 (Oral Presentation)
20.
Dr. Rosli Mohd Kassim
A comparative study of corneal thickness and endothelial cells changes in Type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic patients following cataract surgery
May 2004
-
21.
Dr. Tan Soo Hoi
Comparison of conjunctival impression cytology between glaucoma patients treated with topical timolol maleate 0.5% and topical latanoprost 0.005%
May 2004
Comparison of conjunctival impression cytology between glaucoma patients treated with topical timolol maleate 0.5% and topical latanoprost 0.005% 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation) Comparison of conjunctival impression cytology between glaucoma patients treated with topical timolol maleate and topical latanoprost 2nd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2004 (Oral Presentation) Conjunctival impression cytology in glaucoma patients treated with topical latanaprost and timolol maleate South East Asia Glaucoma Meeting Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 26-28 August 2004 (Oral Presentation) The effects of topical antiglaucoma on conjunctival impression cytology in Malay glaucoma patients International Medical Journal 2010;17(4):271-274 (Publication)
22.
Dr. Mohd Aziz Husni
A study on central corneal thickness and morphology in myopic Malay undergraduates of Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia
May 2004
Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure among Malay undergraduates of Health Campus, USM 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation) Central corneal thickness and morphology in myopic Malay undergraduates of Health Campus, USM 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation)
23.
Dr. Shatriah Ismail
A randomized comparison on the corneal endothelial morphology after the use of 2 different viscoelastic agents during phacoemulsification surgery
Nov 2004
A randomized comparison on the corneal endothelial morphology after the use of 2 different viscoelastic agents during phacoemulsification surgery 20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Oral Presentation) Effect of Healon 5 and Healon GV on corneal endothelium after phacoemulsification surgery
10th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 May 2005 (Oral Presentation) Effect of Healon 5 and Healon GV on corneal endothelial morphology after phacoemulsification surgery. International Medical Journal 2006;13:281-285 (Publication)
24.
Dr. Nor Anita Che Omar
Ultrasonographic features in staphylococcus epidermidis, pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida albicans endophthalmitis in rabbits
Nov 2004
Ultrasonographic features in staphylococcus epidermidis, pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida albicans endophthalmitis in rabbits 20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Best National Paper – International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO)) Ultrasonographic features in staphylococcus epidermidis, pseudomonas aeruginosa and candida albicans endophthalmitis in rabbits World Ophthalmology Congress, Sao Paolo, Brazil, 16 February 2006 (Oral Presentation)
Ultrasonographic and pathological features in candida albicans, staphylococcus epidermidis and pseudomonas aeruginosa induced endophthalmitis
International Medical Journal 2010;17(4):275-280 (Publication)
25.
Dr. Afizah Isnin
A comparative study on surgical outcomes in primary pterygium excision using air-dried amniotic membrane graft versus bare sclera technique
Nov 2004
A comparative study on surgical outcomes in primary pterygium excision using air-dried amniotic membrane graft versus bare sclera technique 9th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2004 (Oral Presentation) A comparative study on surgical outcomes in primary pterygium excision using air-dried amniotic membrane graft versus bare sclera technique 2nd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 17-18 July 2004 (Oral Presentation) A comparative study on surgical outcomes in primary pterygium excision using air-dried amniotic membrane graft versus bare sclera technique
20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Oral Presentation)
26.
Dr. Andrew Lim Keat Eu
Prevalence clinical features and risk factors of thyroids associated ophthalmopathy in a multiethnic Malaysian population
May 2005
Prevalence clinical features and risk factors of thyroids associated ophthalmopathy in a multiethnic Malaysian population
20th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27-31 March 2005 (Oral Presentation) Prevalence, risk factors and clinical features of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy in multiethnic Malaysian patients with Graves Disease Thyroid 2008;18 (12):1297-1300 (Publication)
27.
Dr. Ezanee Mokhtar
An evaluation of digital photography and image analysis software for assessment of corneal ulcer size progression
Nov 2005
-
28.
Dr. Mohd Mansor Shariff
A pilot study of bovine bone for orbital implant in rabbits
May 2006
Bovine bone xenograft as orbital implants in rabbits - A pilot study ASIA ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Singapore, 3-5 March 2007 (Poster Presentation)
Bovine bone hydroxyapatite orbital implants in rabbits
23rd Malaysia Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation) Bovine bone xenograft as orbital implants in rabbit eyes International Journal of Ophthalmology 2007; 7 (6): 1495-9 (Publication)
29.
Dr. Ong Lieh Bin
The role of beta 2-receptor polymorphisms on pressure lowering effects of topical timolol maleate in glaucomatous patients.
May 2006
The role of -20C and GLN 27 of beta 2-adrenoreceptor polymorphisms in glaucoma patients and their responsiveness to topical timolol 21st Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Singapore, 10-14 June 2006 (Oral Presentation) The possible association of -20C and Gln 27 of beta-2 adrenoreceptor polymorphisms in glaucoma patients and responsiveness of topical timolol Human Genome Meeting, Helsinki, Finland, 31 May-3 June 2006 (Poster Presentation)
30.
Dr. Chieng Lee Ling
Prostanoid receptor polymorphism: The association of novel single nucleotide polymorphism with the responsiveness of glaucoma patients to topical latanoprost
May 2006
The effect of novel mutation of prostanoid receptor gene of pressure lowering effect of latanoprost. A preliminary report 3rd USM Ophthalmology Symposium, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 16-17 July 2005 Best Oral Presentation
The effect of prostanoid receptor polymorphism in glaucoma patients 21st Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Singapore, 10-14 June 2006 (Oral Presentation) Prostaglandin F2α receptor gene polymorphism and its association with pressure lowering effect of topical latanoprost among Malaysian glaucoma patients
2nd National Colloqium and workshop in Pharmacogenetics Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 26-27 May 2008 2nd Best Oral Presentation
31.
Dr. Selvaraja P. Vengadasalam
The influence of beta 2 – Adrenoreceptor polymorphisms on spirometric changes in glaucoma patients receiving topical timolol –XE
Nov 2006
The influence of beta2-adrenoreceptor polymorphism on spirometric changes in glaucoma patients receiving topical timolol treatment 11th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 20-21 May 2006 (Oral Presentation) The role of beta-2 adrenoreceptor in respiratory impairment of glaucoma patients on topical timolol XE 0.5% SEAGIG Chennai: International Glaucoma Convention Chennai, India, 1-3 December 2006 Best Oral Presentation
32.
Dr. Syaratul Emma Hashim
The study of prevalence of refractive error among Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan
Nov 2006
The study of prevalence of refractive error among Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan 11th National Conference on Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 20-21 May 2006 (Oral Presentation)
Prevalence of refractive error among Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu district Persidangan Kesihatan Kebangsaan Ke V USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 25-26 July 2007 (Oral Presentation)
Prevalence of refractive error among Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu district 7th MOH-AMM Scientific Meeting Penang, Malaysia, 6-9 September 2007 (Poster Presentation)
Visual impairment among the Malay primary school children in Kota Bharu district, Kelantan 18th SNEC Anniversary Meeting, Singapore, 14-17 March 2008 (Poster Presentation) The study of prevalence of refractive error among Malay primary school children in suburban area of Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore 2008; 37: 940-946 (Publication)
33.
Dr. Asokumaran Thanaraj
Vision screening among preschool children aged 4 to 6 years in Kota Bharu, Kelantan
Nov 2006
Prevalence of refractive error and visual impairment among preschool children aged 4 to 6 years in Kota Bharu
World Ophthalmology Congress, Sao Paolo, Brazil, 16 February 2006 (Poster Presentation)
34.
Dr. Wan Norliza Wan Muda
A comparative study of accommodative potential after intraocular lens implantation
May 2007
A comparative study of accommodative potential after intraocular lens implantation
22th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Lahore, Pakistan, 24-28 February 2007 (Oral Presentation)
35.
Dr. Adil Hussein
Cross sectional study to determine visual impairment and anterior segment abnormality among pre-school children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan
May 2007
Visual impairment and anterior segment abnormality among preschool children in Kota Bharu, Kelantan: A kindergarten based screening
18th SNEC Anniversary Meeting, Singapore, 14-17 March 2008 (Poster Presentation)
36.
Dr. Nor Fadzillah Abd Jalil
A study on the capability of frequency doubling perimetry in the detection of visual field abnormalities in primary open angle glaucoma patients
May 2007
Visual field abnormalities detection by Frequency Doubling Perimetry versus Humphrey Field Analyzer in primary open angle glaucoma 2nd World Glaucoma Congress, Singapore, 18-21 July 2007 (Poster Presentation) The use of Humphrey Matrix FDP versus Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer among POAG patients 23rd Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation) Detection of visual field abnormalities using Humphrey Matrix Frequency Doubling Perimetry among POAG patients 23rd Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation)
Sensitivity and specificity of Humphrey matrix frequency doubling perimetry in the detection of visual field abnormalities among POAG patients
23rd Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation)
37.
Dr. Nor’aini Ramlee
A study of single nucleotide polymorphism at nucleotide 153, 104 among Malaysian children with retinoblastoma and their parents
May 2007
Nucleotide 153,104 (A toG) RB1 SNP among Malaysian retinoblastoma children and their parents: distribution and association
7th National Congress on Genetics, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 5-7 May 2007 (Oral Presentation) A study of single nucleotide polymorphism at nucleotide 153, 104 among Malaysian children with retinoblastoma and their parents ASIA ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Singapore, 3-5 March 2007 (Poster Presentation)
Distribution of nucleotide 153 104 (A to G) RB1 SNP among Malaysian children with retinoblastoma and its association with clinical presentation 7th Human Genome Organization (HUGO) – Asia Pacific Meeting (8th Asia Pacific Conference on Human Genetics) Cebu, Phillipines, 2-5 May 2008 (Poster Presentation) Identification of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) 153 104 (A to G) of RB1 gene in Malaysian retinoblastoma children and its association with laterality and staging of the disease International Medical Journal 2010:17(2):129-133 (Publication)
38.
Dr. Cheong Min Tet
A study on the expression of HLA-DR on conjunctival epithelial cell in patients treated with topical latanoprost as adjunctive therapy and its association with prostanoid (FP) receptor polymorphisms
May 2007
The expression of HLA-DR on conjunctival epithelial cells in patients treated with topical latanoprost as adjunctive therapy ASIA ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Singapore, 3-5 March 2007 (Poster Presentation) The role of prostanoid receptor (PTGFR) polymorphism in the expression of HLA-DR on conjunctival epithelial cells in patients treated with topical latanoprost as adjunctive therapy 2nd World Glaucoma Congress, Singapore, 18-21 July 2007 Glaucoma Societies Top Poster
A study on the possible association of prostaglandin F2α receptor gene polymorphism with expression of HLA-DR on conjunctival epithelial cells of patients on topical latanoprost
7th Human Genome Organization (HUGO) – Asia Pacific Meeting (8th Asia Pacific Conference on Human Genetics), Cebu, Phillipines, 2-5 May 2008 (Poster Presentation)
39.
Dr. Azhany Yaakub
The prevalence of refractive error among Malay school children, ages 13-16 year old in Kota Bharu, Kelantan.
May 2007
Refractive error screening among Malay teenagers, aged 13-16 years old in Kota Bharu, Kelantan
ASIA ARVO Meeting on Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Singapore, 3-5 March 2007 (Oral Presentation) Refractive error screening among Malay teenagers, aged 13-16 years old in Kota Bharu, Kelantan Persidangan Kesihatan Kebangsaan Ke V USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 25-26 July 2007 (Oral Presentation) Myopia study among Malay teenagers in Kota Bharu, Kelantan 4th USM Ophthalmology Symposium (4th USM-UM-UKM Ophthalmology Meeting) Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia, 26-27 July 2008 (Poster Presentation)
40.
Dr. Tengku Norina Tuan Jaffar
The study of refractive error and ocular biometry in low birth weight children aged 9 to 12 years old in Kota Bharu
Nov 2007
A comparison study of ocular biometry in low versus normal birth weight malay children in kota Bharu, Kelantan 16th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22 – 23 June 2011 (Poster Presentation)
The refractive error comparison study in normal and low birth weight Malay children aged 9 to 12 years old in Kota Bharu, Kelantan
27th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmic Congress Penang, Malaysia, 24-26 June 2011 (Poster Presentation)
41.
Dr. Hah Yun Khean
Central corneal thickness and corneal curvature in normal tension glaucoma
Nov 2007
Central corneal thickness in normal tension glaucoma 23rd Malaysia-Singapore Ophthalmic Congress Kota Kinabalu Sabah, 1-3 June 2007 (Poster Presentation)
42.
Dr. Azreen Redzal Anuar
The study of correlation of quality of life assessment with visual function among Malaysian glaucomatous patients
May 2008
The study of correlation of quality of life assessment with visual function among Kelantan glaucomatous patients 13th National Institutes of Health Scientific Meeting and the 4th National Conference for Clinical Research Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 2-4 June 2010 (Poster Presentation)
43.
Dr. Che Mahiran Che Daud
An experimental study on intrastromal injection Amphotericin B in Fusarium Solani keratitis in rabbits
May 2008
An experimental study on intrastromal injection of Amphotericin B in rabbits with Fusarium solani keratitis 13th National Conference of Medical Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2008 (Oral Presentation)
44.
Dr. Kodiswary Maharajah
The prevalence of prostanaoid receptor gene (PTGFR) polymorphism and its association with anterior segment biometry in primary angle closure
May 2008
The possible role of PTGFR gene polymorphism in predicting acute attack (AAC) of primary angle closure (PAC)
13th National Conference of Medical Sciences, USM Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2008 3rd Best Oral Presentation The role of prostanoid receptor gene (PTGFR) polymorphisms and anterior segment biometry in primary angle-closure and acute angle-closure patients
5th Congress of the South East Asia Glaucoma Interest Group (6th Meeting of the Asian Angle-Closure Glaucoma Club) Seoul, Korea, 25-27 September 2008 (Oral Presentation)
45.
Dr. Shawarinin Jusoh
A study on optic disc parameters among Malay students in Health Campus, USM by Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II
May 2008
Optic disc parameters among Malay students of Health Campus, USM by Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II 2nd USM Penang International Postgraduate Convention 2008 (2nd Health & Medical Sciences Conference), Penang, Malaysia, 18-20 June 2008 (Oral Presentation) Optic disc parameters among Malay students of Health Campus, USM by Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II Asia-Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons Congress, Bangkok, Thailand, 27-29 November 2008 (Oral Presentation) Assessment of optic disc parameters among healthy adult Malays by Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology 2011:39(1): 15-22 (Publication)
46.
Dr. Siti Raihan Ishak
A study on Malaysian children with retinoblastoma: Clinical presentation and pocket BE1A domain mutation of RB1 gene
May 2008
Distribution of nucleotide 153 104 (A to G) RB1 SNP among Malaysian children with retinoblastoma and Its association with clinical presentation 7th Human Genome Organization (HUGO) – Asia Pacific Meeting (8th Asia Pacific Conference on Human Genetics), Cebu, Phillipines, 2-5 May 2008 (Poster Presentation) RB1 gene mutations at pocket B of E1A domain and clinical presentation of retinoblastoma children in Malaysia 13th National Conference of Medical Sciences, USM Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 May 2008 2nd Best Oral Presentation
Detection of novel mutations in pocket B E1A domain of Rb1 gene and clinical presentation of retinoblastoma children In Malaysia Asia ARVO Meeting, India, 15-18 January 2009 (Oral Presentation) RB pocket domain B mutation frequency in Malaysia Ophthalmic Genetics. 2010:31(3):159-61 (Publication)
47.
Dr. Amelah Mohamed Abdul Qader Al-Ariqi
A study on the association of serum lipid profile with retinal hard exudates among patients with type II diabetes mellitus in Hospital USM
Nov 2008
The association of serum lipid profile with retinal exudates among type II diabetes mellitus patients International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation) Association of dyslipidemia with retinal hard exudates among type II Diabetes Mellitus patients 24th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 16-19 May 2009 (Poster Presentation) Association of serum lipid profile with retinal hard exudates among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus International Journal of Ophthalmology 2009; 9(4):627-30 (Publication)
48.
Dr. Azlyn Azwa bt Jasman
A preliminary study to compare the prediction error of postoperative refraction in paediatric cataract surgery between two different intraocular lens power calculation formulas
Nov 2008
The predictability of postoperative refraction in paediatric cataract surgery between SRK II® and modified formula for paediatric IOL calculation International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation)
Comparison of the predictive error and the accuracy of predictability of intraocular lens power calculation in paediatric patient between SRK II And modified Formula 25th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmic Congress Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-22 Nov 2009 (Poster Presentation) Prediction error and accuracy of intraocular lens power calculation in pediatric patient comparing SRK II and Pediatric IOL Calculator BMC Ophthalmology 2010, 10:20 doi:10.1186/1471-2415-10-20 (Publication)
49.
Dr. Norlaili Mustafa
The efficacy of intravitreal triamcenolone versus laser photocoagulation in the primary treatment of diabetic macular oedema
Nov 2008
Intravitreal triamcenolone acetonide Injection versus laser photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation)
Intravitreal triamcinolone versus laser photocoagulation in the primary treatment of diabetic macular oedema
24th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology (APAO) Congress, Bali, Indonesia, 16-19 May 2009 (Poster Presentation) Macula oedema index and visual outcome post intravitreal triamcinolone in the primary treatment of diabetic macular oedema 25th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmic Congress Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 20-22 Nov 2009 (Poster Presentation)
Intravitreal triamcinolone versus laser photocoagulation as a primary treatment for diabetic macular oedema – a comparative pilot study BMC Ophthalmology 2011; 11:36 (Publication)
50.
Dr. Rohana Ab. Rashid
A study of contrast sensitivity and quality of life assessment following phacoemulsification with two different types of aspheric lenses
Nov 2008
Contrast sensitivity and quality of life assessment following phacoemulsification with two different types of aspheric lenses International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation) Contrast sensitivity and quality of life assessment following phacoemulsification with two different types of aspheric lenses
Asia-Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons Congress Bangkok, Thailand, 27-29 November 2008 (Poster Presentation)
Vision-related quality of life after phacoemulsification with Akreos Adapt Advanced Optics and Tecnis ZA9003 intraocular lenses
International Medical Journal 2012;19:55-58 (Publication) OPHT
51.
Dr. Wahid Abdullah Salem Wajih
A comparative study on the outcomes of orbital floor reconstruction with autogenous grafts versus porous polyethylene (Medpor®) in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia from 2004-2007
Nov 2008
Surgical outcome of orbital floor reconstruction by autogenous grafts versus medpor® International Ophthalmology Congress NHG Eye Institute, Singapore, 23-25 October 2008 (Oral Presentation) Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia Experience in Orbital Floor Reconstruction: Autogenous Graft Versus Medpor Journal of Oral Maxillofacial Surg 2011: 69(6):1740-4 (Publication)
52.
Dr. Tan Soo Ken
Cornea endothelial cell morphology in cornea arcus patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia
May 2009
A study on corneal endothelial cell morphology of corneal arcus patients in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia 14th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 May 2009 (Oral Presentation) A study on corneal endothelial cell morphology of corneal arcus patients in Universiti Sains Malaysia Hospital NHG Eye Institute 2nd International Ophthalmology Congress, Singapore, 15-17 October 2009 (Poster Presentation)
53.
Dr. Ali Hassan Abdullah Al-Ashwal
An experimental study on the use of fibrin glue in corneal wound repair in rabbits
Nov 2009
Fibrin glue in corneal wound repair in rabbits 14th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, USM, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 May 2009 Best Oral Presentation
54.
Dr. Omar M.S. Ismaeel
Evaluation of 8-OHdG enzyme and microscopic features in primary and recurrent pterygia
Nov 2009
Detection of 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine enzyme (8-OhdG) in recurrent pterygium raising a question on its role on recurrence
The 1st World Congress on Controversies in Ophthalmology, Prague, Czech Republic 4-7 March 2010 (Poster Presentation)
55.
Dr. Lee Kok Foo
A pilot study of ultrasonography of retinopathy of prematurity
May 2010
Ultrasonography findings in retinopathy of prematurity – a pilot study
15th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 July 2010 (Oral Presentation) Ultrasonographic Findings in Eyes with Retinopathy of Prematurity in Malaysia Medical Journal of Malaysia 2013;68:39-43 (Publication)
56.
Dr. Tan Hui Ken
A comparative study of central corneal thickness in primary angle closure glaucoma and narrow angle patients
May 2010
A study on the relationship between central corneal thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, mean cup depth and visual field progression in primary angle closure and primary angle closure glaucoma
15th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 21-22 July 2010 (Oral Presentation)
57.
Dr. Rasdi Abdul Rashid
Retinopathy and visual outcome in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
Nov 2010
Prevalence, visual outcome and retinopathy changes in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy 5th Congress of the Asia Pacific Vitreo-Retina Society in conjunction with 26th Singapore-Malaysia Joint Meeting, Singapore, 19-21 November 2010 (Poster Presentation)
Ophthalmic changes in hypertensive disorders in pregnancy Medical Journal of Malaysia 2011;1(66):42-47 (Publication)
58.
Dr. Muzaliha Mohamed Nor
Visual acuity and visual skills among slow learners in primary school In Kota Bharu, Kelantan
Nov 2010
Visual acuity and visual skills among poor readers in primary schools in Malaysia Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology Sydney, Australia, 20-24 March 2011 (Oral Presentation)
Visual acuity and visual skills in Malaysian children with learning disabilities Clinical Ophthalmology 2012;6:1527-1533 (Publication)
59.
Dr. Roslinah bt Muji
Clinical and histopathological reaction between porous polyethelene and bovine hydroxyapetite in rabbits
Nov 2010
Clinical and histopathological comparison between bovine bone derived hydroxyapatite and porous polyethylene implants in rabbit eye Asia ARVO Meeting on research in vision and ophthalmology, Singapore, 20-23 January 2011 (Poster Presentation)
60.
Dr. Bashkaran Karuppannan
Antioxidant status, ascorbic acid level and lipid peroxidation products in aqueous humour, vitreous humour and serum of rabbits following oral supplementation of tualang honey
Nov 2010
Antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects of tualang honey in alkali chemical injury on the eyes of rabbits
Asia Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology Sydney, Australia, 20-24 March 2011 (Poster Presentation) Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Tualang honey in alkali injury on the eyes of rabbits: Experimental animal study BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011;11:90 (Publication)
61.
Dr. Gan Eng Hui
Peripapillary RNFL thickness variation in patients with myopia
May 2011
A study on the variation of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in myopic patients using Optical Coherence Tomography 16th National Conference on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-23 Jun 2011 2nd Best Oral Presentation
62.
Dr. Chiang Wai Seng
The relationship of lens thickness and anterior chamber
depth with intraocular pressure during hemodialysis
Nov 2011
-
63.
Dr. Yanti Muslikhan
A pilot study of intrastromal injection of amphotericin
0.005% in fungal keratitis
Nov 2011
-
64.
Dr. Khairy Shamel b.
Sonny Teo
Validity and reliability of a micro-acuity chart
Nov 2011
-
65.
Dr. Hayati Abdul Aziz
The correlation of IL4 level in tears and IGE level in serum
between allergic conjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis patients
May 2012
The association of total IgE in serum with specific IgE in tears and skin prick test in allergic conjunctivitis patients 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Oral Presentation)
66.
Dr. Chua Chui Yin
Evaluation of optic nerve functions and topography after a
unilateral optic neuritis
May 2012
Evaluation of optic nerve functions and optic nerve head parameters after a unilateral optic neuritis 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 27-28 May 2012 (Oral Presentation)
67.
Dr. Ng Guan Fook
A prospective cohort study of the percentage of TGF beta
2 on impression cytology of glaucoma patient post
augmented trabeculectomy surgery
May 2012
The role of TGF Beta in the success of augmented primary trabeculectomy in Asians 27th Asia-Pacific Academy of Ophthalmology, Busan, Korea, 13-16 April 2012 (Oral Presentation)
68.
Dr. Juanarita Jaafar
Evaluation of visual acuity and quality of life in predicted
emmetropia and low myopia group following
phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation
May 2012
Evaluation of visual acuity in predicted emmetropia and low myopia groups following phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 27-28 May 2012 (Oral Presentation)
Evaluation of visual acuity and quality of life in predicted emmetropia and low myopia groups following phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Oral Presentation) Evaluation of visual acuity and quality of life in predicted emmetropia and low myopia groups following phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation
28th Asia Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5-8 August 2015 (Oral Presentation)
69.
Dr. Suresh
Subramaniam
Association between fundus fluorescein angiography
leaking status with edema features of Heidelberg retina
tomography II and ocular coherence tomography in
diabetic patient with clinically significant macular edema
May 2012
Association between FFA leaking status with edema features of HRT III and OCT in diabetic macula edema patient Malaysian Society of Ophthalmology 3rd Annual Meeting, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 24-25 March 2012 (Oral Presentation)
A study on the sensitivity and specificity of HRT and OCT for the diagnosis of diabetic macular edema 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kelantan, Malaysia, 27-28 May 2012 3rd Best Oral Presentation Sensitivity and specificity of HRT and OCT to detect diabetic macular edema J Diabetes Metab 2012;S:3 (Publication)
70.
Dr. Krishnalatha a/p Buandasan
Macular thickness measurement post phacoemulsification surgery using Heidelberg Retinal Tomography II and its association with cystoids macular oedema
Nov 2012
Macular thickness measurement post phacoemulsification surgery using Heidelberg Retina tomography III 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Oral Presentation)
71.
Dr. Adlina binti Abdul Rahim
An assessment of optic nerve parameters among malay normotensive glaucoma and high tension glaucoma patients
Nov 2012
Comparison of optic nerve head parameters between Malay patients with NTG and POAG 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Poster Presentation) Optic disc topography of normal tension glaucoma patients in Malaysia Medical Journal of Malaysia 2013:68: 339-342 (Publication) Optic disc topography in Malay patients with normal tension glaucoma and primary open angle glaucoma Clinical Ophthalmology 2014;8: 2533-2539 (Publication)
72.
Dr. Hemalatha a/p M.Chandrakanthan
A study of the effect of macrovascular arterial stiffness in age related macular degeneration
Nov 2012
Macrovascular arterial stiffness in age related macular degeneration 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 2nd Best Oral Presentation
73.
Dr. Lim Ching Wei
Detection of Epstein Barr virus in primary pterygium
Nov 2012
-
74.
Dr. Normasniwati binti Saidin
Evaluation of visual function, macular thickness and quality of life in pre and post focal laser photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema
Nov 2012
Evaluation of visual acuity and macular thickness pre and post focal laser photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM) Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 14-16 September 2012 (Poster Presentation) Evaluation of visual acuity, macular thickness and quality of life pre and post focal laser photocoagulation in diabetic macular oedema 29th Malaysia-Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8-10 March 2013 (Poster Presentation)
75.
Dr. Nor Sharina binti Yusof
Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in different types of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and its association with level of diabetic control and serum oxidized LDL in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Nov 2012
Association of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness with HbA1c and oxidized LDL among Type 2 DM 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 27-28 May 2012 (Oral Presentation) Correlation of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness with HbA1c and oxidised LDL in NPDR J Diabetes Metab 2013; 4: 298. (Publication)
76.
Dr. Nurhamiza binti Buang
Prevalence and causes of visual impairment among children with learning difficulties in primary schools in Kota Bharu, Kelantan
Nov 2012
Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in children with learning difficulties in primary schools in Kota Bharu, Kelantan 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 27-28 May 2012 (Oral Presentation)
77.
Dr. Pan Shin Wei
Evaluation of the efficacy of topical cyclosporine A 0.05% on dry eye post phacoemulsification
Nov 2012
Evaluation of the efficacy of topical cyclosporine A 0.05% on dry eye post phacoemulsification 17th National Conferences on Medical and Health Sciences, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 27-28 May 2012 2nd Best Oral Presentation
78.
Dr. Abdul Salim bin Ismail
Association of NDP gene mutations and environmental risk factors in retinopathy of prematurity among Malay Population
May 2013
NDP gene sequence variants in ROP among Malay population 29th Malaysia Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8-10 March 2013 (Oral Presentation) Association of Systemic and Environmental Risk Factors in Retinopathy of Prematurity Among Malay Population International Conference on Medical & Health Science, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-24 May 2013 (Poster Presentation) Malay premature infants with retinopathy of prematurity: risk factors and screening of NDP gene mutation
Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Science 2017:2(1):5-10 (Publication)
79.
Dr. Ch’ng Tun Wang
A prospective cohort study on the effect of inter-visit ocular perfusion pressure on severity and progression on glaucoma
May 2013
Preliminary data on ocular perfusion pressure in glaucoma patients
1st Annual MOH-USM-UKM-UM Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 16 -17 July 2011 Best Oral Presentation
Ocular perfusion pressure as a predictor for glaucoma progression: A prospective observational study The 1st Asia-Pacific Glaucoma Congress Bali, Indonesia, 7 December 2012 (Poster Presentation) Inter-visit ocular perfusion pressure and severity of glaucoma
29th Malaysia Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8-10 March 2013 (Oral Presentation)
80.
Dr. Nor Idahriani binti Muhd Nor
Ocular manifestations and genetic variations of low density lipoprotein receptor gene in Malay with familial hypercholesterolaemia
May 2013
Ocular manifestations and genetic variations of low density lipoprotein receptor gene in Malays with familial hypercholesterolemia 3rd Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 13-15 Sept 2013 3rd Best Oral Presentation
81.
Dr. Norazizah binti Mohd Amin
Optic nerve head parameters and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in Malay amblyopic children
May 2013
Retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in Malay children with unilateral amblyopia 2nd Conjoint (MOH-UKM-USM-UM ) Ophthalmology Conference, Kuala Lumpur 14-16 Sept 2012 3rd Best Oral Presentation Optic nerve parameters in Malay amblyopic children 29th Malaysia Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 8-10 March 2013 (Poster Presentation)
82.
Dr. Nurfahzura bt Mohd Jamil
A study of visual evoked potential in traumatic optic neuropathy patients
May 2013
A study of VEP in traumatic optic neuropathy patients 29th Malaysia Singapore Joint Ophthalmology Congress, Kuala Lumpur 8-10 March 2013 (Poster Presentation)
A study of visual evoked potentials in traumatic optic neuropathy patients International Conference on Medical & Health Science, Kelantan, Malaysia, 22-24 May 2013 (Poster Presentation)
83.
Dr. Madhusudhan A/L Paramananda
Levels of cytokines in pre-corneal tear film in allergic rhinitis patients
Nov 2013
-
84.
Dr. Fadzillah Mohd. Tahir
Manifestations of dry eye disease following oral supplement of Omega 3
Nov 2013
The effect of oral Omega 3 on dry eye disease 3rd Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 13-15 Sept 2013 Best Oral Presentation
85.
Dr. Chen Chui Yain
A comparative study on pain score, anxiety level and vital signs during phacoemulsification using combination of topical anaesthesia and cryonalgesia versus topical anaesthesia
May 2014
-
86.
Dr. Neoh Yee Ling
Association of triple vessels coronary artery disease on retinal nerve fiber layer thickness
May 2014
Coronary artery disease: Block the heart and bites the eye
5th Annual Scientific Meeting of the Malaysian Society of Ophthalmology, Perak, Malaysia 8-9 March 2014 (Oral Presentation)
87.
Dr. Jakiyah Daud
A study of optic nerve function and visual evoked potential parameters in patients with optic neuritis
May 2014
-
88.
Dr. Munira Yusoff
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, contrast sensitivity and vision-related quality of life in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patient with proliferative diabetic retinopathy following pan-retinal photocoagulation
Nov 2014
-
89.
Dr. Tan Ee Ling
Evaluation of the effects of topical pressure/lowering medication on ocular surface among Primary Angle Closure Patients
Nov 2014
Evaluation of effects of topical pressure lowering agents on ocular surface among Angle Closure Glaucoma patient 9th UKM Ophthalmology Conference (in conjunction with 4th Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 13-14 September 2014 (Oral Presentation) The effects of topical pressure lowering drugs on ocular surface in primary angle closure glaucoma patients 2th Asia Pacific Glaucoma Congress (in conjunction with 10th International Symposium of Ophthalmology, Hong Kong 26-28 September 2014 (Oral presentation) Evaluation of ocular surface disease in Asian patients with Primary Angle Closure The Open Ophthalmology Journal 2017;1131-39 (Publication)
90.
Dr. Siti Hajar Mat Abu
Optic nerve head analysis and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness among different ethnics in Malaysia using Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph III
Nov 2014 Optic nerve head topography and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness analysis among different ethnic in Malaysia using Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph 3 9th UKM Ophthalmology Conference (in conjunction with 4th Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 13-14 September 2014 (Oral Presentation)
91.
Dr. Ahmad Nurfahmi
The correlation between electrophysiological test and mean retinal nerve fiber analysis, and Advance Glaucoma Intervention Study Score In Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma patients
Nov 2014
The correlation between Visual Electrophysiology Test and glaucoma severity in Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma patients 9th UKM Ophthalmology Conference (in conjunction with 4th Conjoint Ophthalmology Scientific Conference), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 13-14 September 2014 (Oral Presentation)
92.
Dr. Alisa Victoria Koh
Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness in Malay children with and without strabismus
Nov 2014
Retinal and macula thicknesses in Malay children with alternating exotropia 12th Annual Meeting of the Korean Ophthalmological Society, Seoul, Korea 31 Oct-2 Nov 2014 (Oral Presentation)
93.
Dr. Tan Jin Poi
Comparison of two health related quality of life questionnaires in Malay children with exotropia and Their Parents / Guardians
May 2015
New Malay version IXTQ And AS-20 Questionnaires and HRQOL effects of strabismus on Malay children with strabismus 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan 18-20 Sept 2016 2nd Best Oral Presentation
94.
Dr. Haslinda Ab Rahim
The effect of 24 hour intraocular pressure fluctuation on glaucoma progression in Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma patients
May 2015
-
95.
Dr. Noor Khairul Rasid
A study of effectiveness and adherence of fixed combination dorzolamide/ timolol meleate and non- fixed dorzolamide and timolol XE in open angle glaucoma
May 2015
Comparison of effectiveness and adherence of fixed combination and non-fixed combination Dorzolamide and Timolol in open angle glaucoma 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Oral Presentation)
96.
Dr. Nor Azimah Abd Aziz
An animal experimental study on the intravitreal injection of ranibizumab as an adjunctive treatment in retinoblastoma
May 2015
An animal experimental study on the intravitreal injection of ranibizumab as an adjunctive treatment in retinoblastoma 28th Asia Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5-8 August 2015 (Oral Presentation)
97.
Dr. Chong Ying Jiun
Macular and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis in main Bumiputera adults in Sarawak
May 2015
Macular and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis in main Bumiputera adults in Sarawak
6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)
98.
Dr. Teh Wee Min
Effect of systemic oxygen therapy on corneal epithelial wound healing in diabetic patients after pars plana vitrectomy
May 2015
Effect of systemic oxygen as supplement therapy on corneal epithelial wound healing in diabetic patients after pars plana vitrectomy 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)
99.
Dr. Chan Jan Bond
Comparison between laser monotherapy and combination of laser and topical nepafenac in the treatment of diabetic macular oedema
May 2015
Evaluation on efficacy of topical Nepafenac as supplement therapy in the treatment of diabetic macular oedema 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)
100.
Dr. Ho Hao Chi
Evaluation of clinical, histopathological features and recurrence rate of pterygium following combination of sutureless pterygium surgery and intralesional ranibizumab injection – pilot study
May 2015
-
101.
Dr. Ng Hong Kee
Evaluation of central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure post phacoemulsification for senile cataract in patients with and without primary open angle glaucoma
May 2015
Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure changes post phacoemulsification surgery in glaucoma patients with cataract
28th Asia Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5-8 August 2015 (Oral Presentation) Correlation between ocular pulse amplitude and intraocular pressure post phacoemulsification surgery in glaucoma patients
6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)
102.
Dr. Kiu Kwang Yew
The effect of macrovascular arterial stiffness on the severity and progression of primary open angle glaucoma
May 2015
The effect of arterial stiffness on the severity and progression of primary open angle glaucoma in Malay patients 28th Asia Pacific Association of Cataract & Refractive Surgeons, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 5-8 August 2015 (Oral Presentation)
103. Dr. Faridah Mat Min
Evaluation of optic nerve head parameters, retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness in metabolic and non-metabolic syndrome
Nov 2015
-
104. Dr. Julieana Muhammed
Evaluation of visual electrophysiology and retina nerve fiber layer analysis in patient with non-arteritic ischaemic optic neuropathy
Nov 2015
-
105. Dr. Norhayati Abdullah
The effect of 24-hour intraocular pressure fluctuation on glaucoma progression in Primary Open Angle Glaucoma
Nov 2015
-
106. Dr. Loo Wan Wei
A randomized controlled trial of effects of contact and non-contact laser photocoagulation therapy on ocular surface in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Nov 2015
Effects of contact and non-contact laser photocoagulation therapy on ocular surface in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy
6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)
107.
Dr. Vindhya A/P Prem Kumar
A study on intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness in preterm Malay newborns
Nov 2015
Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in preterm Malay newborns 6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)
108. Dr. Kogilavaani A/P J.
Raman @ Jayaraman
Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in full-term Malay newborns
Nov 2015
Central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in full-term Malay newborns
6th USM Ophthalmology Conference, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 18-20 Sept 2016 (Poster Presentation)
109. Dr. Premala Devi a/p
Sivagurunathan
Comparison of macula thickness, nerve fiber layer thickness and optic nerve head parameters with and without honey supplement in post-menopausal women
May 2016
-
110.
Dr. Raihan Abd. Rahim
Evaluation of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and macular thickness post focal laser with and without supplementary honey in diabetic macular oedema
May 2016
-
111.
Dr. Praveen A/L Selvarajah
The evaluation of lifestyle as associated factor for primary open angle glaucoma in Malay patients
May 2016
Association of cigarette smoking and physical activity in Malay patients with primary open angle glaucoma 3rd Asia-Pacific Glaucoma Congress, Chiang Mai, Thailand 14-16 July 2016. (Oral Presentation)
112.
Dr. Khairuddin Othman
Effect of smoking and physical activities on the severity of primary open angle glaucoma in Chinese population
Nov 2016
Cigaratte smoking and severity of primary open
angle glaucoma
32nd APAO Congress, Singapore
1- 5 March 2017
(Oral Presentation)
Association between physical activity and severity of
primary open angle glaucoma in Malaysian Chinese
patients
32nd APAO Congress, Singapore
1- 5 March 2017
(Oral Presentation)
113.
Dr. Sai Dezhao
Comparison of optic nerve head, retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness in HbE / beta thalassemia and control
Nov 2016
-
114.
Dr. Sangeetha A/P
Tharmathurai
Quality of life and depression in patients with primary open angle glaucoma using malay version of glaucoma quality of life (GLAU-QOL 36) and geriatric depression scale (GDS) questionnaires
Nov 2016
Depression in patients with primary open angle
glaucoma using Malay version of Geriatric
Depression Scale 14 Questionnaire
32nd APAO Congress, Singapore
1- 5 March 2017 (Oral Presentation)
Malay version of Glaucoma Quality Of Life 36
Questionnaire: assesing quality of life in patients with
primary open angle glaucoma
32nd APAO Congress, Singapore
1- 5 March 2017
(Oral Presentation)
115.
Dr. Vinuthinee Naidu A/P Munisamy Naidu
Correlation of retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness with serum uric acid among Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Nov 2016
-
116.
Dr. Fhun Lai Chan
Comparison of oxidative stress level among patients with primary open angle glaucoma and primary angle closure glaucoma
Nov 2016
Comparison of oxidative stress levels among
patients with POAG and PACG
32nd APAO Congress, Singapore
1- 5 March 2017
(Oral Presentation)
117.
Dr. Wong Chee Kuen
Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, macula thickness and optic nerve head parameters in opioid dependent and normal adult
Nov 2016
-
118.
Dr. Evelyn Tai Li Min
Evaluation of retinal vascular caliber in Malay children
Nov 2016
Effect of axial eye length on retinal vessel
parameters in 6 to 12-year-old Malay girls.
PLoS ONE 2017: DOI:10.1371
(Publication)
119.
Dr. Ameilia Ahmad
Optic nerve head and retinal nerve fiber layer analysis in emmetropic Malay Children
Nov 2016
-
120.
Dr. Nurul Laila Salim
The evaluation of lifestyle as associated factor for primary angle closure glaucoma in Malay patients
May 2017
Malay Glaucoma Eye Study (MaGES): Association of cigarette smoking and physical activities with primary angle closure glaucoma 3rd Asean Ophthalmology Society Congress Jakarta, Indonesia 19-21 July 2017 (Oralr Presentation)
121.
Dr. Ng Seok Hui
Evaluation of visual electrophysiological test in obstructive sleep apnoea patients
May 2017
Evaluation of visual electrophysiological test in
obstructive sleep apnoea
International Eye Science 2017: 17(7)
(Publication)
122.
Dr. Punithan A/L S. Rajendran
Clinical and antibacterial effect of tualang honey in pseudomonas keratitis in rabbit eyes
May 2017
Clinical and antibacterial effect of Tualang Honey in
pseudomonas keratitis in rabbit eyes
10th APVRS Congress held in conjunction with the
38th Annual Meeting of the Royal College of
Ophthalmologists of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
8-10 December 2016
(Poster Presentation)
123.
Dr. Haslinda binti Md. Said
A comparison of the clinical and antibacterial effects between Tualang Honey and Manuka Honey as adjunctive treatments in pseudomonas keratitis in rabbit eyes
May 2017
-
124.
Dr. Niven Teh Chong Seong
The effect of lifestyle on the severity of primary angle closure glaucoma in Malay patients
May 2017
Effect of physical activity on severity of primary angle
closure glaucoma in Malay patients
32nd APAO Congress, Singapore
1- 5 March 2017
(Oral Presentation)
125.
Dr. Jessica Mani A/P Penny Tevaraj
A comparative study on optic nerve function, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and VEP pre and 3 months post treatment with ethambutol in tuberculosis patients
May 2017
Evaluation of anatomical and visual function for early detection of ethambutol toxicity among tuberculosis patients International Eye Science 2016;11:2005-2009
(Publication)
126.
Dr. Tan Chai Lee
Evaluation of optic nerve head parameters and electroretinography among breast cancer patients on tamoxifen
May 2017
-
127.
Dr. Chai Khai Siang
Evalution of retinal vascular caliber in overweight and obese Malay children
Nov 2017
Evalution of retinal vascular caliber in overweight and obese Malay children Asia Pacific Strabismus and Paediatric
Ophthalmology Society Congress, Hong Kong
11-12 Oct 2017
(Oral Presentation)
128.
Dr. Kan Kok Wei
Comparison of central corneal thickness and intraocular pressure in gestational diabetic and healthy pregnant women
Nov 2017
129.
Dr. Kiu Kwong Han
Comparison of oxidative stress markers level among patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus and its correlation with HbA1c
Nov 2017
130.
Dr. Lathalakshmi Thangavelu
Identification of susceptible genetic markers for progression of Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma In Malay patients
Nov 2017
131.
Dr. Nazihatul Fikriah Abd Halim
Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and optic nerve head parameters in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea patients
Nov 2017
132.
Dr. Neoh Pei Fang
Evaluation of anterior segment biometry parameters in progress and non-progress Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma among Malays and Chinese
Nov 2017
133.
Dr. Noorlaila Baharuddin
Comparison of dry eyes parameters in postmenopousal women with and without honey supplement
Nov 2017
134.
Dr. Norhayaty Samsudin
A comparison study on Aqueous Humor Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-B1) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors (VGEF) level in Primary Glaucoma and controls
Nov 2017
135.
Dr. Tan Kok Leong
The effect of cigarette smoking and physical activity on the severity of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma in Malay patients
Nov 2017
136.
Dr. Koh Yi Ni
Evaluation of tears oxidative stress markers in Malay Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients
May 2018
137.
Dr. Tan Chai Keong
Evaluation of optic nerve head and macula parameters pre and post External Beam Radiotherapy in patient with Head and Neck Tumor
May 2018