Programming Manual
Boxford
Boxford Ltd.,Wheatley, Halifax, West Yorkshire,England, HX3 5AF.(Registered Office)Telephone: 01422 358311Fax: 01422 355924E-mail: [email protected]: www.boxford.co.uk
Boxford 280 BProgramming Manual
ContentsBoxford 280B
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Running the Demonstration Program
3 Axes and Tooling3.1 Axes and Datum3.2 Turret3.3 Quick Change Toolpost3.4 Gang Plate3.5 Driven Tool3.6 Spindle Speed, Rotation and Tool Orientation3.7 Tailstock3.8 Chuck3.9 Collet3.10 Tool Libraries3.11 Setting Up
4 CAM Programming4.1 Functions4.2 Information Required4.3 Creating a CAM Program4.4 Example4.5 Drawing Straight Lines4.6 Drawing Arcs4.7 Drawing Threads4.8 Processing a Profile4.9 Editing a CAM Profile4.10 CAM Tools
Boxford 280B Contents
5 CNC Programming5.1 Operations and Programming Sheets5.2 Absolute and Incremental Co-ordinates5.3 Speeds and Feeds5.4 Program Format5.5 Preparatory Functions (G Codes)5.6 Miscellaneous Functions (M Codes)5.7 Canned Cycles5.8 Inputting a New Program
5.8.1 Information Required5.8.2 Tabulated Format5.8.3 Compact Format
5.9 Saving a Program5.10 Examining an Existing Program5.11 Editing a Program
5.11.1 New Programs5.11.2 Existing Programs5.11.3 MENU Editing Options
5.12 Continuing a Program
6 CNC and CAM Machining6.1 Initial Checks6.2 Manufacture6.3 Options During Machining
7 Manual Machining
ContentsBoxford 280B
Tutorials and Exercises
Tutorial 1: Linear Interpolation -Tabulated and Compact Program Display
Exercise 1: Simple Programming - Absolute Co-ordinates
Tutorial 2: Incremental Co-ordinate Programming
Exercise 2: Simple Programming - Incremental Co-ordinates
Tutorial 3: Turning and Facing a Stepped Shaft
Exercise 3: Turning and Facing a Stepped Shaft
Tutorial 4: Circular Interpolation
Exercise 4: Circular Interpolation
Tutorial 5: Circular Interpolation and Roughing Cuts with a ToolChange
Exercise 5: Circular Interpolation and Roughing Cuts with a ToolChange
Tutorial 6: Canned Cycles - Facing and Rough Turning
Exercise 6: Canned Cycles - Facing and Rough Turning
Tutorial 7: Canned Cycles - Grooving
Exercise 7: Canned Cycles - Grooving
Tutorial 8: Canned Cycles - External LH Thread
Exercise 8: Canned Cycles - External RH Thread
Tutorial 9: Canned Cycles - Peck Drilling
Exercise 9: Canned Cycles - Deep Hole Peck Drilling
Tutorial 10: Circular Interpolation - Partial Arcs
Exercise 10: Circular Interpolation - Partial Arcs
Tutorial 11: Combining G Codes to Produce a Program
Exercise 11: Using a Combination of G Codes
Tutorial 12: Programming Spidle Orientation and Driven Tooling.
Operations Sheet
Programming Sheet
1 Introduction
This manual gives guidance in using the 280 B machine for creating and editing CNCand CAM programs for turned components, and in executing programs to manufacturecomponents.
The software includes a demonstration CNC program, and a number of tutorialprograms.
It is suggested that the manual should be used as follows:
1. Refer to Section 2 and run the demonstration program. This will provide rapidfamiliarisation with the operation of the software and the machining process.
2. Study Section 3 to become proficient in setting up the tooling.
3. Refer to Section 4 to demonstrate the convenience and ease of operation of a typicalCAM system.
4. Use Section 5 for detailed instruction in CNC programming. Tutorial 1 is used as anexample to demonstrate the stages of programming and software operation.
5. Use the Tutorials and Exercises in the order in which they appear, to progress from basicprogramming skills to proficiency in the more advanced features of CNC programming.
When programs have been written and verified, refer to Section 6 as required, tomachine components.
2 Running the Demonstration ProgramBoxford 280B
The demonstration program contains examples of parallel and radius turning, and afinished component can be machined from the billet supplied with the machine. Runthe program as follows to provide a tutorial in programming and machining:
1. Make sure the billet is securely fitted in the chuck. Check that the first tool to be usedis the LH turning tool and the second tool is the parting tool. Set these up as follows:
Turret: Fit LH turning tool in position 1, Parting tool in position 7. (Refer to Figure 3.2 in Section3 for tool positions in the turret).
Gang Plate: Set both tools into individual toolholders, then fix toolholders into suitable locations onthe gang plate to permit their use in sequence.
Quick Change Set both tools into individual toolholders. Fit the LH turning tool andToolpost: toolholder assembly into the X-axis slot of the toolpost (refer to Figure 3.4 in Section
3 for tool fitting and axis slot). During machining, the machine will stop and it will benecessary to remove and replace this tool with the parting tool assembly in the same X-axis toolholder slot.
2. Run the software and check that it is correctly configured by selecting CONFIG fromthe main menu. (Refer to Appendix A in the Installation and User Manual if necessary).
3. Refer to Section 3 - Axes and Tooling, 3.9 Setting Up, to set up the tooling, offsets anddatum position.
2 Running the DemonstrationProgram
Set Up the Machine
Check Tool Settings
Boxford 280B 2 Running the Demonstration Program
4. From the main menu select PROGRAM, then Program, and view Catalogue 1 toidentify the demonstration program which is called DEMO:
Select the Program
2 Running the Demonstration ProgramBoxford 280B
5. Select the program. The screen shows the Program display, with a 2D view of thecomponent:
Boxford 280B 2 Running the Demonstration Program
6. Select VIEW to produce a 3D view of the component. After a pause, the displaywill show the 3D view:
Use the cursor keys to manipulate the 3D view as follows:
View the Component
Rotateanticlockwise
Rotateclockwise
Increasesize
Decreasesize
Restoreoriginal view
HOME
2 Running the Demonstration ProgramBoxford 280B
7. Select INFO to show the program details:
8. Turn off the program details display. (Press ESC or EOB).
Show the ProgramDetails
Boxford 280B 2 Running the Demonstration Program
9. Select MENU , and then Display:
Scroll the display to examine the program:
Press or to scroll one line.
10. Turn off the program display: (Press ESC).
Display the Program
2 Running the Demonstration ProgramBoxford 280B
11. Select MENU , then 2D Simulate:
Repeatedly press EOB to move through the program line-by-line. The simulation showsthe tool movement and material removed as each line of the program is executed.
To move forward through the program to a specific line, select MENU , and thenGo to Line. Input the required line number when prompted, and press EOB.
To produce a 3D view of the workpiece, select MENU and then 3D View. Toreturn to the 2D view, press EOB.
To run the simulation automatically, select MENU and then Fast Mode; theprogram will be run in a continuous sequence. To return to line-by-line simulation, select
MENU and then Step Mode.
To end the simulation before the end of the program, press ESC .
At the end of the program the screen returns to the program display.
Simulate Machining- 2D
Boxford 280B 2 Running the Demonstration Program
12. Select MENU , then 3D Simulate:
Select MENU , and demonstrate the use of the options available as for 2Dsimulation, until the screen again shows the program display.
13. Turn off the program display.
Refer to Section 6 - CNC and CAM Machining.
Simulate Machining- 3D
Machine theComponent
Axes and ToolingBoxford 280B
3 Axes and Tooling
3.1. Axes and DatumAxes: The toolholder can move in two axes, X and Z, (see Figure 3.1).
Datum Position: The location of the datum position is established at the factory, and details are providedwith the machine. The offsets of all tools are set in relation to the datum position.
Home Position: The toolholder is parked in the home position by homing switches. During setting up,it is necessary to set the datum position in relation to the home postion.
-Z +Z
+X
-X
Figure 3.1 Axes and Datum Position
Boxford 280B Axes and Tooling
Figure 3.2 Turret Tool Positions
7
8
6 5
4
32
1
External tools: 1, 3, 5, 7Internal tools: 2, 4, 6, 8
Machines without homing switches:1: Reference tool3: Second tool
3.1
Axes and ToolingBoxford 280B
3.2 Turret (Figure 3.2)
The turret is a motor driven, disc type toolpost with positions for up to eight tools, fourexternal and four internal; each position is numbered.
Tools can be accessed by indexing the turret using the TURRET INDEX key on thecontrol panel or from the software.
External tools are secured in radial slots by tapered clamp blocks held by two fixingscrews. Longitudinal positioning is achieved by pushing the tool towards the turretcentre so that it touches the location stop. Internal tools are secured in their predrilledholes with tubular toolholders and two sunken screws.
This will normally have been set at the factory and should require no adjustment. If itis found to be incorrect it is recommended that a Boxford service engineer is called.However it is permissible to adjust it by putting a tool into the working position, theninserting packing as appropriate between the turret toolpost and cross-slide. If this doesnot achieve correct tool height, or other tools heights are still incorrect, contact thefactory.
Fitting Tools
Setting Tool Height
3.2
Boxford 280B Axes and Tooling
3.3 Quick Change Toolpost
The quick change toolpost has two slots to provide for convenient and rapid manualtool changing. A toolholder with a tool already secured in it by the four securing screwsis placed into the shaped slots which provide instant positive location, and is rigidly heldthere by tightening the single clamping screw, using the clamp screw key provided. Thetoolpost will only accept a single toolholder at a time. External tools are fitted to the Xaxis slot while internal tools use the Z axis slot.
A quick change toolpost can be fitted to the lower section of the X-axis cross slide inaddition to a gang plate.
Fit a tool into the standard flat bottomed toolholder by tightening the four securingscrews on to the tool shank. The tool should protrude approximately 20mm (0.75in)from the toolholder face. Keep this dimension consistent for all the external tools. Putthe toolholder into the toolpost and lock it into position using the clamping screw.
Figure 3.3 Quick Change Toolpost
Fitting Tools(Figures 3.3 and 3.4)
Tool Tool Securing Screws
Tool Clamping Screw
3.3
Axes and ToolingBoxford 280B
Height Setting-External Tools Refer to Section 7 - Manual Machining to move the tool manually to set the tool height,which is checked by taking a light facing cut on the end of the workpiece. If adjustmentis needed to centre the tool, use the centre height adjustment screw on the toolholderas follows:
1. Visually check the height to the workpiece centre point. The actual height from the topof the cross slide to the centre of the spindle is stamped on the right hand side of thecross slide near the bottom of the slide.
Note:Do not confuse this value with the machine serial no. which is stamped on the right hand face of the Zaxis slide.
2. To adjust the height slacken the clamping screw and the centre height adjustment screw.Turn the knurled adjustment knob clockwise to raise the tool, anticlockwise to lower it.
When the height is correct tighten the Allen screw then tighten the tool clamping screw.
3. Check that the tool is exactly on the centre line by taking a light facing cut on the endof the workpiece, running the spindle in reverse. Repeat the adjustment if necessary.
Figure 3.4 Tool Fitting and Adjustment
Tool Clamping Screw
Constant
Centre HeightAdjustment Screw
Tool SecuringScrews
3.3
Boxford 280B Axes and Tooling
These tools can be fitted directly into the V location toolholders intended for use withthe drills. Although not essential, it is better if they are located into a tubular holder. Thiscan easily be made as shown in Figure 3.5.
Put a toolholder with its tool on to the toolpost and set the centre height to the workpiececentre line exactly as for external tools. Repeat this procedure for all of the tools.
Height Setting - Internal Tools
Drill Tube
Figure 3.5 Internal Tool Fitting Detail
3.3
Axes and ToolingBoxford 280B
3.4 Gang Plate (Figure 3.6)
This is a plate with drilled holes enabling up to three simple channel shaped toolholdersto be clamped on to it. Tool positions are free, limited by hole line-up betweentoolholder and gang plate and by ensuring that every tool mounted can reach the workover the required range without fouling anything or causing other tools to foulsomething.
Select a tool position and fit the channel toolholder using the securing screws. Clampthe tool into it with the four clamping screws.
There is no tool height setting adjustment provided as this is pre-set at the factory. Ifcorrection is needed, contact the factory.
Fitting the Tools
Figure 3.6 Gang Plate
Setting Tool Height
ClampingScrews
ChannelToolholder
SecuringScrews
3.4
Boxford 280B Axes and Tooling
3.5 Driven Tooling
The Driven Tooling attachment is fitted to the front of the cross-slide. The Tool canbe fitted so it is in line with any of the three axis using the two holders provided. TheTool position in the Y axis can be adjusted using the manual turnwheel on the top ofthe slide.
In figure 3.7 below, the tool is aligned with the X axis.
Figure 3.7 Driven Tool Attachment
-Y
-X
-Z
+X
+Z
Handwheel with scale
+Y
Y axis slide
Y axis slidemounting block
Driven ToolAttachment
Mounting Bracket Type 1
3.5
Axes and ToolingBoxford 280B
Mounting bracket type 1 can be bolted to the front of the Y axis slide to allign the driven
tool with the Z axis.
To allign the driven tool with the Y axis, Mounting bracket type 2 is used. See Fig 3.8below.
Figure 3.8 Mounting Bracket Type 2
Driven Tooling can only be activated from program using M10 (driven tool active) andM11 (driven tool off).
3.5
Boxford 280B Axes and Tooling
The spindle can run forward (anticlockwise when viewed on chuck jaws) and in reverse(clockwise when viewed on chuck jaws). Direction and speed of rotation are controlledeither by the SPINDLE CW and CCW keys on the machine control panel (refer toInstallation and User Manual Section 5 Machine Controls) or by means of M codes (M03= Forward and M04 = Reverse) selected from software.
For machining a workpiece held in the chuck with the tool fitted in the normal way, i.e.with the cutting edge uppermost, the direction of rotation is as follows:
Direction M CodeExternal turning, toolholder at back Reverse M04External turning, toolholder at front Forward M03Internal turning (centre drills, drills) Forward M03Internal turning (boring, threading) Reverse M04
If tools are fitted upside down, take care to select the appropriate direction of spindlerotation. Once the initial tool is specified, which then sets the direction of rotation,ensure that all subsequent tools are fitted in the same orientation to avoid the need toreverse the direction of rotation at tool changes while running a program.
3.6 Spindle Rotation and Tool Orientation
Rotation(Figure 3.9)
Tool Orientation
3.6
Axes and ToolingBoxford 280B
+Z
EXTERNAL TURNING
Tool holder at back
Tool holder at frontFORWARD
REVERSE
INTERNAL TURNING
-Z
+X
-X
WORKPIECE IN CHUCK
Figure 3.9 Spindle Rotation and Tool Orientation
NEGATIVE X VALUES ONLY
+Z
FORWARD
REVERSE
-Z
+X
-X
USING TAILSTOCK POSITIVE X VALUES ONLY
3.6
Boxford 280B Axes and Tooling
3.7 Tailstock
A conventional tailstock may be fitted. Alternatively, a pneumatically-operated tailstockmay be fitted, operated by the TAILSTOCK QUILL keys on the control panel. Thepneumatically-operated tailstock may be operated under software control using M41(Extend) and M42 (Retract).
3.8 ChuckA manual or pneumatic chuck may be fitted. Pneumatic chucks are operated either byusing the CHUCK OPEN and CLOSE keys on the control panel (refer to Installationand User Manual Section 5 Machine Controls) or from within software by use ofappropriate M code (M40 = Open, M39 = Close).
Unless specified otherwise, pneumatic chuck jaws are prebored at the factory to suitcustomer requirements. Should work with larger diameter workpieces be undertaken,the pneumatic chuck jaws can be bored out to avoid the need to purchase anotherpneumatic chuck, as follows:
1. Press the CHUCK CLOSE key and set the jaws to position to provide suff ic ientmaterial for boring. To move the jaws unfasten the two screws in the jaws, raise the jawsfrom the serration plates and position them accordingly, then refasten the screwsensuring that the jaws are equi-distant from the centre line of the chuck.
2. Make a washer 1mm thick with bore the same diameter that the chuck is to be bored.The outside diameter of washer can be 30mm.
3. Press the CHUCK OPEN key.
4. Bore out the face of the jaws 1mm deep, 30.12mm diameter (0.12mm larger than theoutside diameter of the washer).
5. Place the washer on to the machined jaw face and press the CHUCK CLOSE key toclamp the outside diameter of the washer.
6. Revolve the chuck forward at approximately 2000 rev/min.
7. Bore out the jaws using the washer bore as a gauge. Use the axis control keys to providetool movement with the FEED knob set to 75%.
8. When boring is complete stop the spindle and press the CHUCK OPEN key to releasethe washer.
3.7
Axes and ToolingBoxford 280B
3.9 Collet (Figure 3.10)
A Pneumatic Collet Chuck may be fitted and is controlled in the same way as aPneumatic chuck. To fit the Pneumatic Collet, complete the following procedures.
1. Isolate the machine and disconnect the main Air supply. Remove the current chucking.
2. Remove the backplate (secured with 3 bolts). Clean the spindle nose.
3 & 4. Asseble nose piece and collar.
5 & 6. Fit nose piece and collar assembly onto spindle ensuring the '0' on the collar is allignedwith the '0' on the spindle.
7. Put a Dial Test Indicator on nose piece and tighten the three bolts securing the collarto the spindle until the spindle nose piece is running true.
8. Insert the Black Knurled headed Collar Pin into the draw bar assembly.
9. Push draw bar assembly down the rear of the spindle.
8 & 10. Fit yoke pin into draw bar assembly and secure with 2 grub screws (3mm Alen Key).
11. Fit yoke bar into yoke and secure with Cap head screw and washer (5mm Alen key).
12. Locate the Collar Pin.
13. Fit the required Collet into the nose piece.
14. Lift up spring loaded drive sprag.
15. Screw the drawbar unit into the collet adusting for the bar diameter to be used. Re-engage drive sprag.
16. Re-connect the main air supply and switch on the machine. The collet system is nowready for use.
Removal is the reverse of the above procedure.
NOTE: If reverting to manual chucking, and maximum diameter through spindle is notrequired, then reversse steps 16-13 and 6-1 inclusive.
3.9
Boxford 280B Axes and Tooling
Figure 3.10 Fitting Collet Chucking
1. 2. 3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 8.
9. 10. 11. 12.
13. 14. 15. 16.
3.9
Axes and ToolingBoxford 280B
Figure 3.11 Tool Data Library
3.10 Tool Libraries
The software provides a Tool Data Library which enables details of tooling and offsetsto be entered and a Tool Library from which tools can be selected for inclusion in theTool Data Library. The library is set up by means of a tooling menu.
Before attempting to set up the tooling for the first time, view the libraries and thetooling menu to become familiar with the details, as follows:
1. From the main menu, select MACHINE and then Tools.
The screen shows the Tool Data Library, (Figure 3.11). Practice selecting tools asshown.
1 2 3 4
1. Tool number used by CNC program to select required tool2. Tool position on Turret (not used with Gang plate or Quick
change tool holder)3. Tool type and description (selected from tool library)4. Tool offsets
To select a tool:
Press ➔ or
➔
to highlight the required tool.
Tool Data Library
3.10
Boxford 280B Axes and Tooling
2. Select MENU to display the tooling menu:
The use of these options for setting and editing the Tool Data Library is detailed laterin this section.
Note:
After setting up or editing the library, always select Save Tool data.
3. From the tooling menu, select Tool Library.
The screen displays the first page of the Tool Library, (Figure 3.12), which shows thetwelve pre-defined tools. These tools can not be altered.
Tooling Menu
Tool Library
Figure 3.12 Tool Library
3.10
Axes and ToolingBoxford 280B
Pressing EOB will display the second page which offers an additional six tools, all ofwhich are definable by the user.
Turn off the Tool Library display to reveal the Tool Data Library.
4 From the tooling menu, select Tool Definitions.
The screen shows tool type 1, the left hand turning tool, with three dimensions requiredto draw the tool.
Note:
Tools 1 to 12 are pre-defined and can not be altered.
Scroll through the tools until tool type 13 is displayed. Initially this tool is undefined andthe display area is blank.
Tool Definitions
3.10
Boxford 280B Axes and Tooling
To define a new tool shape, press the ALTER key and use the ➔ and
➔
keys to
select the required type of tool.
Enter the three dimensions A, B and C; pressing EOB after each entry.
Should an incorrect dimension be entered, use either the CANCEL key (if EOB has not
been pressed), or the ➔ and ➔
keys to move back to the value and re-enter it.
After all three dimensions have been entered, press EOB again to accept them.
The new tool shape will be displayed, along with its dimensions.
3.10
3.11 Axes and ToolingBoxford 280B
Configure Software
Note:A billet of the appropriate size will be required for this procedure. In order to run the demonstrationprogram, a LH turning tool and a parting tool are required. To run the program, set up the LH turningtool as the first tool and the parting tool as the second tool in the following procedure.
1. Fit the required tools into the toolholding system supplied.
With the quick change toolpost, fit the first tool required. After setting the offset of thefirst tool, it will be necessary to substitute the next tool before setting its offset.
If the toolholder is too close to the chuck to allow the tools to be fitted, move thetoolholder away from the chuck under manual control, (see Section 7 - ManualMachining).
2. Check that the RESET button on the machine control panel has been pressed toinitialise the machine.
3. From the main menu select CONFIG and then Program.
4. On the PROGRAM display, set UNITS MODE to the units required for tool offsetsand programming.
5. If a turret is fitted, select CONFIG and then Hardware, and check that TURRET isset to FITTED.
6. From the main menu, select MACHINE and then Tools to display the Tool DataLibrary. Defaults of the first tool will be highlighted, for example:
Check the settings. If they are correct, continue at step 14 to set the second tool.
For the demonstration program, the settings should be as shown.
7. Select the tool to be edited by using the
➔
➔ keys to highlight the required tool andpressing EOB.
3.11 Setting Up
Fit Tooling
Boxford 280B 3.11 Axes and Tooling
1
2
3
To edit tool details:
Type required number in highlighted box
Press EOB to accept last entry and highlight next box
When last box is highlighted, press EOB: highlight will disappear
Press EOB to turn off display
Figure 3.12 Tool Editing Display
1 To check tool type, press ESC then select MENU and
Tool library to view tool library.
2 To check tool position, for Turret only, refer to Figure 3.2
3 Offsets for reference tool are zero.
3.11 Axes and ToolingBoxford 280B
8. The screen shows the tool editing display, with the first item (Tool type) highlighted,(Figure 3.12).
Edit the display to show the required Tool type (and Turret position if applicable). Donot edit the offsets.
9. Select , Machine and then Datum Position.
Set Datum Position Note:The datum values are set at the factory, and it should only be necessary to reset the datum values if theoriginal setting is lost or the workholding or toolholding devices are moved or changed. In order to set thedatum values, the information supplied with the machine will be required; this information consists ofan X and a Z axis measurement.
10. From the main menu, select MACHINE and then Datum Position. The screenshows:
Enter the X and Z axis measurements supplied with the machine.
The workshift value is the distance from the Front Face of the Spindle Nose to the FrontFace of the chucking used. See fig. 3.13. Enter the appropriate value for your chuckingarrangement.
Select SAVE .
The screen returns to the main menu.
Boxford 280B 3.11 Axes and Tooling
Figure 3.13 Workshift Measurements for different Chucking
Workshift
Workshift
1. Chuck
2. Collet
3.11 Axes and ToolingBoxford 280B
11. Select , Machine and then Tools.
12. Select MENU , and then Set Tool Offsets.
13. The screen shows:
Home the axes using the HOME and AXIS DIRECTION keys.
14. When the axes are homed, the screen shows:
Fit a billet into the chuck. Enter its diameter and length, and select OK by pressingEOB.
Boxford 280B 3.11 Axes and Tooling
15. The screen shows the tool offsets setting display, (Figure 3.14).
On the control panel, select Manual mode. Using the X and Z AXIS DIRECTION keys,follow the instructions to position the point of the tool on the reference diameter (theperiphery of the billet).
Tool position on axesDRILLS
Tool position on axesTOOLS OTHER THAN DRILLS
Figure 3.14 Tool Offsets Setting Display
3.11 Axes and ToolingBoxford 280B
16. When the tool is in the correct position, select ACCEPT . The screen shows:
Use the X and Z AXIS DIRECTION keys to touch the point of the tool on the end ofthe billet, and select ACCEPT .
17. The screen again shows the Tool Data Library.
To set the offset of the next tool, fit or index the tool and repeat the procedure fromstep 6.
Note:For setting the offsets of the second and any subsequent tools, it will not be necessary to home the axesor enter the billet dimensions (steps 13 and 14).
Set AdditionalTool Offsets
18. The Driven Tool can be positioned in either of the two holders provided with themachine to align the tool with any of the 3 machine axis as shown in figure 3.15 (seesection 3.5).
Setting DrivenTool Offsets
Figure 3.15 Driven Tool Positions
X
Z
YPosition 2
Position 1
Position 3
Boxford 280B 3.11 Axes and Tooling
With the Tool in any of the positions the user is prompted to touch on to the referencediameter and the bar end. Use the following procedures to correctly define Driven Tooloffsets.
a. Driven Tool - Position 1i. Ensure the Driven Tool centre is alligned with the billet centre by
adjusting the slide (Y axis.).ii. Reference Diameter - Touch the bottom of the driven tool onto the bar
diameter. Select EOBiii. Bar End - Touch the outside diameter of the driven tool onto the bar end.
Without moving the Z axis, move the driven tool clear of the bar diameterusing X-Note the Z feedback reading on the screen. Move the Z axis 1/2 thediameter of the driven tool using Z-. When in position, select EOB
b. Driven Tool - Position 2
i. Ensure the Driven Tool centre is below the billet centre by adjusting theslide (Y axis).
ii. Reference Diameter - Touch the outside diameter of the driven tool ontothe bar diameter. Select EOB
iii. Bar End - Touch the outside diameter of the driven tool onto the bar end.Without moving the Z axis, move the driven tool clear of the bar diameterusing X-.Note the Z feedback reading on the screen. Move the Z axis 1/2 thediameter of the driven tool using Z-. When in position, select EOB
c. Driven Tool - Position 3
i. Ensure the Driven Tool centre is is alligned with the billet centre byadjusting the slide (Y axis.).
ii. Reference Diameter - Touch the outside diameter of the driven tool ontothe bar diameter. Select EOB
iii. Bar End - Touch the bottom of the driven tool onto the bar end.Without moving the X axis, move the driven tool clear of the bar diameterusing Z+.Note the X feedback reading on the screen. Move the X axis 1/2 thediameter of the driven tool using X+. When in position, select EOB
3.11 Axes and ToolingBoxford 280B
When the offsets of all the required tools have been set, either select MENU `andthen Save Tool Data, or press ESC. If ESC is pressed, the screen shows the message:
With the YES window highlighted, press EOB to save the offsets.
Backlash Compensation Note:
The values which appear in the X and Z windows are set at the factory. They will only require resettingif the original settings are lost, or if the ballscrews on the machine are replaced.
To view the backlash compensation settings, select Machine - Backlash Compensation.
The window below is shown.
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
4.1 FunctionsThe CAM programming features of the software provide the following functions:
A new component is created by producing a profile on screen. When the profile iscomplete, it is processed by the software which converts it into a CNC program andsaves it. The appropriate G and M codes are included, and speeds, feeds, roughing cutsand tool changes are incorporated into the program automatically.
Programs stored in a CAM catalogue can be edited in CAM or CNC format. Programscreated in CAM format are presented in CNC format using absolute co-ordinates.Programs stored in a CNC catalogue can only be viewed and edited in CNC format.
New Programs
4 CAM Programming
Existing Programs
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
4.2 Information Required
To create a new CAM program you will need the following information:
1. Drawing:
The work datum is the centre of the right hand end of the bar. Since the profile issymmetrical about the centreline of the bar, only positive X co-ordinates need bedimensioned. All Z co-ordinates are negative, measured from the end of the bar:
The drawing should make allowance for completing the chuck end of the workpiece.If threads are incorporated, make allowance for undercutting between the end of thethread and any shoulder.
For ease of programming, mark the co-ordinates of the start and end points of eachelement of the profile as shown in Figure 4.2.
2. Tools Used:
Choose the appropriate tools for each machining operation, and set up the tooling asfor CNC machining.
3. Details of the billet:
Outside diameter
Inside diameter (if the billet is hollow or a tube)
Length
Material (aluminium, brass, mild steel or plastic).
-Z
+X
datum
dimensions required
4.2
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
4. Program Name:
A name for your program (This must be a valid DOS filename, without a file extension,using a maximum of 7 characters and not including spaces or the following punctuationmarks: , . \ or /).
5. Configuration Settings:
The STANDOFF option automatically adds the depth of cut to a 2mm standoff(clearance between tool and workpiece) when using canned cycles. This option, andother configuration settings, can be activated by selecting CONFIG - Program fromthe main menu and making the required settings.
4.2
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
4.3 Creating a CAM Program
1. From the main menu, select CONFIG - Program, and check the UNITS MODEsetting. (The other settings do not apply to CAM programming). Select STANDOFFif required.
2. From the main menu select PROGRAM - Cam, and from the catalogue select NEWPROGRAM. Input the program title and bar dimensions (including inside diameter ifthe bar is hollow), as for CNC programming. If drilling is required, enter the depth ofthe hole at the prompt.
3. After inputting the program details press EOB; the screen shows the CAM display.
The display enables the profile of the component to be built up from straight lines, arcsand threads, superimposed on the outline of the billet. As each element of the profileis added, details of the corresponding line of the program appear in the program displaywindow (1), in CAM program format (refer to 4.8).
For a solid billet, beginning at the workpiece datum (6) the profile is built up from rightto left in the graphics area (3) formed by the top half of the billet outline. As eachelement is added, it is automatically mirrored in the bottom half of the billet outline toproduce a symmetrical profile.
Note:For hollow billets, the workpiece datum is set at the intersection of the bore and the end face.
The UNDO option deletes the last element added, together with the correspondingline of the program, and can be used repetitively to delete previous elements and lines.
Straight lines and arcs are created by manual input of co-ordinates, (see 4.5 and 4.6below). Threads are created by manual input of data, (see 4.7).
Check Configuration
Input Program Details
CAM Display(Figure 4.1)
4.3
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
Figure 4.1 CAM Display
Processes the profile
For manual input of straight line co-ordinates
For manual input of arc co-ordinates
For input of thread details
Deletes last line of program (repetitively)
Save profile Saves profile without processing and can also be used torename a profile3D View Produces 3D view of workpieceRedraw Re-draws profile after changesGrid Snap Sets fineness of graphics grid
1
2
3
4
5
6
END
LINE
ARC
THREAD
UNDO
MENU
1. Program display window
2. Billet outline (bore shown if hollow)
3. Graphics area (top half of billet outline)
4. Length of billet (Z co-ordinate)
5. Diameter of billet (X co-ordinate)
6. Workpiece datum
4.3
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
Set Grid Snap The fineness of the grid to which the co-ordinates will snap can be set as follows:
4. Select MENU - Grid snap. The screen shows:
The default value is 1.00mm as shown. Along the Z axis the pitch of the grid is equalto the value set. Along the X axis the pitch is half the set value, since each elementof the profile is mirrored below the centreline of the workpiece. For example, settingthe grid snap to 5.00mm produces the following grid:
Edit the setting if required by overtyping, and press EOB. For the example given in thisSection, accept the default setting.
Note:The setting can be edited later during the creation of a profile if required.
+X
-Z 2.5mmcentreline
5mm
4.3
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
4.4 Example (Figure 4.2)
Figure 4.2 shows a drawing of a component whose profile consists of straight lines, arcsand a thread. The co-ordinates of the start and end points of each element have beenmarked in the top half of the billet outline.
The straight lines and arcs can be machined with the LH turning tool (1) and parting tool(11). To cut the thread it will be necessary to fit an external threading tool and to addthis to the Tool Data Library.
Create a new program named EXAMPLE as detailed in 4.3 above, and refer to 4.5, 4.6and 4.7 for guidance in producing the profile shown in Figure 4.2.
Note:A copy of the CAM program for this component is included in a catalogue, and is named CAMPROG.
X +25
Z -50
10mm x 0.75mm pitch RH
21,-2921,-39
17,-45
0,-45 0,0
8R 8R
Co-ordinates shown in the format: X, Z
16,-29
10,-16
10,-1415,-9
8,-4
8,-1
Figure 4.2 Example of Drawing for CAM Program
4.4
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
4.5 Drawing Straight Lines
1. Select LINE ; the screen will show:
The window shows the co-ordinates of the end point of the last element to be drawn.Since no element has yet been drawn the co-ordinates are those of the datum.
2. Enter the co-ordinates of the end point of the first line: X = 8, Z = -1, and press EOB.
The first line of the profile will appear, mirrored by a symmetrical line in the bottomhalf of the billet outline.
3. Repeat this procedure to set the end point of the next line of the profile:
X = 8, Z = -4
If you make a mistake, select UNDO to erase the last line, and repeat the procedure.
4.5
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
4.6 Drawing Arcs
1. Select ARC , and Clockwise arc (GO2) or Counter-clockwise arc (GO3) as required.
For the first arc in the example, select Counter-clockwise arc (GO3).
2. The screen shows:
Enter the radius of the arc. (For the example, enter 8.00mm).
The X and Z co-ordinates shown are those of the end point of the last element in theprofile (A). Enter the co-ordinates of the end point of the arc (B):
3. Press EOB: the arc will appear on the display, and will be mirrored by a symmetrical arcin the bottom half of the billet outline.
B
A
4.6
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
10,-14
4. For the example, repeat the procedure to draw the second arc. Set the radius to 12.00mmand the co-ordinates of the end points to X = 10, Z = -14:
If you make a mistake, select UNDO to erase the last arc, and repeat the procedure.
4.6
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
4.7 Drawing Threads
1. For the example, draw the next three straight lines of the profile in preparation foradding the threaded section:
2. Select THREAD ; the screen shows:
3. Select left hand or right hand thread as required. For the example, select right handthread.
4. The screen shows:
Change the PITCH/TPI value if required, entering either a pitch (metric units) orthreads per inch (Imperial units).
For the example, set the pitch to 0.75mm.
4.7
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
The Z co-ordinate is that of the end-point of the last element on the profile (A). Enterthe Z co-ordinate of the end-point of the thread (B) and press EOB.
5. The thread will appear on the profile, and the corresponding line will be added to theprogram display:
9 X = 21.00 Z = -39.00 RH THREAD, PITCH/TPI = 0.75
6. For the example, draw the remaining straight lines to complete the profile:
AB
4.7
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
4.8 Processing a Profile
1. Select END ; the screen shows:
Enter the material type; the appropriate depths of cut will automatically be incorporatedinto the program.
2. Press EOB. The screen shows:
Enter the billet dimensions and press EOB.
If any dimension is too small to enable the profile to be machined, an appropriatemessage will be displayed. Repeat the procedure and amend the dimension as necessary.The length must incorporate the width of the parting tool if the item is to be parted off.
4.8
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
3. The program will be scrolled in the program display area, (accompanied by the graphicaldisplay beneath it, if selected), in CNC compact format.
The bottom line of the program display area will show messages which explain what theprogram is doing. If the program contains errors or omissions, such as undefined tools,sections of profiles which a tool cannot reach, or insufficient undercut allowance forthread cutting, the bottom line will display an appropriate error message and the displaywill stop to allow the message to be read.
If the display stops, press EOB to resume.
4. At the end of the program, the display will show the program WRITE display, (seeSection 5, Figure 5.1). The program can then be edited in CNC format if required.
From the CAM display, select MENU - Save profile.
The profile will be saved and can be recalled later for completion or editing.
Pressing ESC or selecting CLOSE will prompt you to save the profile if it hasnot already been saved.
Saving a ProfileWithout Validation
4.8
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
4.9 Editing a CAM Profile
A CAM profile can be edited in either CAM or CNC format:
1. Save the program.
2. Select PROGRAM - Cam, and select the required program.
3. Use UNDO to step backwards through the elements of the profile, and re-create theprofile as required.
CAM Format
5. To move points, delete entities and insert entities, isselected.
The screen below is shown.
EDIT PROFILEMENU
4.9
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
Modifying Hole Depth The start point of the line describing the diameter at the bottom of a hole cannot bemoved using the standard Move command.
is selected displaying the window below.
The modified depth is input and selected
Deleting Entities The required entity is highlighted and selected. The end point of theprevious entity and the start point of the next entity will automatically be joined tomaintain a continuous path.
Inserting Entities Inserted entities are placed After the currently highlighted entity.
An Entity is highlighted and selected. The inserted entities can be movedto the required position as described earlier in this section.
Moving Points The End Point of a highlighted entity can be moved.
An entity is highlighted by using the selection buttons to toggle around each entity inturn.
The entity End point can be moved by selecting and inputting the new co-ordinates (if invalid co-ordinates are entered, an error message is displayed and the moveaborted.
NOTE:- Moving the end points of arcs will redefine the arc as a diagonal straight line.This can be converted back to the arc in the standard CAM.
MOVE
MENU HOLE DEPTH
OK
DELETE
INSERT
4.9
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
In the example below, a groove has been added to the outside diameter of the profileshown on a previous page.
Modifying Bar Size is selected to modify the bar size.
The window below is shown.
The modified bar information is input. If the bar size specified is too small for theprofile, relevant values will automatically be modified to the smallest acceptable size.
Saving the Changes To save the changes and return to the standard CAM window, is selected.
MENU BAR SIZE
EXIT
4.9
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
The �CAM Tools� option allows the user to define which tools are available to the CAMprocessor when a G&M program is created from a drawn profile.
The CAM Tools option is accessed from the CAM window by selectingMenu - CAM Tools
The Tool library window below is shown.
If all the tools in the Library are Not Selected (Black text), the CAM processor will selecttools from the entire list.
If some Tools are Selected (Red text), the CAM processor will only select from thesetools.Depending on the type of component to be processed, a minimum number of tools arerequired.e.g. To process external shapes, the minimum tooling requirements are.
1. LH Turning Tool (Note: 32 Degrees is the clearance angle not the tip angle)
2. Parting Tool
3. External Threading Tool (If threads are to be cut).
To Select tool, the tool is highlighted with the cursor and selected.ALTER
4.10 CAM Tools
4.10
Boxford 280B CAM Programming
Rough & Finish Turning If two LH Turning tools are available, one can be set to perform the Rough TurningProcess and the other set to perform the Finish Turning Process.
When selecting Tools (Red Text), if a second LH turning tool is selected, the windowbelow is shown.
The User is prompted to �Select Process to be Performed by Tool�.
Roughing or Finishing is selected.
The remaining LH Turning Tool�s process will automatically be set to the alternativeoption as shown below.
Saving To exit and save the settings, the Esc. is selected.
4.10
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
5 CNC Programming
5.1 Operations and Programming SheetsBefore commencement of programming the following points require consideration:
1. Drawing
The work datum is usually centre of the right hand end of the bar; this makes it easierto set the tools. If necessary re-dimension the drawing from this datum.
2. Machining
Decide on the sequence of the machining operations (e.g. rough turn, finish turn, screwcut, part off.)
3. Tooling
Choose appropriate tools for each machining operation.
4. Programming
Decide on incremental or absolute dimensions, feed mm/min, spindle speed rev/min.
Use an operations sheet and a programming sheet to record your decisions. Blank sheetsare included at the back of this manual for photocopying.
+Z-Z
+X
-X
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
5.2 Absolute and Incremental Co-ordinates
Before programming commences points on the contour have to be defined either in:
(a) absolute co-ordinates relative to the workpiece datum, or
(b) incremental co-ordinates relative to the previous position
Examples of the two types of co-ordinate systems are shown below:
G90 must be inserted at the start of the program when using absolute co-ordinates.
G91 must be inserted at the start of the program when using incremental co-ordinates.
+Z-Z
+X
-X
Ø25
Ø15
Ø30
Ø20
10 20 10
C
B AB A
C
POINT
DATUM
A
B
C
X
0
15
15
25
Z
0
0
-10
-10
ABSOLUTE COORDINATES
POINT
DATUM
A
B
C
X
0
20
20
30
Z
0
0
-10
-30
POINT
DATUM
A
B
C
X
0
15
0
10
Z
0
0
-10
0
INCREMENTAL COORDINATES
POINT
DATUM
A
B
C
X
0
20
0
10
Z
0
0
-10
-20
5.2
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
5.3 Speeds and Feeds
When writing a program the values for spindle speeds and feed rates have to be entered.These values will vary depending upon the workpiece material and the type of cuttingtool being used.
With experience, a programmer will use values which are known to produce therequired balance between surface finish, tool wear and production time, but for thebeginner the following cutting speeds are offered as a guide.
To calculate spindle speeds use the following formula:
Spindle speed = m/min x 1000 or feet/min x 12 p x dia. of workpiece p x dia. of workpiece
e.g. for 25.4 (1in) dia. mild steel (EN1A) using carbide copy turning tool:
Spindle speed = 200 x 1000 or 600 x 12 p x 25.4=2506rev/min. p x 1=2291rev/min.
program say, 2500 or 2300 rev/min.
Feed rates are expressed in millimetres per minute and, as with spindle speeds, the feedrate will vary with the material being cut, the depth of cut and the type of cutting toolused. Again, with experience the programmer will quickly determine the values to usefor the various cutting functions.
Spindle Speeds
ALUMINIUMCUTTING TOOL
CUTTING SPEED (METRES/MINUTE)
BRASS CAST IRON MILD STEEL(FREE CUTTING)
CARBON STEEL(MEDIUM)
CARBIDE
H.S.S.
300 250 125 200 125
80 70 40 50 40
Feed Rates
5.3
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
5.4 Program Format
A program is a series of "blocks" or lines each showing a set of functions and/or co-ordinates.
Input of the program is usually in tabular form (although the CONFIG menu allows achange to compact format).
A typical format for turning is:
LINE G M X Z I K F S
These are the headings used on the programming sheet, where:
LINE is the block or sequence number, and
G the preparatory function
M the miscellaneous function
X the X co-ordinate (diameter value)
Z the Z co-ordinate (length value)
I interpolation parameter or additional informationas needed
K interpolation parameter or additional informationas needed
F feed rate (mm/min)
S spindle speed (rev/min)
5.4
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
5.5 Preparatory Functions (G Codes)
Note:
The G codes can be displayed on the screen from the HELP menu.
The address letter G is followed by two digits, and the following codes can be used:
G00 Rapid movement
G01 Linear interpolation F = Feed rate
G02 Circular interpolation (clockwise)I & K are co-ordinates of centre or I = radius from the start point
G03 Circular interpolation (counter clockwise)I & K are co-ordinates of centre or I = radius from the start point
G04 Time dwell F = delay (secs)
G50 Maximum Spindle Speed Limit S=Speed
G70 Imperial programming units
G71 Metric programming units
G81 O.D. Turning cycleX = Total Depth Z = Total Length I = No. of Cuts F = Feed rate
G82 Face/ Grooving CycleX = Total Depth Z = Total Cut Length I = No. of Cuts F = Feed rate
G83 Peck Drilling CycleZ = Total Depth I = Drill DiaK = Reduction F = Feed rate
G84 Threading CycleZ = Total Length I = Dia DepthK = No. of Cuts F = Pitch
G90 Absolute Programming
G91 Incremental Programming
G94 Feed/min
G95 Feed/rev
G96 Constant Surface Speed
G97 Constant RPM
5.5
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
5.6 Miscellaneous Functions (M Codes)
Note:
The M codes can be displayed on the screen from the HELP menu.
The address letter M is followed by two digits, the following can be used:-
M01 Optional stopM02 End of program (Single Quantity)M03 Spindle start forward. Enter spindle speed SM04 Spindle start reverse. Enter spindle speed SM05 Spindle stopM06 Tool change
I = Tool Type K = Drill DiameterM08 Coolant OnM09 Coolant OffM10 Driven Tool 1 ActiveM11 Driven Tool 1 OffM16 Orientate Spindle
I=Angle (30 Deg Increments)M26 Parts Catcher InM27 Parts Catcher RetractM30 End of program (Repeat)M39 Close Automatic ChuckM40 Open Automatic ChuckM41 Extend Air QuillM42 Retract Air QuillM48 Open Air GuardM49 Close Air GuardM51 Shot Bolt EngageM52 Shot Bolt DisengageM81 Turn output on/off
I=on/off (1/0)M97 Continuous manufactureM99 Continuation code.
Entering M99 into a partially written program causes the program to be saved to disk.Recall of the program is simulated on the screen up to the break off point and then theprompt to "continue writing" is made.
5.6
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
5.7 Canned Cycles
Codes G81 - G84 are referred to as 'canned cycles'. These codes are built in to the controlsystem of the lathe; their use simplifies the programming of repetitive operations.
In each case the tool must be positioned at the start point of the cycle on the previousline of code at a point 2mm (0.1in) from the work. This point is called the stand-off point.All information within the canned cycle is incremental. On completion of the cycle thetool will return to its start point.
Using this code enables several cuts to be taken automatically provided that the Z axismovements are the same. The start point in the X axis is at the 2mm stand-off point andthe tool is programmed to this location on the previous line. After entering G81 thefollowing additional information is needed.
X value = total cut depth, ie. the difference between the originaldiameter and the final diameter (excluding the stand-off).
Z value = total length of travel in the Z axis, i.e. cut length plus anystand-off in the Z direction.
I value = number of cuts required.
F value = feed rate.
Cancel G81 with G80.
Facing:The start point (programmed on the previous line) is from a stand-off position in theZ axis. After entering G82 the following additional information is needed:
X value = total cut depth - it is usual to go past the centre line by 0.5mmto clear the end, i.e. enter a value of the stand-off diameterplus 1mm.
Z value = total cut width (excluding the stand off).
I value = number of cuts.
F value = feed rate.
G81 Outside Diameter
G82 Facing or Grooving
5.7
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
Grooving:This canned cycle is used to cut a rectangular section groove of width exceeding 4mm.Before entering the canned cycle routine it is necessary to create a slot of width 2mmplus the width of the tool to the required depth. This is accomplished using the partingoff tool and programming using codes G00 and G01. Remember that the parting offtool is 2mm wide and that during the offset routine the reference face was set as the sidenearer the chuck. After cutting this narrow groove take the tool to its stand off position.
Enter G82 and then add the following values:
X value = the difference between the stand-off diameter and thediameter of the bottom of the groove.
Z value = the additional width of the groove, e.g. 10mm-4mm =6mm.
I value = number of cuts required.
F value = feed rate.
Cancel G82 with G80.
This code is used to drill holes deeper than twice the drill diameter. From the stand-offpoint (X = 0, Z = 2) the first movement takes the drill in the -Z direction a distance equalto twice the drill diameter. After withdrawing from the hole (to remove swarf) the drillreturns and cuts further in the -Z direction by an amount which is determined by:
K multiplied by the first depth
This 'pecking' is repeated until the total depth Z is reached. After entering G83 followwith:
Z value = total depth of hole (exclude the stand-off).
I value = drill diameter.
K value = reduction: a decimal value. This is the percentage by whichthe second and subsequent pecks are reduced, until therequired depth is reached, e.g. 0.9 or 0.99.
F value = feed rate.
Cancel G83 with G80.
G83 Peck Drilling
5.7
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
External Thread:The start point for the threading cycle in the X axis is 2mm greater than the outsidediameter of the point on the diameter of the material to be cut (the stand-off point). Thisposition is programmed on the line previous to the G84 being called. After enteringG84, follow with:
Z value = total length from stand-off (negative for left hand thread,positive for right hand thread).
I value = depth of thread (measured on diameter, e.g. 1.23 for 1mmpitch).
K value = number of cuts. The minimum is 10 cuts and this is suitablefor up to 1mm pitch. For larger values of pitch increase thevalue of K
F value = pitch.
Cutting tool is tool no. 4, speed (S) value is 500/600 rev/min.
Internal Thread:This is programmed in the same way as the external thread except that the tool is toolno.10. Note that the I value (depth) must be negative.
Cancel G84 with G80.
G84 External or InternalThread Cutting
5.7
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
5.8 Inputting a New Program
5.8.1 Information Required
To input a new program, you will need the following information:
1. A completed programming sheet containing -Program detailsType of co-ordinates used (absolute or incremental)Tools usedSpeeds and feeds
2. Details of the billet -Outside diameterInside diameter (if the billet is hollow)Length
3. A name for your program (7 characters maximum - do not use spaces, . \ or / in thename.)
4. The type of format for the program display.The options are tabulated format and compact format. Tabulated format is easier toread and therefore more suitable for the earlier stages of programming. The programmingsheets used in the Tutorials and Exercises use tabulated format. Compact format is moretypical of the type of display used in industry, and is suitable for the more advancedprogrammer.The type of format can be changed by selecting CONFIG - Program from the mainmenu, and setting the DISPLAY TYPE to TABULATED or COMPACT as required.A program can be input and saved in either format, and can be displayed in either formatby changing the DISPLAY TYPE.The main procedure (5.8.2 on the following page) deals with the use of tabulated format,and the example used is taken from Tutorial 1 (TUT 1). Instructions for using compactformat are given in 5.8.3.
5. Other configuration settings required.The STANDOFF option automatically adds the depth of cut to a 2mm standoff(clearance between tool and workpiece) when using canned cycles.
In MODAL PROGRAMMING, each of the following codes need only be typed once.Each code is then repeated automatically in subsequent lines until a different code istyped:
5.8
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
G01 : Linear interpolationG02 : Circular interpolation (clockwise)G03 : Circular interpolation (counter-clockwise)F : Feed rate
These options can be activated by selecting CONFIG - Program from the main menu,and making the required settings.
5.8.2 Tabulated Format
Check Configuration
1. From the main menu, select CONFIG - Program, and check the following settings:
UNITS MODE = as required (METRIC for TUT 1)PROGRAMMING MODE = as required (ABSOLUTE for TUT 1)DISPLAY TYPE = TABULATEDGRID SNAP = as requiredSTANDOFF = as requiredMODAL PROGRAMMING = as required
Input Program Details
2. From the main menu, select PROGRAM - Program, and from the catalogue selectNEW PROGRAM. The following display will appear:
Type the name of the program and press EOB.
5.8
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
3. Select OK by pressing EOB. The next display will appear:
The display shows the dimensions of the last billet used, with the value of outsidediameter highlighted.
If required, change the diameter by overtyping. When the correct value is shown, pressEOB; the next item (I-Dia) will be highlighted.
Set the remaining two values in the same way. If the billet is not hollow, set the internaldiameter to zero.
Note:The values can be edited by using the ➔ and
➔
keys to highlight the required values, and overtyping.
Press EOB, and set the depth of hole when prompted.
Input Program
4. Press EOB. The screen shows the Program WRITE display, (Figure 5.1). The first linenumber (block number) N10 appears automatically at the left of the display, and the textcursor is in the G column.
5.8
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
UNDO Deletes last line entered.
VIEW Redraw - updates simulation display to include latest program changes.
3D view - changes simulation display to 3D view.
HELP Displays information for reference during programming (see text).
MENU Options for saving and editing programs (see text).
1. Text cursor
2. Simulation display
3. * indicates that program has changed since it was last saved - save again if required.
! indicates that program has changed since simulation was last drawn -select VIEW - Redraw to update display.
Figure 5.1 Program WRITE Display
2
1
* !
3
* !
5.8
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
When typing in the program, precede each item with the letter at the top of thecorresponding column; at the end of each item press INPUT. The cursor will moveautomatically to the appropriate column when the letter is typed in. It is not necessary
to use the / key; the keypad automatically toggles between letters and numbers at
the appropriate points.
Type in the first line of the program. For example, the first line of the program for TUT1 is:
N G10 90
Type: G90
As the code number is typed, a message appears giving the meaning of the code. (Othermessages give indications of errors such as incorrect feed speeds).
When the line is complete, press EOB. The next line number appears automatically andthe cursor moves to the G column in the next line.
Type the second line of the program. For TUT 1 the second line is:
N G20 71
Type: G71 (EOB).
Type the third line. The third line of TUT 2 is:
N X Z30 30 10
Type X30 (INPUT) Z10 (EOB).
The cursor moves automatically to the X and Z columns. When EOB is pressed the nextline number appears and the cursor moves to the G column.
Continue to input the whole of the TUT2 program
CAUTION
REMEMBER TO SAVE YOUR PROGRAM BEFORE SWITCHING OFFTHE MACHINE, EVEN IF IT IS NOT COMPLETE. (SEE 5.9 SAVING APROGRAM).
5.8
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
Correcting Errors
You can place the cursor anywhere in the program, and correct errors by overtyping orby deleting characters with the ALT key and re-typing.
Use the ➔ and
➔
keys to move the text cursor vertically, and the ➔ and ➔ keysto move from column to column.
Although the display shows only three lines of the program, you can scroll the programto show any line by using the ➔ and
➔
keys.
For more extensive changes, use the editing facilities available from the MENU option,(see 5.11 Editing a Program).
5.8
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
HELP provides the following information which you may need to refer to when creatinga program:
G Codes - meanings
M Codes - meanings
Tool Library - graphical display of tools with tool numbers anddescriptions
Program Data - TitleWorkpiece dimensionsProgram length (no. of lines)Estimated manufacture timeTools used
Machine Data - Maximum bar sizeMinimum and maximum feedrates and speeds
The features available from the MENU option are used for saving a program (see 5.9)and editing a program (see 5.11).
5.8.3 Compact Format
To input a program in compact format, first check the software configuration as fortabulated format but set the DISPLAY TYPE to COMPACT.
Input the program information in the same way as for tabulated format. When theProgram WRITE display appears, the panel where the program is input looks like this:
Compare this with Figure 5.1. The line number and the text cursor appear, but there areno columns with identifying letters.
HELP
MENU
5.8
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
When typing in the program, precede each item with the letter at the top of thecorresponding column on the programming sheet; at the end of each item press INPUT.There is no need to leave spaces between items in the line; spaces will be insertedautomatically.
When each line is complete, press EOB. The next line number appears automaticallyand the cursor moves to the first (G) column in the same way as for tabulated format.
In addition, spaces are automatically inserted between items, and numerical valuesstandardised to show two decimal places. For example, in lines 30, 40 and 50 of Tutorial1 (TUT 1):
Line 30 type: X30 (INPUT) Z10 (EOB)
40 type: M04 (INPUT) X20 (INPUT) Z2 (INPUT) S2000 (EOB)
50 type: G01 (INPUT) X20 (INPUT) Z-15 (INPUT) F70 (EOB)
The display shows:
N30 X30.00 Z10.00N40 M04 X20.00 Z2.00 S2000N50 G01 X20.00 Z-15.00 F70
Error correction, and the other features of the Program WRITE display are the sameas for tabulated format.
5.8
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
5.9 Saving a Program
The last line of a program must consist of one of the following codes:
M99 - if the program is unfinished
M02 - for single part manufacture
M30 - for multiple part manufacture
Note:If you try to save a program which does not end with one of these codes, the software automaticallyadds the code M99 to the end of the program.
There are three ways to save a program:
a) At the last line of the program type M99, M02 or M30 as required and press EOB; theprogram will automatically be saved. (This is the recommended method).
b) from the MENU option, select Save program.
The display will show the message:
Press EOB; the program will be saved with code M99 added at the last line.
5.9
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
c) Press ESC
The display will show the message:
Select YES by pressing EOB; the program will be saved with code M99 added at thelast line.
5.9
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
5.10 Examining an Existing Program
From the main menu select PROGRAM - Program, and from the catalogue select therequired program. The screen shows the following display with a drawing of thecomponent beneath it:
The options available enable the program to be examined as follows:
Produces a 3-D view of the component.
Displays program details.
Display - lists the programEdit - see 5.11 Editing a ProgramContinue - see 5.12 Continuing a Program2D Simulate - simulates machining in 2D3D Simulate - simulates machining in 3D
To use these options (except for Edit and Continue), refer to Section 2 - Running theDemonstration Program.
INFO
VIEW
MENU
5.10
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
5.11 Editing a Program
A new program which has been partly written can be edited, and an existing programcan be edited, by using the MENU editing options described in 5.11.3 below. Toaccess the options, refer to 5.11.1 New Programs or 5.11.2 Existing Programs asappropriate.
5.11.1 New Programs
From the program WRITE display (Figure 5.1), select MENU .
5.11.2 Existing Programs
Refer to 5.10 Examining an Existing Program, and select MENU - Edit. The screenshows the Program EDIT display:
Scrolling:
Line down - press
➔
Line up - press ➔
5.11
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
Amendments to the program can be made in the same way as detailed in 5.8.2 TabulatedFormat - Input Program.
To access the editing options, select MENU .
5.11.3 MENU Editing Options
Insert Line
Inserts an additional line, and renumbers subsequent lines. Place the text cursor on theline above the required new line and press EOB.
Clear Line
Deletes program data from a line, but leaves the line number intact. Place the text cursoron the required line and press EOB. The prompt: "ARE YOU SURE? YES/NO'provides a safeguard against accidental deletion.
Go to Line
Places the text cursor on a specified line:
Type in the required line number and press EOB.
5.11
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
Delete Line
Delete a program line data and number from the program. Place the text cursor on theline to be deleted, and press EOB. The prompt "ARE YOU SURE? YES/NO"provides a safeguard against accidental deletion.
Find and Replace
Searches for a specific program item and enables it to be replaced by another specificitem:
For example, to find all occurrences of code M03 (spindle start - forward) and replacethem with code M04 (spindle start - reverse), starting the search from line 90 of theprogram, type in the following:
Find M03 (EOB)
Replace with MO4 (EOB)
Start line no. 90 (EOB)
5.11
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
SELECTIVE Search
A selective search will stop at each occurrence of the code, with the message:
To change the code to the replacement code and search for the next occurrence, selectREPLACE.
To leave the code unchanged and search for the next occurrence, select CONTINUE.
At the end of the search a report will be displayed; for example:
Press EOB.
GLOBAL Search
A global search will find each occurrence of the code and replace it with the replacementcode. At the end of the search a report will be displayed as for a selective search.
Header Edit
Enables the name (title) of the program, and the dimensions of the billet (bar) to bechanged. (Refer to 5.8.2 Tabulated Format - Input Program Information).
5.11
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
Block Delete
Enables highlighted blocks of the program to be omited during the manufacture cyclewhen the 'Block Delete' key on the Machine Control Panel is pressed (see section 5.1of the Installation and User manual).
Note:- Blocks containing Rapid Moves (G00), Linear (G01) and Circular Interpolations (G02& G03) CAN NOT be block deleted.
To highlight a block, the cursor is moved onto the relevent block and MENU - BlockDelete selected.
5.11
Boxford 280B CNC Programming
5.12 Continuing a Program
An incomplete program which has been saved can be continued at the point whereinputting was interrupted.
Refer to 5.10 Examining an Existing Program, and select MENU - Continue.
The display will simulate the completed part of the program in 2D, stopping when thelast line is reached. The M99 code will be deleted from the last line of the program,enabling inputting to be continued.
5.12
6.2 CNC and CAM MachiningBoxford 280B
6 CNC and CAM Machining
The procedures for machining a component produced by a CNC program and a CAMprogram are the same. The software executes a CNC program to manufacture thecomponent; CAM programs are converted to CNC format when they are saved, (seeSection 4 - CAM Programming, 4.9 - Processing a Profile).
6.1 Initial ChecksBefore attempting to machine a component, check:
Reference
Installation and User ManualAppendix A
Section 3
Section 5, 5.10Section 4, 4.9
Installation and User ManualSection 5
1. Machine switched on and softwarerunning.
2. Software correctly configured.
3. Tooling and offsets for required programset and checked.
4. Program verified:CNC program - verified by simulation.CAM program - automatic validation.
5. Machine initialised.(Press RESET if necessary)
6. Billet of correct material and dimensions fitted inchuck.Select PROGRAM - Program, then
INFO to check dimensions.
7. Guard closed.
8. Machine in Automatic mode.(Press AUTO key on machinecontrol panel).
Boxford 280B 6.2 CNC and CAM Machining
6.2 Manufacture
1. From the main menu, select MACHINE, then Manufacture.
The screen shows the MANUFACTURE CATALOGUE display.
2. Select the required program. The software will read the machine file for the component,and the screen will then list the tooling with the tools required by the selected programhighlighted, for example:
6.2 CNC and CAM MachiningBoxford 280B
3. Provided that the offsets have already been checked as detailed in 6.1, selectOFFSETS CORRECT . The screen shows:
Follow the instructions. The display shows the dimensions of the billet required by theselected program. Fit the billet in the chuck, enter the length of the billet, and check thatthe appropriate tool is fitted or indexed.
4. Press EOB. The screen shows:
Home the axes, using the HOME and AXIS DIRECTION keys.
Boxford 280B 6.2 CNC and CAM Machining
5. When the axes reach the home position, the screen shows a message indicating that themachine is being initialised. When the machine has been initialised, the screen displaysthe MANUFACTURE display with prompt:
6. Press CYCLE START on the control panel. The machine performs the machining cyclewhich is simulated simultaneously on the screen display together with the program linecurrently being executed.
7. When the machining cycle is complete, the screen shows a message giving the optionof manufacturing a further component if the program ends with the code M30.
Select Yes or No as required.
If Yes is selected, the screen will prompt for another billet to be fitted.
If No is selected, the screen returns to the main menu.
6.2 CNC and CAM MachiningBoxford 280B
6.3 Options During Machining
Pressing ESC on the keypad during a machining cycle causes a status message to bedisplayed:
Continue: Programmed machining continues.
Abort: Stops machining and cancels program.
Select the required option ising the keyboard.
6.3
The manual machining feature enables the machine to be controlled directly using thecontrol panel while the screen simultaneously displays axis displacement and spindlespeed.
Selecting Manual Mode
1. On the control panel, ensure that Manual mode is selected.
2. From the main menu, select MACHINE - Feedback. The screen shows the ManualMode Display, (Figure 7.1).
Using the Control Panel
As the tool is moved with the X and Z AXIS DIRECTION keys, the X and Z axis co-ordinates in the display alter correspondingly, giving a continuous and precise locationof the tool tip position. The tool can be moved rapidly in either axis when away fromthe workpiece using the RAPID key in conjunction with the X and Z AXIS DIRECTIONkeys.
Figure 7.1 Manual Mode Display
7 Manual Machining
4
1 2
3
1. Tool position on axes
2. Spindle speed indication3. X ZERO button4. Z ZERO button
Boxford 280B 7 Manual Machining
The tool feed rate can be increased or decreased with the FEED RATE control.
Direction of spindle rotation and spindle speed are controlled using the SPINDLE CW,CCW and STOP keys. Spindle speed is displayed on the screen in revs per minute.
A pneumatic chuck (when fitted) is opened and closed with the CHUCK OPEN andCLOSE keys.
When a tailstock is fitted, the quill is operated manually by its handwheel. On the airpowered version, the quill is operated from the control panel using the TAILSTOCKQUILL keys.
Zeroing Tool Displacement
Set the X-axis reference point with the first or reference tool using the AXISDIRECTION keys so that tool tip just touches the workpiece diameter. Select X ZEROon the screen with the appropriate Softkey. Set the Z-axis reference with the AXISDIRECTION keys, touching the tool on the workpiece. The reference point isregistered and displayed as zero in both X and Z axis displays.
Tool Changing
Turret The turret is indexed round one position at a time to any of the eight tool positions witheach press of the TURRET INDEX button.
Gang Plate Either stop the machine and manually fit another tool, or use the X and Z AXISDIRECTION keys to access another tool already fitted to the plate.
Quick Change Toolpost Whenever a tool change is required, use the STOP button to stop the spindle, lift theguard and change the tool assembly.
Returning to Automatic Mode
To return to Automatic mode, use the MODE SELECT keys; press AUTO, thenRESET.
Boxford 280 B
CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Tutorial 1: Linear Interpolation -Tabulated and Compact Program Display
This tutorial introduces the student to simple part programming using the G01preparatory code (linear interpolation) and also the G00 code (rapid movement) whichis the default value if G01 is not selected.
The program is for the profile from A to E and does not include any roughing cuts. Donot use this program to machine a component.
The absolute co-ordinates of the points on the profile are tabulated below:
Tool used: 1 (LH Turning Tool)
Ø20
15 15
CB A
Ø24
DE
Ø25
55
T/CX30 Z10
POINT
X
Z
DATUM
0
0
A
20
0
B
20
-15
C
24
-30
D
24
-35
E
25
-35
Tutorial 1 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
The program is written as follows:-
ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
METRIC UNITS
TOOL CHANGE POSITION
MOVE TO START - START SPINDLE
A TO B
B TO C
C TO D
D TO E
SPINDLE STOP - TOOL CHANGE
END PROGRAM
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
90
71
01
01
01
01
04
05
02
30
20
20
24
24
25
30
10
2
-15
-30
-35
-35
10
70
70
70
70
2000
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
DUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNING ALUMN
TUT 1 1 1
PROGRAMMING SHEET STEEL EN1A
2500
Tutorial 1 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Note:
The first tool is selected when setting up the machine. G00 is the default value if G01 is not selected.
Using a compact display (CONFIG menu - Program - DISPLAY TYPE-COMPACT)the program will be:
N10 G90
N20 G71
N30 X30 Z10
N40 M04 X20 Z2 S2500
N50 G01 X20 Z-15 F70
N60 G01 X24 Z-30 F70
N70 G01 X24 Z-35 F70
N80 G01 X25 Z-35 F70
N90 M05 X30 Z10
N100 M02
Tutorial 1 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Ø15
18 10
CB A
Ø20
DE
Ø25
102
T/CX15 Z15
Exercise 1: Simple Programming - Absolute Co-ordinates
1. Tabulate the absolute co-ordinates of points A to E on the profile.
2. Using a programming sheet write a program to machine the profile.
3. Enter the program and simulate the tool movements.
(Do not attempt to machine the component)
Tutorial 1 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Tutorial 2: Incremental Co-ordinate Programming
The incremental co-ordinates of the points on the profile are tabulated below.
POINT
X
Z
DATUM
0
0
A
20
0
B
0
-15
C
4
-15
D
0
-5
E
1
0
The program is written as follows:
ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
METRIC UNITS
TOOL CHANGE POSITION
START POINT - SPINDLE START
MOVE TO A
INCREMENTAL PROGRAMMING
A TO B
B TO C
C TO D
D TO E
ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
SPINDLE STOP - TOOL CHANGE
END OF PROGRAM
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
90
71
01
91
01
01
01
01
90
04
05
30
30.0
20.0
0
4.0
0
1.0
30.0
10.0
2.0
0
-15.0
-15.0
-5.0
0
10.0
70
70
70
70
70
2000
TUT 2
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
1 1
DUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET STEEL EN1A
2500
Tutorial 2 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Exercise 2: Simple Programming - Incremental Co-ordinates
Using the component shown in Tutorial 1:
1. Tabulate the incremental co-ordinates of points A to E on the profile.
2. Using a programming sheet write a program to machine the profile.
3. Enter the program and simulate the tool movements.
(Do not attempt to machine the component)
Tutorial 2 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Tutorial 3: Turning and Facing a Stepped Shaft
This tutorial introduces the student to the completion of operation and programmingsheets and the writing of a program for a component requiring roughing and finishingcuts.
The operations sheet lists the sequence of machining operations, feed, spindle speed andthe tool required. It also gives details of the material and its position in the chuck. Aroughing and a finishing cut have been asked for on each diameter.
The programming sheet lists the program to machine the component; an explanationof each line has been given in the left hand column. The datum is at the right hand endof the component.
Tutorial 3 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
OPERATIONNUMBER
BILLET MATERIAL TYPE NO. 1 TITLE
TOOLFEED
TOOLNO.
SPINDLESPEEDOPERATION DESCRIPTION
ALUMINIUM
O/DIA. I/DIA. STICKOUT25 0 40 TUT 3
1 FACE 2500 70 12 TURN3456 CHAMFER 1.5 x 45 TO Ø 237 TURN89 TOOL PARK POSITION RAPID10 END PROGRAM
Ø15
40
Ø22
Ø25
Ø19
35
1030
Ø 23.5 x 35Ø 22 x 35Ø 20.5 x 31Ø 19 x 30
Ø 17 x 10Ø 15 x 10
O
45O
DUET OPERATIONS SHEET - TURNINGDRAWINGNUMBER
STEEL EN1A
Tutorial 3 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
METRIC UNITS
TOOL PARK POSITION
START SPINDLE
RAPID TO START POSITION
FACE END OF MATERIAL
RAPID CLEAR OF FACE
RAPID TO FIRST CUT DIAMETER
CUT Ø 23.5 X 35mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT DIAMETER X 35mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT DIAMETER X 21mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT DIAMETER X 20mm LONG
CUT CHAMFER X 45
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT DIAMETER X 10mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT (Ø 15)
CUT DIAMETER X 10mm LONG
TOOL PARK POSITION/STOP SPINDLE
END PROGRAM
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
90
71
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
04
05
30
30.0
26.0
-1.0
23.5
24.5
22.0
23.0
20.5
21.5
19.0
23.0
17.0
18.0
15.0
30.0
10
0
1
-35
1
-35
1
-31
1
-30
-32
1
-10
1
-10
10
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
2000
Ø 25 X 40 ALUMN.
1 1A.N, OTHERTUT 3
O
TUT3 T2
DUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET Ø 25X40 STEEL EN1A
2500
Tutorial 3 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Exercise 3: Turning and Facing a Stepped Shaft
The component for this exercise is similar to that in Tutorial 3.
1. Write an operations sheet for this component
2. Write a program to machine the component
3. Give your program a test run and edit it if necessary.
Ø10
15
Ø20
Ø25
Ø15
25
35
40
Tutorial 3 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Tutorial 4: Circular Interpolation
This gives an explanation of the G02 and G03 codes for clockwise and anticlockwisecirculated interpolation respectively.
The programs are for the profile only and do not include any roughing cuts. Do not usethese programs to machine a component.
Circular Interpolation (G02 and G03)
To program an arc it is necessary to define a FINISH point by an X and Z dimensionand, in addition either
(a) I and K values which give the co-ordinate of the arc centre from thestart point in the X and Z directions respectively; (these are unsigned) or
(b) the radius of the arc as an I value.
The start and finish point of an arc must be in the same quadrant. A semi-circle requirestwo blocks to be programmed.
G02 Clockwise Circular Interpolation
POINT
X
Z
DATUM
0
0
A
17
0
B
17
-22
C
25
-25
The absolute co-ordinates of the points on the profile are tabulated below:
Tool used: 1 (LH Turning Tool)
Ø25
Ø19
255
C
BA
R3
T/CX30 Z10
Tutorial 4 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
The program is written as follows:-
Note:In block N70 I and K are the co-ordinates of the arc centre measured from the start of the arc.
This program is for the profile only and does not include any roughing cuts.
ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
METRIC UNITS
TOOL CHANGE POSITION
START POINT-SPINDLE START
A TO B
B TO C
SPINDLE STOP-TOOL CHANGE
END PROGRAM
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
71
01
02
04
05
30
30
19
19
25
30
10
2
-22
-25
10
70
70
2000
TUT 4/1
3 0
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
1 1
ALUMNDUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET STEEL EN1A
2500
Tutorial 4 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
G03 Counter Clockwise Circular Interpolation
Ø25
Ø23
205
D R3
T/CX30 Z10
C
Ø17
E
B
A
The absolute co-ordinates of the points on the profile are tabulated below:
POINT
X
Z
DATUM
0
0
A
17
0
B
23
-3
C
23
-20
D
25
-20
E
17
-3
Tool used : 1 LH Turning Tool
Tutorial 4Tutorial 4 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
70
The program is written as follows:-
Note:
3 in block N60 is the radius of the arc.
This program is for the profile only and does not include any roughing cuts.
ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
METRIC UNITS
TOOL CHANGE POSITION
START POINT - SPINDLE START
POINT A
A TO B
B TO C
C TO D
SPINDLE STOP - TOOL CHANGE
END PROGRAM
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
90
71
01
03
01
01
04
05
30
30
17
17
23
23
25
30
10
2
-0
-3
-20
-20
10
70
70
70
2000
TUT 4/2
3
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
11
ALUMNDUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET
2500
STEEL EN1A
Tutorial 4 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Exercise 4: Circular Interpolation
This exercise uses both the G02 and G03 codes.
1. Tabulate the absolute co-ordinates of points A to D on the profile.
2. Using a programming sheet write a program to machine the profile.
3. Give your program a test run and edit it if necessary.Ø
25
Ø19
255
DR3
C
E
B
A
R3
Tutorial 4 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Tutorial 5: Circular Interpolation and Roughing Cuts with a ToolChange
This tutorial gives a further example of circular interpolation and also illustrates how torough surplus material from the billet so that the maximum depth of cut of 3mm on thediameter is not exceeded.
Suppose that it is required to take roughing cuts before turning an arc of 4mm radiuson a steel component. A scale drawing of the arc section will reveal the variationsbetween the lengths of roughing cut. In the drawing below, the horizontal lines representthe depths of cut and the vertical lines the lengths of roughing cuts.
An alternative method is to take chamfering cuts on the surplus material. This isgenerally more difficult to program because the X co-ordinates are measured on thediameter and so are double the corresponding Z co-ordinates to give a 45 degreechamfer.
The drawing on the next page is used to determine the length of the roughing cuts; 2mmis left on the diameter before the final finishing cut is taken.
The operations sheet shows the details of the roughing cuts and a program for thecomponent is given. Test run the program and examine its operation.
Tutorial 5 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
I5 denotes a centre drill
Ø19Ø17Ø15
Ø25Ø23
Ø19
Ø11Ø13
Ø21
X19, Z-35 X19, Z-27
X11, Z-27 X11, Z-4
X3, Z-4
X11, Z-23 X3, Z0Ø8
Programming a Tool Change
The first tool to be used enters the program as part of the initial programminginformation. The second and subsequent tools are entered on the program with twolines of information. The first line stops the spindle and moves the tool away from thework, and the second line selects the next tool. A typical example of this is:
LINEN70
N80
G M05
06
X30.00
Z10.00
I
5
K F S
Tutorial 5 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
OPERATIONNUMBER
BILLET MATERIAL TYPE NO. 1 TITLE
TOOLFEED
TOOLNO.
SPINDLESPEEDOPERATION DESCRIPTION
ALUMINIUM
O/DIA. I/DIA. STICKOUT25 0 40 TUT 5
1 FACE 2000 70 12 TURN3456789
RAPID10 TAKE CONTINUOUS FINISHING CUT
Ø 23 x 35Ø 21 x 35Ø 19 x 24Ø 17 x 23
11 TOOL PARK POSITION12 CHANGE TOOLS1314 TOOL PARK POSITION15 END PROGRAM
Ø 15 x 22Ø 13 x 22Ø 11 x 2Ø 8 x 1
PART OFF TO LENGTH
2500
2000RAPID
90
50 11
Ø11
Ø19
Ø25
3735
23
R4R4
DUET OPERATIONS SHEET - TURNINGDRAWINGNUMBER
OPERATIONS SHEETSTEEL EN1A
2500
2500
3000
Tutorial 5 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
METRIC DIMENSIONS
TOOL CHANGE POSITION
FACE END OF MATERIAL
RAPID CLEAR OF FACE
RAPID TO FIRST CUT DIAMETER
CUT Ø 23 X 35mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT DIAMETER X 35mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT DIAMETER X 24mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT DIAMETER X 23mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT DIAMETER X 22mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT DIAMETER X 22mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT DIAMETER X 2mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF FACE
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
90
71
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
04
30.0
26.0
-1.0
23.0
24.0
21.0
22.0
19.0
20.0
17.0
18.0
15.0
16.0
13.0
14.0
11.0
13.0
10.0
0
1.0
-35.0
1.0
-35.0
1.0
-24.0
1.0
-23.0
1.0
-22.0
1.0
-22.0
1.0
-2.0
1.0
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
2000
TUT 5
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
21
START SPINDLERAPID TO START POSITION
ALUMNDUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET STEEL EN1A
2500
Tutorial 5 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT DIAMETER X 1mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT (FINISHING CUT)
FINISH CUT 4mm RADIUS
FINISH TURN Ø 11
FINISH 4mm RADIUS
FINISH TURN Ø 19
TOOL CHANGE POSITION
I11 IS A PARTING TOOL
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
01
03
01
03
01
01
05
06
04
05
30
8.0
9.0
3.0
11.0
11.0
19.0
19.0
30.0
27.0
-1.0
30.0
30.0
--1.0
1.0
0
-4.0
-23.0
-27.0
-35.0
10.0
-38.6
10.0
70
90
90
90
90
70
2000
TUT 5
MOVE TO PARTING POSITION - SPINDLE ON(TOOL 1.6mm WIDE)
PART OFF
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
SPINDLE STOP - TOOL CHANGE
END PROGRAM
4
4
11
2500
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
22
DUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNING PROGRAMMING SHEET STEEL EN1A
2500
3000
Tutorial 5 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Ø25
Ø11
40
R4
R3
Ø17
32.4
16
Exercise 5: Circular Interpolation and Roughing Cuts with aTool Change
This exercise uses clockwise circular interpolation, tool changing and parting off.
1. Complete an operations sheet for roughing and finishing the component below.
2. Using a programming sheet write a program to machine the component.
3. Give your program a test run and edit it if necessary.
Tutorial 5 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Tutorial 6: Canned Cycles - Facing and Rough Turning
This tutorial serves as an introduction to Canned Cycles which simplify the programmingof respective operations.
The tutorial is in two parts. In the first part the G82 canned cycle for facing is considered,and in the second part the G81 canned cycle for roughing outside diameters is used.
G82 Facing Cycle
Examine the operations sheet and drawing for TUT 6/1. It is required to reduce thelength of the billet from 40mm to 30mm in 25 cuts.
In all outside diameter canned cycle operations, at the commencement of the cycle, thetip of the tool must be positioned at a stand-off point on the previous line of the programcode. This point is always 2mm greater (on diameter) measured from the work. In thiscycle it is also necessary to have a stand-off along the Z axis. This position is 2mm clearof the end of the work.
On completion of the cycle the tool will return to its start point.
Tool used: 1 (LH turning tool)
Stand-off point: at X27 Z2
X (total cut depth): it is usual to go past the centre line by 0.5 to clear the end, i.e. stand-off dia + 1mm = 28
Z (total cut width, excludes the stand-off) = 10
I (no of cuts) = 25
F (feed rate) = 70mm/min
The program is shown on the programming sheet.
Test run the program and examine how the cycle operates.
Tutorial 6 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
OPERATIONNUMBER
BILLET MATERIAL TYPE NO. TITLE
TOOLFEED
TOOLNO.
SPINDLESPEEDOPERATION DESCRIPTION
ALUMINIUM
O/DIA. I/DIA. STICKOUT25 0 40 TUT 6/1
1 TOOL PARK POSITION 2000
70
12 STAND OFF POSITION345
RAPID
Ø25
FACE OFF TO 30mm LONG USING G82 CYCLE WITH 25 CUTSTOOL PARK POSITIONEND PROGRAM
RAPID
302mmON DIA.
2mm
DUET OPERATIONS SHEET - TURNINGDRAWINGNUMBER
OPERATIONS SHEETSTEEL EN1A
2500
Tutorial 6 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
METRIC UNITS
TOOL CHANGE POSITION
SPINDLE START STAND OFF POINT
FACING CYCLE
SPINDLE STOP - TOOL CHANGE
END OF PROGRAM
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
90
71
82
04
05
30
30.0
27.0
28.0
30.0
10.0
2.0
-10.0
10.0
70
2000
TUT 6/1
25
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
1 1
ALUMNDUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET
2500
STEEL EN1A
Tutorial 6 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
G81 Rough Turning.
The component previously machined is now required to have its outside diameterreduced from 25mm to 15mm for a length 25mm.
This is shown on the drawing and operations sheet for TUT 6/2.
The program for TUT 6/1 can be edited and extended by using the G81 canned cycle.Because it is the same component it retains work datum X0,Y0 and so the stand-offpoint for G81 will be X27, Z-9.5 i.e. 2mm greater in diameter and 0.5 clear of the workin the Z axis.
Tool used: 1 (LH turning tool)
Stand-off point: X27, Z-9.
X (total cut depth ,i.e. the difference between the original dia and the final dia excludingthe stand-off) =10
Z (total length of travel in the Z axis i.e. cut length plus any stand-off in the Z direction)=-25.5
I (no. of cuts required) =5
F (feed rate) =70
The program for TUT 6/2 is shown on the programming sheet. This can be used toextend TUT 6/1 at the appropriate block no.
Extend TUT 6/1, test it and examine its operation.
Tutorial 6 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
OPERATIONNUMBER
BILLET MATERIAL TYPE NO. TITLE
TOOLFEED
TOOLNO.
SPINDLESPEEDOPERATION DESCRIPTION
ALUMINIUM
O/DIA. I/DIA. STICKOUT25 40 40 TUT 6/2
1 TOOL PARK POSITION 2000
70
12 STAND OFF POSITION345
RAPID
Ø25
TURN Ø15 x 25mm LONG USING G81 CYCLE WITH 5 CUTSTOOL PARK POSITIONEND PROGRAM
RAPID
30
RAPID
25
Ø15
continued from TUT 6/1
DUET OPERATIONS SHEET - TURNINGDRAWINGNUMBER
OPERATIONS SHEET
2500
STEEL EN1A
Tutorial 6 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
METRIC UNITS
TOOL CHANGE POSITION
SPINDLE START STAND OFF POINT
FACING CYCLE
SPINDLE STOP - TOOL CHANGE
SPINDLE START STAND OFF POINT
ROUGH TURNING CYCLE
SPINDLE STOP - TOOL CHANGE
END OF PROGRAM
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
90
71
82
81
04
05
04
05
30
30.0
27.0
28.0
30.0
27.0
10.0
30.0
10.0
2.0
-10.0
10.0
-9.5
-25.5
10.0
70
70
2000
2000
TUT 6/2
25
5
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
11
ALUMNDUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET STEEL EN1A
2500
2500
Tutorial 6 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Exercise 6: Canned Cycles - Facing and Rough Turning
You are required to produce a component which fulfils the following machiningspecification:
a) Billet size Ø25mm x 40mm stickout from chuck.
b) Billet material - steel EN1A.
c) Face to 35mm length with 15 cuts.
d) Outside diameter roughed to 19mm in cuts not exceeding 3mmon diameter.
e) Part off to a finished length of 30mm.
Complete the following tasks:
1. Complete an operation sheet for the above machining operations.
2. Using a programming sheet write a program for the component.
3. Give your program a test run and edit it if necessary.
Tutorial 6 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Tutorial 7: Canned Cycles - Grooving
Examine the operations sheet and drawing.
The G82 grooving cycle is carried out using tool no.11 - the parting off tool. This toolis 2mm wide, and when setting offsets its reference face is taken as the side nearest thechuck.
The cycle is used to cut a rectangular section groove of width exceeding 4mm. Beforeentering the canned cycle routine it is necessary to create a slot of width 2mm + the widthof the tool to the required depth. This is accomplished by using the parting off tool andprogramming code G01. After cutting this narrow groove take the tool to its stand-offposition which is always 2mm greater (on diameter) measured from the work and 2mmstand-off along the Z axis.
Relationship of stand-off position to preparatory slot.
Stand-off point: at X22 Z-12
X (the difference between the stand-off diameter at the bottom of thegroove 22-15) = 7
Z (the additional width of the groove 10-4) = 6
I (no. of cuts) = 10
F (feedrate) = 70
The program is shown on the programming sheet. Test it and examine its operation.
2mm2mm ON DIA.
2mm PARTING TOOL
4 10
Tutorial 7 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
OPERATIONNUMBER
BILLET MATERIAL TYPE NO. TITLE
TOOLFEED
TOOLNO.
SPINDLESPEEDOPERATION DESCRIPTION
ALUMINIUM
O/DIA. I/DIA. STICKOUT25 0 40 TUT 7
1 FACE 2000
70
12 STAND OFF POSITION345
70
Ø25
TURN Ø20 x 35 USING G81 CYCLE WITH 3 CUTSCHAMFER 1mm x 45 TO Ø20TOOL PARK POSITION RAPID
40
6 CHANGE TOOLS7 CUT SLOT Ø15 x 3.168910
EXTEND GROOVE TO 10mm LONG USING G82 CANNED CYCLETOOL PARK POSITIONEND PROGRAM
O
2000 50
RAPID
RAPID
11
35
20
10
Ø20
1mm x 45O
Ø20
Ø15
DUET OPERATIONS SHEET - TURNINGDRAWINGNUMBER
OPERATIONS SHEETSTEEL EN1A
2500
2500
Tutorial 7 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
METRIC UNITS
TOOL CHANGE POSITION
FACE END OF MATERIAL
RAPID CLEAR OF FACE
RAPID TO STAND OFF POSITION
TURN Ø 20 X 35
RAPID TO START OF CHAMFER
CUT CHAMFER
TOOL CHANGE POSITION
CHANGE TOOL TO PARTING TOOL
START MACHINING PREP SLOT
RAPID CLEAR OF DIAMETER
RAPID TO NEXT SLOT
MACHINE SLOT
RAPID CLEAR OF DIAMETER
RAPID TO NEXT SLOT
MACHINE SLOT
RAPID CLEAR OF DIAMETER
RAPID TO STAND OFF POSITION
GROOVING CYCLE
SPINDLE STOP - TOOL PARK POSITION
END OF PROGRAM
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
90
71
01
81
01
01
01
01
82
04
05
06
04
05
30
30.0
26.0
-1.0
27.0
5.0
18.0
20.0
30.0
22.0
15.0
22.0
15.0
22.0
15.0
22.0
7.0
30.0
10.0
0
1.0
0.5
-35.5
0
-1.0
10.0
-11.6
-12.6
-13.6
-11.6
-6.4
10.0
70
70
70
50
50
50
7010
TUT 7
START SPINDLERAPID TO START POSITION
START SPINDLE - RAPID TO START OFPREPARATORY SLOT
11
3
2000
2000
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
11
ALUMNDUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET STEEL EN1A
2500
2500
Tutorial 7 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Exercise 7: Canned Cycles - Grooving.
You are required to produce a component which fulfils the following machiningspecification:
a) Billet size Ø25 x 40mm stickout from chuck
b) Billet material - steel EN1A.
c) Face to a length of 40mm with one cut.
d) Rough outside diameter to 18mm in cuts not exceeding 2mm ondiameter.
e) Machine a groove of depth 6mm x 12mm long starting 8mmfrom the free end.
Complete the following tasks:
1. Complete an operations sheet for the above maching operations.
2. Using a programming sheet write a program for the component.
3. Give your program a test run and edit it if necessary.
Tutorial 7 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Tutorial 8: Canned Cycles - External LH Thread.
Note:A threading tool is required for this tutorial.
Examine the operations sheet and drawing for TUT 8.
The component is the same as that for TUT 7 except that a screw thread has been addedand the component has to be parted off.
The program for TUT 7 can be edited and extended to include the screw thread by usingthe G84 canned cycle. The work datum X0 Y0 is the same as that for TUT 7.
The stand off point for G84 will X22 Z1.5, i.e. 2mm greater in diameter and 1.5 clearof the work in the Z axis.
Tool used: 4 (threading tool).
Z (total length from stand-off, negative for left hand thread, positive for right handthread) -10 + 1.5 = -11.5.
I (depth of thread, measured on diameter) = 1.23 for 1.00mm pitch.
K (no. of cuts); the minimum is 10 cuts and this is suitable for up to 1.00mm pitch.
Note:
After the first movement in the X axis there is a pause whilst the software looks for the spindle markerpoint.
The program for TUT 8 is shown on the programming sheet. This can be used to extendTUT 7 at the appropriate block no.
Extend TUT 7, test it and examine its operation.
Tutorial 8 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
OPERATIONNUMBER
BILLET MATERIAL TYPE NO. TITLE
TOOLFEED
TOOLNO.
SPINDLESPEEDOPERATION DESCRIPTION
ALUMINIUM
O/DIA. I/DIA. STICKOUT25 0 40
continued from TUT 7
4101112
Ø25
CHANGE TOOLSTAND OFF POSITIONCUT Ø20 x 0.75mm PITCH THREAD USING G84 CYCLE WITH 15 CUTS
RAPID
40
13 TOOL CHANGE POSITION14 CHANGE TOOL151617
PART OFF TO LENGTH 32mmTOOL PARK POSITIONEND PROGRAM
400
50RAPID
11
32
20
10
Ø20
M20 x 0.75mm
RAPID
2000
Ø15
TUT 8
DUET OPERATIONS SHEET - TURNINGDRAWINGNUMBER
OPERATIONS SHEETSTEEL EN1A
2500
CUT 20 x 1.00mm PITCH THREAD USING G84 CYCLE WITH 10 CUTS
Tutorial 8 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
METRIC UNITS
TOOL CHANGE POSITION
FACE END OF MATERIAL
RAPID CLEAR OF FACE
RAPID TO STAND OFF POSITION
TURN Ø 20 X 35
RAPID TO START OF CHAMFER
CUT CHAMFER
TOOL CHANGE POSITION
CHANGE TOOL TO PARTING TOOL
START MACHINING PREP SLOT
RAPID CLEAR OF DIAMETER
RAPID TO NEXT SLOT
MACHINE SLOT
RAPID CLEAR OF DIAMETER
RAPID TO NEXT SLOT
MACHINE SLOT
RAPID CLEAR OF DIAMETER
RAPID TO STAND OFF POSITION
GROOVING CYCLE
SPINDLE STOP - TOOL PARK POSITION
TOOL CHANGE (THREADING)
CUT THREAD
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
90
71
01
81
01
01
01
01
82
84
04
05
06
04
05
06
04
30.0
26.0
-1.0
27.0
5.0
18.0
20.0
30.0
22.0
15.0
22.0
15.0
22.0
15.0
22.0
7.0
30.0
22.0
10.0
0
1.0
0.5
-35.5
0
-1.0
10.0
-11.6
-12.6
-13.6
-11.6
-6.4
10.0
1.5
-11.5
70
70
70
50
50
50
70
0.75
10
4
0.82
TUT 8
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
START SPINDLERAPID TO START POSITION
START SPINDLE - RAPID TO START OFPREPARATORY SLOT
11
3
2000
2000
START SPINDLERAPID TO STAND OFF POSITION
400
10
21
ALUMNDUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET STEEL EN1A
2500
2500
1.23 1.00
Tutorial 8 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
RAPID TO TOOL CHANGE
TOOL CHANGE - PARTING (1.6mm WIDE)
PART OFF
RAPID TO CLEAR WORK
SPINDLE STOP - TOOL CHANGE
END OF PROGRAM
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
01
05
06
04
05
30
30.0
22.0
-1.0
25.0
30.0
10.0
-33.6
10.0
70
TUT 8
2500START SPINDLERAPID TO PART OFF POSITION
11
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
2 2
DUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET STEEL EN1A
Tutorial 8 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Exercise 8: Canned Cycles - External RH Thread.
This exercise is a repeat of Tutorial 6 except that the 20mm diameter has a right handthread.Note that the Z value in the G84 cycle for a right hand thread is positive.
A new position for the thread stand-off point will have to be calculated.
1. Complete an operations sheet, based on TUT 7 for the shape and TUT 8 suitablymodified for the thread.
2. Using a programming sheet write a program for the component.
3. Give your program a test run and edit it if necessary.
Tutorial 8 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Tutorial 9: Canned Cycles - Peck Drilling
Note:A 7mm drill is required for this tutorial.
Examine the operations sheet and drawing for TUT 9.
It is required to face the billet, and turn the 23mm diameter, centre drill to a depth of5mm, peck drill the 07 hole and then part off the component.
The stand-off point for G83 will be X0 Z2, i.e. 2mm clear of the face.
Tool used: (7) drill.
Z (total depth of hole excluding the stand-off) = -20
I (drill diameter) = 7
K (the reduction; a decimal value). This is the percentage by which the second andsubsequent pecks are reduced, until the required depth is reached, e.g. 0.99, (the firstpeck is twice the drill diameter).
F (feed rate) = 50mm/min.
The program for TUT 9 is shown on the programming sheet. Test it and examine itsoperation.
Tutorial 9 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
OPERATIONNUMBER
BILLET MATERIAL TYPE NO. TITLE
TOOLFEED
TOOLNO.
SPINDLESPEEDOPERATION DESCRIPTION
ALUMINIUM
O/DIA. I/DIA. STICKOUT25 0 40
FACE
5345
Ø25
TOOL CHANGE POSITIONCHANGE TOOLCENTRE DRILL 5mm DEEP
RAPID
40
6 TOOL CHANGE POSITION7 CHANGE TOOL89
10
STAND OFF POSITIONDRILL Ø7 HOLE x 20mm DEEP USING G83 CYCLETOOL CHANGE POSITION
2000
50RAPID
11
35
32
RAPID
2000TURN Ø23 x 35
12
1314
1112
CHANGE TOOLPART OFF TO LENGTH (1.6 PARTING TOOL)TOOL PARK POSITIONEND PROGRAM
TUT 9
1500
2000
70 1
50
RAPID
50RAPID
7
Ø23Ø7
20
DUET OPERATIONS SHEET - TURNINGDRAWINGNUMBER
OPERATIONS SHEETSTEEL EN1A
2500
2500
1750
2500
Tutorial 9 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
METRIC UNITS
RAPID TO TOOL CHANGE
FACE END OF MATERIAL
RAPID CLEAR OF FACE
RAPID TO START OF Ø 23 CUT
TURN Ø 23 X 35
SPINDLE STOP - TOOL CHANGE
CHANGE TO CENTRE DRILL
DRILL 5mm DEEP
RETRACT DRILL
SPINDLE STOP - TOOL CHANGE
TOOL CHANGE - Ø7 DRILL
G83 PECK DRILL CYCLE
SPINDLE STOP - TOOL CHANGE
TOOL CHANGE - 1.6mm PARTING
PART OFF
CLEAR WORK
SPINDLE STOP - PARK POSITION
END OF PROGRAM
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
90
71
01
01
01
83
01
04
05
06
03
05
06
03
05
06
04
05
30
30.0
26.0
-1.0
23.0
30.0
0
30.0
0
30.0
25.0
-1.0
25.0
30.0
10.0
0
1.0
-35.0
10.0
1.0
-5.0
2.0
10.0
2.0
-20.0
10.0
-33.6
10.0
70
70
80
50
70
TUT 9
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
START SPINDLERAPID TO START POSITION
SPINDLE START FORWARDC/ DRILL 1mm STAND OFF
7
5
2000
2000
START SPINDLERAPID TO STAND OFF POSITION 1750
SPINDLE STARTMOVE TO PARTING POSITION
7
11
7
0.9
2000
1 1
ALUMNDUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET STEEL EN1A
2500
2500
2500
Tutorial 9 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Exercise 9: Canned Cycles - Deep Hole Peck Drilling
Note:A 5mm drill is required for this tutorial.
You are required to produce a component which fulfils the following machiningspecification:
a) Billet size Ø25 x 40mm stickout from chuck.
b) Billet material -steel EN1A
c) Face to a length of 40mm with one cut.
d) Rough outside diameter to 19mm in cuts not exceeding 3mm ondiameter.
e) Centre drill.
f) Peck drill a 5mm dia. hole 12mm deep.
g) Part off to 30mm long.
Complete the following tasks:
1. Complete an operations sheet for the above machining operations.
2. Using a programming sheet write a program for the component.
3. Give your program a run and edit it if necessary.
Use tutorials 6 and 9 to help you with this exercise.
Tutorial 9 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Tutorial 10 : Circular Interpolation - Partial Arcs
The topic of circular interpolation was introduced in Tutorial 4. These arcs were of 90degrees and occupied a single quadrant. If the arc is less than 90 degrees, it is called apartial arc.
Examples of partial arcs are shown below:
1. Two partial arcs programmed next to each other to form a groove. In this case, care hasto be taken to ensure that the correct tools are chosen so that the toolholders do not rubagainst the edges of the groove.
2. Four partial arcs connecting tapers.
3. A partial arc as a fillet to a taper and a shoulder.
RRRR
R
R
R
1
2 3
Tutorial 10 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Examine the operations sheet and drawing for TUT 10.
The drawing shows a component turned with a taper together with two partial arcs - oneclockwise and the other one counter-clockwise.
The operations sheet gives details of the roughing cuts.
The I and K values are determined in the same way as for 90° arcs, i.e.
(a) the I value is the incremental distance measured along the X axis andthe K value is the distance measured along the Z axis to the arc centrefrom the tool position at the commencement of the cut, or
(b) the I value is the radius.
The X and Z values are the co-ordinates of the tool at the finish of the arc.
The calculations required to determine these values may involve trigonometry.
The program for TUT 10 is shown on the programming sheet. Test it and examine itsoperation.
Tutorial 10 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
OPERATIONNUMBER
BILLET MATERIAL TYPE NO. TITLE
TOOLFEED
TOOLNO.
SPINDLESPEEDOPERATION DESCRIPTION
ALUMINIUM
O/DIA. I/DIA. STICKOUT25 0 40
FACE
345
Ø25
Ø21 x 28.5Ø19 x 28Ø17 x 27
40
6 Ø15 x 217 Ø13 x 138910
Ø11 x 7Ø9 x 2Ø7 x 1
11
35
30
2000TURN Ø23 x 29
12
1314
1112
FACE Ø2 (START OF RAD)TURN 4mm RAD TO Ø9.93TURN TAPER
TUT 10
2000
70 1
RAPID1516
TURN Ø24 x 36.6 (1.6mm PARTING TOOL)TOOL PARK POSITION
1920
1718
CHANGE TOOLPART OFF TO LENGTH (35mm)TOOL PARK POSITIONEND PROGRAM
TURN 4mm RAD TO Ø24
50RAPID
R4
Ø2
Ø9.
93
3.48
R4
Ø24
Ø16
.07
26.53
DUET OPERATIONS SHEET - TURNINGDRAWINGNUMBER
OPERATIONS SHEETSTEEL EN1A
2500
2500
Tutorial 10 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
METRIC UNITS
TOOL CHANGE POSITION
FACE END OF MATERIAL
RAPID CLEAR OF FACE
RAPID TO FIRST CUT DIAMETER
CUT Ø 23 X 29mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT Ø 21 X 28.5
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT Ø 19 X 28
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT Ø 17 X 27
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT Ø 15 X 21
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT Ø 13 X 13
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT Ø 11 X 7
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
90
71
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
04
30.0
26.0
-1.0
23.0
24.0
21.0
22.0
19.0
20.0
17.0
18.0
15.0
16.0
13.0
14.0
11.0
12.0
10.0
0
1.0
-29.0
1.0
-28.5
1.0
-28.0
1.0
-27.0
1.0
-21.0
1.0
-13.0
1.0
-7.0
1.0
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
TUT 10
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
START SPINDLERAPID TO START POSITION 2000
21
ALUMNDUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET STEEL EN1A
2500
Tutorial 10 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT Ø 9 X 2
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT Ø 7 X 1
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
TURN RADIUS
TURN TAPER
TURN RADIUS
TURN Ø 24
SPINDLE STOP - TOOL CHANGE
TOOL CHANGE - PARTING TOOL
PART OFF
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
SPINDLE STOP - PARK POSITION
END OF PROGRAM
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
01
01
03
01
02
01
01
05
06
04
05
30
9.0
10.0
7.0
8.0
2.0
9.93
16.07
24.0
24.0
30.0
25.0
-1.0
25.0
30.0
-2.0
1.0
-1.0
1.0
0
-3.48
-26.53
-30.0
-36.6
10.0
-36.6
10.0
70
70
70
70
70
70
50
TUT 10
RAPID TO FACE Ø 2 - (START OF RADIUS)
2000
4
4
11START SPINDLERAPID TO PART OFF POSITION
22
DUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET STEEL EN1A
2500
Tutorial 10 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Exercise 10: Circular Interpolation - Partial Arcs.
You are required to produce the component drawn below.
The billet size is Ø25 x 40mm stickout from chuck.
The billet material is steel EN1A.
R5
R10
Ø25
12
22
296
Ø10
Ø15
Ø23
Complete the following tasks:
1. Complete an operations sheet for the above component.
2. Using a programming sheet write a program for the component.
3. Give your program a test run and edit it if necessary.
Tutorial 10 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Tutorial 11: Combining G Codes to Produce a Program.
In this tutorial a selection of preparatory codes (G codes) is used to produce thecomponent shown.
Test run the program and examine its operation.
Ø23
10.75
20
DRILL POINT
Ø17
Ø18
Ø20
16.75
19.5
28
34
R1.5R6.5
THREAD 0.75mm PITCH L.H.
DRILL Ø7
Tutorial 11 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
ABSOLUTE PROGRAMMING
METRIC UNITS
TOOL PARK POSITION
FACE END OF MATERIAL
RAPID CLEAR OF FACE
RAPID TO FIRST CUT DIAMETER
CUT DIAMETER X 35mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT DIAMETER X 23.5mm LONG
RAPID CLEAR OF WORK
CUT TAPER - TOOL CUTTING IN
CUT TAPER - TOOL CUTTING OUT
RAPID TO STAND OFF FOR G81 CYCLE
REDUCE DIAMETER BY 3mm IN 2 CUTS
POSITION FOR FIRST ANGLE CUT
CUT CHAMFER
RAPID CLEAR OF FACE
POSITION FOR NEXT CUT
CUT CHAMFER
RAPID TO Ø 4mm
CUT 6.5 RADIUS TO Ø 17mm
CUT DIAMETER X 9.25mm LONG
CUT 1.5 RADIUS TO Ø 20mm
CUT DIAMETER X 16.75mm LONG
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
90
71
01
01
01
01
01
81
01
01
03
01
02
01
04
04
30.0
26.0
-1.0
23.0
23.5
21.5
22.0
20.0
23.5
3.0
14.0
18.5
12.0
18.5
4.0
17.0
20.0
10.00
0
1.00
-35.00
0.50
-23.50
-16.00
-19.50
-27.00
0.50
-10.50
-2.80
0.50
-4.40
0
-6.50
-9.25
-10.75
-16.75
70
80
80
70
70
80
50
40
50
70
50
70
TUT 11
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
START SPINDLERAPID TO START POSITION 2000
2000CHANGE SPINDLE SPEEDRAPID TO ZERO IN Z AXIS
1
2
0
1.5
6.5
0
1 2
ALUMNDUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET
2500
2500
STEEL EN1A
Tutorial 11 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
CUT TAPER - TOOL CUTTING IN
CUT TAPER - TOOL CUTTING OUT
STOP SPINDLE - TOOL PARK POSITION
CHANGE TO TOOL 5 - C/DRILL
CUT TO DEPTH
RAPID CLEAR OF FACE
STOP SPINDLE - TOOL PARK POSITION
CHANGE TO TOOL 7 - Ø 7mm DRILL
DRILL 20mm DEEP WITH G83 CYCLE
STOP SPINDLE - TOOL PARK POSITION
CHANGE TO TOOL 4
CUT THREAD WITH G84 CYCLE (106mm)
STOP SPINDLE - TOOL PARK POSITION
CHANGE TO TOOL 11
START SPINDLE - RAPID TO POSITION
PART OFF TO LENGTH
CLEAR WORK
STOP SPINDLE - TOOL PARK POSITION
END OF PROGRAM
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
01
01
01
83
84
01
05
06
03
05
06
03
05
06
04
05
06
04
05
02
18.0
23.0
30.0
0
30.0
0
30.0
22.0
30.0
25.0
-0.5
30.0
30.0
-19.50
-28.00
10.00
3.00
-5.00
3.00
10.00
2.00
-20.00
10.00
-9.25
-10.25
10.0
-34.00
10.00
70
50
50
50
0.75
40
TUT 11
START SPINDLERAPID TO START POSITION 2000
11
START SPINDLERAPID TO STAND OFF POSITION
START SPINDLERAPID TO STAND OFF POSITION
0.82
4
7
7
5
10
0.99
7
2000
400
2000
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
22
DUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET STEEL EN1A
2000
1500
2500
0.92
Tutorial 11 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Exercise 11: Using a Combination of G Codes
You are required to produce the component drawn below.
The billet size is Ø25 x 40mm stickout from the chuck.
The billet material is steel EN1A.
Complete the following tasks:
1. Complete an operations sheet for the above component.
2. Using a programming sheet write a program for the component.
3. Give your program a test run and edit it if necessary.
Ø22
Ø16
Ø20
R2THREAD 0.75mm PITCH L.H.
Ø14
5
10
12
22
30
35
DRILL Ø5
Ø6
15
DRILL POINT
R5
Tutorial 11 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
Boxford 280 B
Tutorial 12: Programming Spindle Orientation & Driven Tool.
In this tutorial the spindle orientation, shotbolt and driven tool are programmedappropriately to drill 2 radial holes at 180 deg intervals. Note the X values are -ve as thedriven tool is positioned at the opposite end of the cross slide than the Turret of QuickChange Tool Post.
DrawingNumber
Programming Sheet
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
TITLE W r i t t e n B yTUT12M a t e r i a l Steel EN1A
S H E E T N o . 1 O F 2SEQ U EN CED ESCR IPTIO N
No. P R E PF U N C T IO N
M IS CF U N C T IO N
A X ISC O O R D IN A T E S
F E E DR AT E
S P IN D L ES P E E D
90
71
01
01
06
16
51
10
52
16
51
52
11
30
N G M X Z I K F S
- 4 0 .0 0
- 2 0 .0 0
- 4 0 .0 0
- 2 0 .0 0
- 4 0 .0 0
- 4 0 .0 0
2 0 .0 0
-2 0 .0 0
2 0 .0 0
8
0
180
50
50
A B S O L U T E P R O G R A M M IN G
M E T R IC U N IT S
P A R K P O S IT IO N
T O O L C H A N G E (D R IV E N )
S P IN D L E O R IE N T A T IO N
E N G A G E S H O T B O LT
D R IV E N T O O L A C T IV A T E
M O V E T O O U T S ID E O F B A R
D R IL L R A D IA L H O L E
P U L L O U T D R IV E N T O O L
D IS E N G A G E S H O T B O LT
S P IN D L E O R IE N T A T IO N
E N G A G E S H O T B O LT
D R IL L R A D IA L H O L E
P U L L O U T D R IV E N T O O L
D IS E N G A G E S H O T B O LT
D R IV E N T O O L O F F
P A R K P O S IT IO N
E N D O F P R O G R A M /R P T
Tutorial 12 - CNC Tutorials and Exercises
OPERATIONS SHEET
DUET OPERATIONS SHEET - TURNING
OPERATIONNUMBER
BILLET MATERIAL TYPE NO. TITLE
TOOLFEED
TOOLNO.
SPINDLESPEEDOPERATION DESCRIPTION
O/DIA. I/DIA. STICKOUT
3456789
10
12
1314
1112
1516
1920
1718
DRAWINGNUMBER
OPERATIONS SHEET
PROGRAMMING SHEET
DRAWINGNUMBER TITLE. WRITTEN BY
MATERIAL:
SHEET No. OF
SEQUENCE No.
PREPFUNCTION
MISCFUNCTION
AXISCOORDINATES
FEEDRATE
SPINDLESPEED
N G M X Z I K F S
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION
DUET PROGRAMMING SHEET-TURNINGPROGRAMMING SHEET