In brIefDistributionâ Allâtropicalâandâsubtropicalâregions.Sizeâ Reachesâheightsâofâ15â30âmâ(50â100âft);âcultivatedâtreesâareâusuallyâ3â10âmâ(10â33âft)âhighâwhenâmature.Habitatâ Growsâfromâseaâlevelâtoâ1200âmâ(3950âft)âinâtropicalâlatitudes;âhowever,âmostâcommercialâvarietiesâareâgrownâbe-lowâ600âmâ(1950âft);ârainfallâ400â3600âmmâ(16â140âin),âfruitsâbestâwithâaâwellâdefinedâwinterâdryâperiod.Vegetationâ Growsâwithâaâwideârangeâofâcultivatedâspecies.Soilsâ Toleratesâaârangeâofâsoils;âoptimalâpHâ5.5â7.5.
Growth rate Fast,â>1.5âm/yrâ(5âft/yr)âinâidealâconditions.Main agroforestry usesâ Homegardens,âsilvopasture.Main uses Fruit,âflavoring,âmedicinal,âtimber.Yieldsâ Typically,âyieldsâareâoftenâlessâthatâ5âmt/haâ(2.2ât/ac)âbutâcanâreachâ20â30âmt/haâ(9â13.5ât/ac);âsingleâtreesâcanâpro-duceâ 200â300â kgâ (440â660â lb)â ofâ fruitâ inâ heavyâ croppingâyearsâandâasâlowâasâ5âkgâ(11âlb)âinâbadâyears.Intercroppingâ Compatibleâ withâ otherâ similarlyâ vigorousâspecies,âasâwellâasâanimalâgrazing.Invasive potential Notâanâaggressivelyâinvasiveâspecies.
Mangifera indica (mango)Anacardiaceae (cashew family)
kangit (Chuuk, Pohnpei), idele (Palau), mago (Niue, Samoa, Tuvalu), manako (Hawaiâi), manggo, am (Fiji), mangko (Kiribati), mango (English), mango (Tonga), mangot, mangue, manguier (French), mangueira (Yap)
Ian S. E. Bally
Mango tree with heavy crop.
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Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry www.traditionaltree.org
Aprilâ2006ver.â3.1
ďż˝â Mangifera indicaâ(mango)â
IntroductIonMangosâbelongâtoâtheâgenusâMangiferaâofâtheâfamilyâAna-cardiaceae.âTheâgenusâMangiferaâ containsâ severalâ speciesâthatâbearâedibleâfruit.âMostâofâtheâfruitâtreesâthatâareâcom-monlyâknownâasâmangosâbelongâtoâtheâspeciesâMangifera indica.âTheâotherâedibleâMangiferaâ speciesâgenerallyâhaveâlowerâqualityâfruitâandâareâcommonlyâreferredâtoâasâwildâmangos.âMango hasâ becomeâ naturalizedâ andâ adaptedâ throughoutâtheâtropicsâandâsubtropics.âMuchâofâtheâspreadâandânatu-ralizationâhasâoccurredâinâconjunctionâwithâtheâspreadâofâhumanâpopulations,âandâasâsuch,âtheâmangoâplaysâanâim-portantâpartâinâtheâdietâandâcuisineâofâmanyâdiverseâcultures.âThereâareâoverâ1000ânamedâmangoâvarietiesâthroughoutâtheâworld,âwhichâisâaâtestamentâtoâtheirâvalueâtoâhumankind.âMangoâisâaâcommonâgardenâtreeâthroughoutâtheâtropics.Whenâripe,âthisâdeliciousâdessertâfruitâisâparticularlyâhighâinâvitaminâA.âTheâfruitâisâalsoâeatenâgreen,âprocessedâintoâpickles,âpulps,â jams,âandâchutneys,âandâisâfrozenâorâdried.âTheâfruitâisâalsoâanâimportantâsourceâofâsustenanceâforâbirds,âbats,âinsects,âandâmammals.Althoughâgrownâwidely,âmangosâpreferâaâwarm,âfrost-freeâclimateâwithâaâwellâdefinedâwinterâdryâ season.âRainâandâhighâ humidityâ duringâ floweringâ andâ fruitâ developmentâreducesâfruitâyields.âTheâtreeâgenerallyâflowersâinâmid-âtoâlateâwinter,âwithâfruitâmaturingâ inâtheâearlyâ toâmid-sum-merâmonths.âMangoâtreesâareâusuallyâbetweenâ3âandâ10âmâ(10â33âft)â tallâbutâcanâreachâupâtoâ30âmâ(100âft)â inâsomeâforestâsituations.âTheâcanopyâisâevergreenâwithâaâgenerallyâspreadingâhabit.âTheâheavyâcanopyâofâtheâmangoâisâaâsourceâofâshelterâandâshadeâforâbothâanimalsâandâhumans.â
Mangosâ areâ wellâ adaptedâ toâ cultivationâ andâ haveâ beenâgrownâcommerciallyâforâcenturies.âToday,âmangosâareârec-ognizedâandâeatenâthroughoutâtheâworldâandâareâregardedâasâoneâofâtheâmostâpopularâandâesteemedâtropicalâfruits.â
dIStrIbutIon
Native rangeTheâgenusâMangiferaâoriginatesâinâtropicalâAsia,âwithâtheâgreatestânumberâofâspeciesâfoundâinâBorneo,âJava,âSumatra,âandâtheâMalayâPeninsula.âTheâmost-cultivatedâMangifera species,â M. indicaâ (mango),â hasâ itsâ originsâ inâ Indiaâ andâMyanmar.
Current distributionMangoâisânowâcultivatedâthroughoutâtheâtropicalâandâsub-tropicalâworldâforâcommercialâfruitâproduction,âasâaâgardenâtree,â andâ asâ aâ shadeâ treeâ forâ stock.â Inâ theâ Pacificâ region,âallâmangosâwereâintroducedâfromâotherâpartsâofâtheâworld.âTheâearliestârecordedâintroductionsâintoâHawaiâiâwereâpriorâtoâ1825;âhowever,âmostâintroductionsâtoâtheâPacificâislandsâhaveâoccurredâoverâtheâpastâ100âyears.âFewâotherâMangiferaâspeciesâareâfoundâinâtheâPacific.âMangifera gedebe,âM. minor,âandâM.âmucronulataâareâfoundâinâtheâSolomonâIslandsâandâM. minorâinâMicronesia,âbutâtheseâeitherâdoânotâfruitâorâtheâfruitâisâinedible.
Mango fruits of the world. photo:âI.âS.âE.âBally
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ďż˝
botAnIcAL deScrIPtIon
Preferred scientific name and author Mangifera indicaâL.
FamilyAnacardiaceaeâ(cashewâfamily)
Non-preferred scientific namesMangifera amba Forssk.âM.âanisodoraâBlancoâM. arbor BontiiM.âaustroindica Kosterm.M. balbaâGen.M. domesticaâGaertn.âM.âequinaâGen.M.âfragransâMaingayM. gladiataâBoj.âM.âkukulaâBlumeM. integrifoliaâGen.M. linnaei Korth.M. maritimaâLechaume.M.âmekongensisâanon.âM.âmontanaâHeybeM.âoryzaâGen.M. racemosaâBoj.âM.ârostrataâBlancoM. rubraâBoj.âM.âsativaâRoem.â&âSchult.M.âsiamensisâWarb.M.âsugendaâGen.M.âsylvaticaâRoxb.M.âviridisâBoj.
Common namesMangosâhaveâbeenâgrownâthroughoutâtheâtropicalâandâsub-tropicalâworldâforâthousandsâofâyearsâandâhaveâbecomeâanâintegralâpartâofâmanyâcultures.âTheâmanyâdifferentânamesâforâmangoâaroundâtheâworldâtodayâreflectâtheâculturesâandâlanguagesâspokenâbyâpeopleâwhoâgrowâthem.âManyâofâtheânamesâhaveâcommonâderivations,âreflectingâtheâoriginsâandâspreadâofâtheâmangoâtreeâalongâwithâtheâspreadâofâhumanâcommunities.âTheâmoreâpopularânamesâforâmangoâfruitâinâtheâPacificâandâAsiaâareâlistedâbelowâwithâtheâcountriesâorâlanguagesâfromâwhichâtheyâcome.
Pacificâislandânames:ideleâ(Palau)kangitâ(Chuuk,âPohnpei)âmagoâ(Niue,âSamoa,âTuvalu)manakoâ(Hawaiâi)
manggo,âamâ(Fiji)mangkoâ(Kiribati)mangoâ(English)mangoâ(Tonga)mangot,âmangue,âmanguierâ(French)mangueiraâ(Yap)
Commonânamesâfromâotherâregionsâinclude:aam,âam,âambâ(Hindi)ampleamâ(Tamil)âbobbieâmanja,âkanjannaâmanja,âmaggo,âmanggaboom,âmanjaâ
(Dutch)ma muangâ(Indochina)mamungâ(Thailand)manga,âmango (Spanish)manga,â(Portuguese)manga,âmempelam,âampelamâ(Malaysia)manggaâ(Tagalog)mangga,âmempelamâ(Indonesia)mangoâ(Ilokano)mangoâ(NewâGuinea,âPidgin)Mangobaumâ(German)mwĂ ngxâ(Laos)pahoâ(Bisaya)â(Philippines)svaayâ(Cambodia)âtharyetthiâ(Myanmar)âxoĂ iâ(Vietnam)
SizeMangosâ areâ long-livedâ evergreenâ treesâ thatâ canâ reachâheightsâ ofâ 15â30â mâ (50â100â ft).â Mostâ cultivatedâ mangoâtreesâareâbetweenâ3âandâ10âmâ(10â33âft)âtallâwhenâfullyâma-ture,âdependingâonâtheâvarietyâandâtheâamountâofâpruning.âWild,ânon-cultivatedâseedlingâtreesâoftenâreachâ15âmâ(50âft)âwhenâfoundâinâfavorableâclimates,âandâtheyâcanâreachâ30âmâ(100âft)âinâforestâsituations.âTheâtreesâcanâliveâforâoverâ100âyearsâandâdevelopâtrunkâgirthsâofâoverâ4âmâ(13âft).
Canopy Mangoâtreesâtypicallyâbranchâ0.6â2âmâ(2â6.5âft)âaboveâtheâgroundâ andâ developâ anâ evergreen,â dome-shapedâ canopy.âVariabilityâ inâ canopyâ shapeâ andâ opennessâ occursâ amongâvarietiesâandâwithâcompetitionâfromâotherâtrees.âMangosâgrownâinâheavilyâforestedâareasâbranchâmuchâhigherâthanâsolitaryâtreesâandâhaveâanâumbrella-likeâform.
RootsTheâ mangoâ hasâ aâ longâ taprootâ thatâ oftenâ branchesâ justâbelowâgroundâlevel,âformingâbetweenâtwoâandâfourâmajorâanchoringâtaprootsâthatâcanâreachâ6âmâ(20âft)âdownâtoâtheâwaterâtable.âTheâmoreâfibrousâfinerârootsâ(feederâroots)âareâ
ďż˝â Mangifera indicaâ(mango)â
foundâ fromâ theâ surfaceâ downâ toâ approximatelyâ 1â mâ (3.3âft)â andâ usuallyâ extendâ justâ beyondâ theâ canopyâ diameter.âDistributionâofâtheâfinerârootsâchangesâseasonallyâwithâtheâmoistureâdistributionâinâtheâsoil.
FlowersMangoâflowersâareâbornâonâterminalâinflorescencesâ(pani-cles)âthatâareâbroadlyâconicalâandâcanâbeâupâtoâ60âcmâ(24âin)âlongâonâsomeâvarieties.âInflorescencesâusuallyâhaveâprimary,âsecondary,â andâ tertiaryâ pubescent,â cymoseâ branchesâ thatâareâpaleâgreenâtoâpinkâorâredâandâbearâhundredsâofâflowers.âTheâmangoâhasâtwoâflowerâforms,âhermaphroditeâandâmale,âwithâbothâformsâoccurringâonâtheâsameâinflorescence.âTheâratioâofâhermaphroditeâtoâmaleâflowersâonâanâinflores-cenceâvariesâwithâvarietyâandâseasonâandâisâinfluencedâbyâtheâtemperatureâduringâinflorescenceâdevelopment.âHermaphroditeâ flowersâ areâ smallâ (5â10â mm,â 0.2â0.4â in)âwithâfourâ toâfiveâovate,âpubescentâsepalsâandâfourâ toâfiveâoblong,â lanceolate,â thinlyâ pubescentâ petals.â Onlyâ oneâ orâtwoâ ofâ theâ fourâ toâ fiveâ stamensâ thatâ ariseâ fromâ theâ in-nerâmarginâofâtheâdiscâareâfertile.âTheâsingleâovaryâisâbornâcentrallyâonâtheâdiscâwithâtheâstyleâarisingâfromâoneâside.âTheâdiscâisâdividedâintoâaâreceptacleâofâfourâorâfiveâfleshyâlobesâthatâformsâtheânectaries.âTheâmaleâflowersâareâsimi-larâtoâtheâhermaphroditeâflowersâbutâareâwithoutâtheâpistil,âwhichâhasâbeenâaborted.
LeavesTheâleavesâareâsimple,âwithoutâstipules,âandâalternate,âwithâpetiolesâ 1â12â cmâ (0.4â5â in)â long.âTheâ leavesâ areâ variableâinâ shapeâ andâ sizeâ butâ usuallyâ areâ oblongâ withâ tipsâ vary-ingâfromâroundedâtoâacuminate.âLeafâformâdiffersâamongâvarietiesâbutâisâmoreâconsistentâwithinâaâvariety.âHowever,âaârangeâofâleafâsizesâcanâbeâseenâonâaâsingleâtree.âMatureâleavesâareâdarkâgreenâwithâaâshinyâupperâsurfaceâandâgla-brousâ lighterâ greenâ lowerâ surface.â Newâ leavesâ emergeâ inâflushesâ (episodicâ growthâ spurts)â ofâ 10â20â leaves.â Leavesâemergeâgreen,âturningâtan-brownâtoâpurpleâduringâleafâex-pansionâandâthenâgraduallyâchangingâtoâdarkâgreenâasâtheâleavesâmature.âTheâcolorâofâtheâyoung,âexpandingâleafâvariesâwithâvarietyâandâcanâbeâfromâlightâtanâtoâdeepâpurple;âthisâcanâbeâusedâasâaâdistinguishingâcharacterâamongâvarieties.â
FruitMangoâ fruitâ isâ classedâ asâ aâ drupeâ (fleshyâ withâ aâ singleâseedâenclosedâinâaâleatheryâendocarp).âFruitsâfromâdiffer-entâ varietiesâ canâ beâ highlyâ variableâ inâ shape,â color,â taste,âandâfleshâtexture.âFruitâshapesâvaryâfromâroundâtoâovateâtoâoblongâandâlongâwithâvariableâlateralâcompression.âFruitsâcanâweighâfromâlessâthanâ50âgâ(0.35â lb)âtoâoverâ2âkgâ(4.4â
lb).âTheâfruitâhasâaâdarkâgreenâbackgroundâcolorâwhenâde-velopingâonâtheâtreeâthatâturnsâlighterâgreenâtoâyellowâasâitâripens.âSomeâvarietiesâdevelopâaâredâbackgroundâcolorâatâfruitâsetâthatâremainsâuntilâtheâfruitsâripen.âInâadditionâtoâtheâbackgroundâcolor,âmanyâvarietiesâalsoâhaveâanâorange,âred,âorâburgundyâblushâthatâdevelopsâlaterâinâtheâfruitâde-velopment,âwhenâtheârindâisâexposedâtoâdirectâsunlight.âTheâmesocarpâisâtheâfleshy,âedibleâpartâofâtheâfruitâthatâusuallyâhasâaâsweetâandâslightlyâturpentineâflavor.âWhenâripe,âitsâcolorâ variesâ fromâ yellowâ toâ orangeâ andâ itsâ textureâ fromâsmoothâtoâfibrous.â
SeedMangoâ varietiesâ canâ beâ classifiedâ asâ havingâ eitherâmonoembryonicâ orâ polyembryonicâ seedâ embryos.â Inâmonoembryonicâvarieties,âtheâseedâcontainsâonlyâoneâem-bryoâthatâisâaâtrueâsexualâ(zygotic)âembryo.âMonoembryonicâseedsâareâaâcrossâbetweenâtheâmaternalâandâpaternalâ(pol-len)âparents.âFruitâfromâmonoembryonicâseedlingsâwillâof-tenâvaryâfromâtheâparentâtrees,âsoâpropagationâbyâgraftingâisâusedâtoâproduceâtrue-to-typeâmonoembryonicâtrees.âPoly-embryonicâ seedsâ containâ manyâ embryos,â mostâ ofâ whichâareâasexualâ(nucellar)âinâoriginâandâgeneticallyâidenticalâtoâtheâmaternalâparent.âPolyembryonicâ seedsâ alsoâ containâ aâzygoticâembryoâthatâisâtheâresultâofâcross-pollination.âTheâmonoembryonicâseedlingâusuallyâhasâlessâvigorâthanâaânu-
New leaf flush. photo:âC.âElEvItCh
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ďż˝
cellarâseedlingâforâuseâasâaârootstock.âInâsomeâvarietiesâthisâisâreversedâandâtheâzygoticâseedlingâisâ theâmostâvigorous.âTheâoccurrenceâofâoff-typesâinâorchardsâisâoftenâattributedâtoâuseâofâzygoticâseedlings.
GenetIcS
VarietiesThereâ areâ overâ aâ thousandâ mangoâ varietiesâ aroundâ theâworld,â withâ Indiaâ havingâ theâ greatestâ numberâ (overâ 500ânamed).âTheâ commercialâ industriesâ ofâ theâ worldâ relyâ onâ
aâhandfulâofâ improvedâvarietiesâ supplementedâwithâ localâvarietiesâthatâareâlessâsuitedâtoâtheâexportâtrade.
Varieties in the PacificTheâmangoâvarietiesâfoundâinâtheâPacificâislandsâhaveâbeenâintroducedâ mainlyâ fromâ India,â Florida,â andâ SoutheastâAsianâcountriesâduringâtheâpastâ100âyears.âMostâofâtheâear-lyâIndianâvarietiesâwereâmonoembryonic,âwhichâproducedâseedlingsâ thatâ didâ notâ reproduceâ trueâ toâ type.â Plantingâandâ selectionâ ofâ theseâ seedlingsâ hasâ changedâ theseâ vari-eties,âwithâmanyâbecomingâknownâasâaââcommonââvariety.âCommonâvarietiesâareâgenerallyâofâinferiorâfruitâqualityâtoânamed,âintroducedâvarietiesâandâareâusuallyâfoundâgrowingâwildâorâonâroadsidesâandâabandonedâhomeâsites.âInâHawaiâi,âIndian,âFloridian,âMexican,âandâWestâIndianâmangoâ varietiesâ haveâ beenâ introducedâ andâ grownâ sinceâtheâbeginningâofâ theâ20thâ century.âSinceâ thatâ time,âmanyâimprovedâseedlingâselectionsâhaveâbeenâmadeâandâgrown.âPopularâ monoembryonicâ varietiesâ inâ Hawaiâiâ includeââHadenâ,ââAhâPingâ,ââGouvieaâ,ââMomiâKâ,ââFairchildâ,ââPopeâ,ââRapozaâ,â andâ âHardersâ.â Inâ theâSolomonâ Islandsâ andâFiji,âtheâ Australianâ varietyâ âKensingtonâ Prideââ hasâ beenâ intro-ducedâandâgrownâsuccessfully.âInâSamoa,âtheâmangoâvari-etiesââMomiâKâ,ââFijiâ,â âMapulehuâ,ââWhiteâPirieâ,â âRapozaâ,ââJaraâ,âandââKensingtonâPrideââareâcommon.âInâTahiti,ââKopuâRevaââisâaâpopularâvariety.
Selection of mango varietiesTheâcharacteristicsâbyâwhichâmangosâareâtypicallyâselectedâareâaâmixâofâeatingâquality,âkeeping,âandâgrowingâcharac-teristics.âFruitâqualityâcharacteristicsâsuchâasâflavor,âaroma,âfleshâtexture,âandâfiberâareâgenerallyâofâhighâimportance,âasâareâfruitâsize,âexternalâappearance,âandâyieldâperformance.Preferencesâforâmangoâvarietiesâoftenâdifferâamongâcoun-tries,âregions,âethnicities,âandâcuisinesâofâmarketsâinâwhichâtheyâareâconsumed.âLocallyâgrownâandâconsumedâvarietiesâoftenâdifferâfromâcommerciallyâexportedâvarietiesâthatâareâselectedâforâtheirâabilityâtoâmaintainâfruitâqualityâafterâlongâperiodsâofâpostharvestâstorageâandâtransport.Theâadaptationsâofâaâvarietyâtoâenvironmentalâpressuresâofâdrought,âwetâweatherâduringâflowering,âtemperature,âpests,âandâdiseasesâareâalsoâimportantâselectionâcriteria,âbecauseâtheyâdetermineâtheâcroppingâconsistencyâandâfruitâquality.
Related speciesInâadditionâtoâtheâmanyâvarietiesâofâMangifera indica,âthereâareâ severalâ otherâMangiferaâ speciesâ thatâ alsoâhaveâ edibleâfruit.âTheâmostâprominentâofâtheseâareâM. pentandraâ(Ma-layâPeninsula),âM. foetida Lour.â(throughoutâSEâAsia),âM. odorataâ Griff.â (Philippines,â Malayâ peninsula,â Java),â andâ
Mango flower types: male (left) and hermaphrodite (right). photo:âI.âS.âE.âBally
A monoembryonic seed is a true sexual cross and has one embryo. A polyembryonic seed has several embryos, many of which are identical to the parent tree. photo:âI.âS.âE.âBally
ďż˝â Mangifera indicaâ(mango)â
Ah-PingTree:âmediumâtoâvigorousâtreeFruitâwt:â450â900âgâ(1â2âlb)Fruitâcolor:âyellowâwithâaâcrimsonâblushFruitâeating:âgoodâflavor,âlowâfiberSeedâembryo:âmonoembryonicHarvestâtime:âmid-seasonComments:âoriginatedâatâMapulehu,âMolokaâi,âandâmainlyâ
grownâinâtheâHawaiianâIslands
FairchildTree:âsmallâtreeâwithâdense,âspreadingâcanopyFruitâwt:â150â340âgâ(0.33â0.75âlb)Fruitâcolor:âgreen/yellowâwithâanâorangeâyellowâblushSeedâembryo:âpolyembryonicFruitâeating:âmild,âslightlyâacidicâflavor;âmediumâfiberâHarvestâtime:âearlyâseasonComments:âoriginatingâinâPanama,âthisâvarietyâbearsâ
reasonablyâwellâinâwetterâclimates.âSuitableâasâaâhomegardenâvariety
GouvieaTree:âlarge,âvigorousâtreeâwithâspreadingâcanopyFruitâwt:â300â400âgâ(0.66â0.88âlb)Fruitâcolor:âlightâgreenâwithâmottledâredâandâyellowâ
shouldersFruitâeating:ârich,âacidicâflavor;âlowâfiberSeedâembryo:âmonoembryonicHarvestâtime:âearlyâtoâmid-seasonComments:âselectedâinâHawaiâiâ1964;âlightâyielding.
HadenTree:âvigorous,âtreeâwithâspreadingâcanopyFruitâwt:â500â700âgâ(1.1â1.5âlb)Fruitâcolor:âyellowâwithâbrightâredâblushâoverâhalfâofâskinFruitâeating:âgoodâflavor,âmediumâfiberSeedâembryo:âmonoembryonicâHarvestâtime:âmid-seasonComments:âunreliableâirregularâbearing;âsusceptibleâtoâ
internalâbreakdown;ânotâaâcommercialâvariety
Kensington PrideTree:âvigorousâtreeâwithâspreadingâcanopyFruitâwt:â300â600âgâ(0.66â1.3âlb)Fruitâcolor:âyellow-greenâbackgroundâwithâlightâblushFruitâeating:âexcellentâflavor,âmediumâfiberSeedâembryo:âpolyembryonicHarvestâtime:âearlyâseasonComments:âtheâmainstayâofâtheâAustralianâmangoâ
industry;âwidelyâgrownâinâSamoaâandâFiji
Kopu RevaTree:âmedium-vigorâtreeâwithâaâdense,âuprightâcanopyFruitâwt:â150â250âgâ(0.33â0.55âlb)Fruitâcolor:âlightâpinkâwithâaâredâblushFruitâeating:âturpentineâflavor;âhighâfiberSeedâembryo:âpolyembryonicHarvestâtime:âmid-âtoâlateâseasonComments:âoriginâTahiti
Mapulehu Tree:âlargeâtreeâwithâanâuprightâcanopyFruitâwt:â300â400âgâ(0.66-0.88âlb)Fruitâcolor:âyellow/greenâwithâpinkâblushFruitâeating:âsweet-acidâturpentineâflavor;âlowâfiberSeedâembryo:âmonoembryonicHarvestâtime:âmid-âtoâlateâseasonâComments:âoriginallyâfromâIndia;âpopularâinâSamoa;âisâ
synonymousâwithâJoeâWelchâfromâFlorida
Momi-KTree:âmediumâtoâlargeâtree,âslightlyâspreadingâcanopyFruitâwt:â280â400âgâ(0.62â0.88âlb)Fruitâcolor:âlightâyellowâwithâaâlightâred/orangeâblushâoverâ
theâtopâhalfâofâtheâfruitFruitâeating:âmildâflavor;âlowâfiberSeedâembryo:âmonoembryonicHarvestâtime:âearlyâtoâmid-seasonâComments:âoriginatingâinâHawaiâi,âirregularlyâbearingâ
PopeTree:âmediumâlargeâtreeâwithâaâdense,âspreadingâcanopyFruitâwt:â250â450âgâ(0.55â1.0âlb)Fruitâcolor:âgreen-yellowâgroundâcolorâwithâaâred/pinkâ
blushSeedâembryo:âmonoembryonicFruitâeating:âspicyâflavor,âstrongerâaroundâtheâfruitâ
shouldersHarvestâtime:âlateâseasonComments:âoriginatedâasâaâseedlingâofâtheâFloridaâvarietyâ
Irwin;âregular-bearingâandâhigh-yielding
RapozaTree:âsmallâtreeâwithâanâopenâcanopyFruitâwt:â700â1000âgâ(1.5â2.2âlb)Fruitâcolor:âyellowâorangeâwithâaâredâorangeâblushFruitâeating:âexcellentâflavor;âlowâfiberSeedâembryo:âmonoembryonicHarvestâtime:âmid-âtoâlateâseasonComments:âyieldsâheavilyâandâregularlyâ
Some PoPuLAr PAcIfIc vArIetIeS
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ďż˝
M. caesiaâ Jack.â (Malayâ peninsula,â Papuaâ NewâGuinea,â Java,â andâ theâ Philippines).â Althoughâtheseâspeciesâareâ foundâgrowingâinâtheâPacificârimâregion,ânoneâareâfoundânaturallyâinâtheâPa-cificâislands.â
envIronmentAL PreferenceS And toLerAnceS
ClimateMangoâgrowsâoverâ aâwideâ rangeâofâ frost-freeâclimates.âTheâtreesâproduceâbestâinâclimatesâthatâhaveâ aâwellâdefined,â relativelyâ coolâdryâ seasonâwithâ highâ heatâ accumulationâ duringâ theâ flow-eringâ andâ fruitâ developmentâ period.â Rainâ orâfreeâ moistureâ (highâ humidity,â heavyâ dew,â andâfog)âduringâ theâfloweringâ andâ fruitingâperiodâisâconduciveâtoâtheâdevelopmentâofâfungalâdis-easesâthatâcauseâflowerâandâfruitâdrop.âMangosâareâoftenâfoundâgrowingâinâtheâwetterâregions,âbutâtheyârarelyâbearâfruitâthere.
ElevationâMangoâ growsâ andâ producesâ fruitâ overâ aâ wideârangeâofâelevationsâfromâseaâlevelâupâtoâ1200âmâ(3950âft)âinâtropicalâlatitudes.âMostâcommercialâvarietiesâdoânotâproduceâconsistentlyâaboveâ600âmâ(1950âft)âelevation.
RainfallâpatternâMangoâ treesâgrowâoverâaâwideâ rangeâofâ rainfallâ volumesâandâpatterns.âTheâtreesâproduceâbestâwhenâtheâmostârainâfallsâ duringâ summerâ monthsâ andâ thereâ isâ aâ wellâ definedâwinterâdryâperiod.âInâhot,âwet,âtropicalâclimates,âwhereâsoilâmoistureâdoesânotâlimitâgrowth,âtheâtreesâremainâvegetativeâwithâlittleâorânoâfruitâproduction.âRainfall,âfoggyâweather,âandâpersistentâdewsâduringâtheâfloweringâandâfruitingâsea-sonsâpredisposeâtheâflowersâandâfruitâtoâtheâfungalâdiseaseâanthracnose.âBearingâisâbestâwhenâtheâdryâperiodâlastsâfromâ1âtoâ2âmonthsâbeforeâfloweringâtoâafterâharvest.â
Meanâannualârainfallâ400â3600âmmâ(16â142âin)
Dryâseasonâdurationâ(consecutiveâmonthsâwithâ<ďż˝0âmmâ[1.ďż˝âin]ârainfall)âCanâtolerateâdroughtâforâupâtoâ8âmonthsâinâcertainâsitua-tions.â
TemperatureMangoâsâ optimumâ growingâ temperatureâ isâ 24â27°Câ (75â
81°F).âTheyâwillâgrowâoutsideâthisârange,âhowever,âbutâfrostâwillâkillâ smallâmangoâ treesâandâseverelyâdefoliateâmatureâtrees.â Temperatureâ hasâ aâ directâ effectâ onâ treeâ andâ fruitâgrowthâ rates.â Aâ leafâ flushingâ cycleâ takesâ approximatelyâ20âweeksâwhenâgrowingâunderâ20°Câ(68°F)âdaysâandâ15°Câ(59°F)ânights;âthisâisâreducedâtoâ6âweeksâunderâ30°C/25°Câ(86°F/77°F)âtemperatures.âTheâtimeâtakenâforâfruitâtoâreachâmaturityâ isâ alsoâ influencedâ byâ temperature.â Underâ high-temperatureâ andâ low-humidityâ conditions,â mangoâsâ pho-tosyntheticâ efficiencyâ isâ reducedâ andâ respirationâ isâ high,âresultingâ inâ lowâ carbonâ accumulation,â whichâ lowersâ theâtreeâsâ abilityâ toâ holdâ heavyâ cropâ loads.â Lowâ temperatureâstressâisânecessaryâforâfloralâinductionâ(seeâFloweringâsec-tionâbelow).
Meanâannualâtemperature24â27°Câ(75â81°F)
MinimumâtemperatureâtoleratedâFrostâ(0°Câ[32°F])
Soils Mangosâareâtolerantâofâaârangeâofâsoilsâfromâalkaline,âcal-careousâsoilsâtoâheavyâclayâsoils.âTheâoptimalâpHârangeâisâ5.5â7.5,âbutâtheâtreeâwillâgrowâoutsideâthisârange,âwithâlowâ
Popular varieties: Haden (top left), Kensington (top right), Mapulehu (bottom left), Rapoza (bottom right). photoS:âI.âS.âE.âBally
ďż˝â Mangifera indicaâ(mango)â
pHâ(acid)âbeingâ theâmostâdeleteriousâ toâgrowth.âProduc-tionâisâbestâonâwellâdrainedâsandyâorâgravellyâsoilsâthatâdryâoutâ rapidlyâ afterâ theâwetâ season,â forcingâ theâ treesâ intoâ aâdormantâperiod,âessentialâforâheavyâflowering.âMangosâwillâgrowâonâcoralâatollsâbutâusuallyâproduceâpoorlyâdueâtoâtheâlackâ ofâ freshâ water.â Onâ someâ ofâ theâ larger,â wetterâ atollsâsuchâasâButaritariâandâotherâislandsâinâKiribati,âmangosâareâknownâtoâproduceâwell.âMangosâdoânotâgrowâorâproduceâwellâinâsalineâsoils,âbutâtheârootstockâvarietyââ13-1ââfromâIs-raelâhasâsomeâsaltâtolerance.
Soil textureâMangosâtolerateâlightâtoâheavyâsoilâtexturesâ(sands,âsandyâloams,âloams,âsandyâclayâloams,âclays,âclayâloams,âandâsandyâclays).â
Soil drainageâWellâdrained,âlighterâsoilsâareâpreferred.
Soil acidityâTheâoptimumârangeâisâpHâ5.5â7.5.
Tolerances
DroughtMangoâisâconsideredâaâdroughtâtolerantâspecies,âbeingâableâtoâwithstandâseasonalâdryâperiodsâforâupâtoâ8âmonths.âTheâmangoâ hasâ manyâ adaptiveâ featuresâ thatâ giveâ itâ droughtâtolerance,âsuchâasâdeepâtap/sinkerâroots,âlong-lived,âtoughâleavesâwithâthickâcuticlesâ forânutrientâretentionâandârecy-cling,âresinâductsâtoâreduceâwilting,âandâirregularâfruitingâpatterns,â dependingâ onâ resourceâ availability.â Dryâ condi-tionsâduringâ fruitâ developmentâwillâ causeâ excessiveâ fruitâdropâandâveryâlowâyields.
FullâsunMangoâgrowsâbestâinâfullâsunâbecauseâitsâflowersâandâfruitâareâ producedâ atâ theâ edgeâ ofâ theâ canopyâ (theâ outsideâ ofâtheâtree)âinâfullâsun.âTheâbestâfruitsâareâfromâsun-exposedâbranches.
ShadeVegetativeâ growth,âflowers,â andâ fruitsâ fromâ shadedâ areasâareâproneâtoâincreasedâpestâandâdiseases.â
FireYoungâmangosâ areâ easilyâburnedâbeyondâ regenerationâbyâgrassâorâforestâfires.âLargerâmatureâtreesâareâmoreâableâtoâregenerateâafterâfire,âalthoughâtheirâcanopiesâareânoâmoreâtolerantâofâfireâthanâyoungerâtrees.
FrostYoungâ treesâ willâ beâ killedâ outrightâ byâ theâ mildestâ frosts,âbutâ largerâ matureâ treesâ canâ regenerate,â althoughâ defolia-tionâandâdeathâofâsomeâbranchesâwillâoccur.âHeavyâfrostsâwillâkillâlargeâmangoâtrees.â
WaterloggingMangoâtreesâvaryâinâtheirâtoleranceâofâflooding,âwithâsomeâtreesâableâtoâtolerateâmedium-termâfloodingâ(10â50âdays)âbyâ developingâ hypertrophicâ (swollen)â lenticelsâ onâ theâtrunkâ justâ aboveâ theâ waterlineâ toâ aidâ inâ theâ removalâ ofâtoxicâby-productsâofâanaerobicâmetabolism.âTreesâthatâdoânotâdevelopâhypertrophicâlenticelsâwillâdieâafterâ4â5âdaysâofâinundation.âHypotrophicâlenticelsâseenâinâseedlingsâinâpotsâareâaâsignâofâoverwateringâorâunsuitableâpottingâmedia.â
Hypotrophic lenticels on stem of seedling. photo:âI.âS.âE.âBally
SaltâsprayMangosâwillânotâtolerateâcontinuousâsaltâspray,âbutâifâtheâtreesâareâgrowingâwithâhigh-qualityâ freshâwater,âmild,â in-frequentâsaltâsprayâwillânotâadverselyâaffectâmatureâleavesâifâitâdoesânotâaccumulateâonâthem.â
WindâMangosâ areâ relativelyâ windâ resistantâ andâ areâ sometimesâusedâinâwindbreaks.âWindbreaksâofâotherâspeciesâareâoftenâ
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ďż˝
usedâtoâprotectâcommercialâmangoâorchardsâtoâreduceâdis-ease,âimproveâpollination,âandâreduceâwind-rubâblemishesâonâtheâfruit.âYoungâ seedlingsâ treesâ mayâ benefitâ fromâ stakingâ ifâ overâ0.8âmâ(2.5âft)âhighâorâplantedâinâabrasive,âcalcareousâsoilsâinâwind-exposedâsituations.âStormâwindsâcanâbeâespeciallyâdamagingâtoâmangos,âcaus-ingâbreakageâofâmajorâ limbsâorâuprootingâtheâwholeâtree.âAlthoughâpreventingâdamageâ fromâcyclonicâwindsâ isâdif-ficult,âgoodâpost-stormâmanagementâcanâhastenârecoveryâandâ minimizeâ secondaryâ effects.â Fallenâ treesâ shouldâ beâstraightenedâ immediatelyâ followingâ theâ storm,âwhileâ theâsoilâisâsoft,âtoâpreventâre-damagingâroots.âDamagedâlimbsâshouldâ beâ removedâ toâ preventâ diseaseâ infectionsâ andâ toâpromoteânewâgrowth.â
AbILItIeS
RegenerateârapidlyMangosâ areâ tolerantâ ofâ severeâ pruningâ andâ willâ regainâcroppingâwithinâoneâtoâtwoâseasons.
GroWtH And deveLoPmentMangoâ treesâ startâ producingâ fruitâ 2â4â yearsâ afterâ fieldâplantingâandâcanâcontinueâtoâproduceâfruitâforâmoreâthanâ100âyears.âUnderâ idealâconditions,â treesâcanâgrowâtoâ2âmâ(6.6â ft)â inâ theâ firstâ year.â Onceâ treesâ startâ cropping,â theirâgrowthârateâwillâslow.
PhenologyPhenologyâisâtheâannualâcycleâofâgrowthâevents.âInâmatureâmangos,âtheâphenologicalâcycleâisâsimilarâforâmostâvariet-iesâandâenvironments,âvaryingâonlyâinâtimingâandâduration.âTheâexceptionâisâseenâinâtreesâgrownâcloseâtoâtheâequator,âwhereâ theâ seasonalâ fluctuationsâ areâ minimalâ andâ flower-ingâandâcroppingâcanâoccurâseveralâtimesâaâyear.âTheâmajorâphenologicalâgrowthâeventsâareâdiscussedâbelow.
DormancyInâaâ typicalâ treeâ thereâ areâ twoâperiodsâofâdormancy.âTheâfirstâisâimmediatelyâafterâharvestâorâripeâfruitâdrop,âwhenâtheâ treeâ becomesâ dormantâ forâ 2â8â weeks,â dependingâ onâtheâ soilâmoistureâconditionsâandâpreviousâcropâ load.âTheâsecondâdormantâperiodâ isâafterâ theâ summerâflushâperiod,âwhenâdryerâconditionsâsetâin.âTheâsecondâdormancyâperiodâisâcriticalâforâfloralâbudâdevelopment.
Simultaneous leaf flushing and flowering on different branches. photo:âC.âElEvItCh
10â Mangifera indicaâ(mango)â
Leaf flushingTheâpostharvestâdormancyâ isâbrokenâbyâ theâfirstâ summerâvegetativeâflush,âwhichâusuallyâcoincidesâwithâtheâwetâsea-son.âVegetativeâflushingâusuallyâcontinuesâthroughoutâtheâwetâ season,â slowingâ asâ theâ climateâ andâ soilâ dryâout.âTheâleaf-flushingâperiodâ canâhaveâoneâ toâfiveâflushingâevents,âwithâtheâwholeâcanopyâflushingâinâsynchronyâorâinâpatches.âInâyearsâofâpoorâfloweringâandâcropping,âseveralâleafâflushesâcanâ occurâ duringâ theâ floweringâ andâ fruitingâ period.â Al-thoughâmangoâisâanâevergreenâtree,âlargeâquantitiesâofâoldâleavesâareâshedâduringâvegetativeâflushing.âTheâfallenâleavesâbecomeâmulchâunderâtheâtree,âwhereânutrientsâareârecycledâfromâoldâleavesâtoâtheânewâleaves.
FloweringMangoâfloweringâoccursâduringâtheâcoolestâmonthsâofâtheâyear.â Floweringâ requiresâ 4â6â weeksâ ofâ shootâ dormancyâandâcoolânightâtemperaturesâtoâtriggerâfloralâinductionâofâtheâ terminalâ buds.âTheâ absoluteâ temperatureâ neededâ forâfloralâ inductionâ variesâ amongâ varietiesâ andâ climates,â butânightâtemperaturesâbetweenâ8°Câandâ15°Câ(46â59°F)âwithâdayâtemperaturesâaroundâ20°Câ(68°F)âareâtypicallyâneeded.âBetterâfloweringâisâseenâinâtreesâgrowingâinâtheâsubtropicsâwhereâ theâ seasonalâ temperatureâ differencesâ areâ strongerâandâmoreâreliableâthanâinâtheâhotâtropics.âInâHawaiâi,âtheâmainâfloweringâisâbetweenâDecemberâandâApril.
PollinationWindâandâ insectsâ suchâasâwasps,âants,âflies,âandâbeesâareâtheâmainâpollinatorsâinâmango.âTemperaturesâbelowâ10°Câ(50°F)âduringâfloweringâareânotâconduciveâtoâproductionâofâviableâpollen,âandâtemperaturesâbelowâ15°Câ(59°F)âduringâpollinationâcanâpreventâeffectiveâpollenâ tubeâgrowthâandâfertilizationâ ofâ theâ ovary.â Pollenâ isâ generallyâ compatibleâwithinâandâbetweenâvarieties.
FruitingYoungâseedlingâorâgraftedâmangoâtreesâwillâproduceâfruitâbetweenâ 2â andâ 4â yearsâ afterâ fieldâ planting.â Initially,â hun-dredsâofâfruitsâcanâbeâsetâonâeachâfloweringâinflorescence.âTheâtreeânaturallyâthinsâtheâcropâbyâsheddingâfruitâthrough-outâtheâfruit-developmentâperiod.âAtâfullâfruitâmaturityâonâheavyâ bearingâ trees,â mostâ mangoâ varietiesâ willâ holdâ oneâfruitâforâeveryâtwoâorâthreeâinflorescences.
Root growth Theâvolumeâofâfeederârootsâofâtheâmangoâvariesâduringâtheâannualâcycle,âwithâmostâ rootâdevelopmentâoccurringâdur-ingâtheâwetâperiodsâofâtheâyearâandâdecliningâduringâtheâ
dryâperiods.âRootâgrowthâisâperiodical,âslowingâorâstoppingâduringâmajorâcanopyâgrowthâevents.â
Fruit development Mangoâ fruitâ canâ takeâ 3â6â monthsâ toâ mature,â withâ tem-peratureâbeingâtheâprimaryâ influenceâonâmaturityâtiming.âFruitsâgrowâfasterâandâmatureâearlierâ inâwarmerâclimates.âTheâ varietyâ ofâ mangoâ alsoâ hasâ anâ influenceâ onâ maturityâtiming,âwithâvarietiesâbeingâclassifiedâasâearly,âmid-âorâlateâseason.âTheâmangoâharvestâseasonâisâgenerallyâinâtheâhot-terâsummerâmonthsâbutâcanâbeâoutsideâthisâperiodâinâcli-matesâcloseâtoâtheâequator,âwhereâout-of-seasonâfloweringâisâcommon.âInâHawaiâi,âtheâharvestâseasonâisâbetweenâJuneâandâSeptember,âandâinâFiji,âbetweenâJanuaryâandâFebruary.â
Crop yieldMangoâ fruitâ yieldsâ areâ generallyâ lowâ comparedâ toâ otherâtropicalâandâsubtropicalâ fruitâspecies.âTheâyieldsâoftenâre-flectâirregularâannualâbearingâpatterns,âandâtheyâvaryâgreat-lyâfromâseasonâtoâseason.âTheâyieldingâcapacityâofâaâtreeâisâdependantâ onâ variety,â treeâ age,â treeâ size,â seasonalâ condi-tions,â andâpreviousâ croppingâhistory.âTypically,â yieldsâ areâoftenâlessâthatâ5âmt/haâ(2.2ât/ac)âbutâcanâreachâ20â30âmt/haâ(9â13.5ât/ac)âinâwellâmanagedâorchards.âSingleâtreesâcanâproduceâbetweenâ200âandâ300âkgâ(440â660âlb)âofâfruitâinâ
Mango inflorescence (flower stalk). photo:âI.âS.âE.âBally
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 11
heavyâcroppingâyearsâandâasâlowâasâ5âkgâ(11âlb)âinâbadâyears.âGoodâirrigationâandâdiseaseâmanagementâcanâgreatlyâ im-proveâcropâyields.
ProPAGAtIonMangoâisâpropagatedâbyâseedâandâvariousâvegetativeâmeth-ods.âTheâgeneticâqualityâofâaâmangoâseedlingâdependsâonâtheâembryoâtypeâofâtheâseed.âPolyembryonicâseedsâwillâusu-allyâproduceâthreeâtoâtenâseedlingsâfromâeachâseed,âmostâofâwhichâwillâcomeâtrueâtoâtypeâwithâtheâtreeâtheyâcameâfrom.âPolyembryonicâseedsâalsoâcontainâoneâembryoâthatâisâgeneticallyâdifferentâfromâtheâparents;âi.e.,âthisâembryoâwillâproduceâanâoff-typeâseedling.âInâcontrastâtoâpolyembryonicâseeds,âmonoembryonicâseedsâproduceâonlyâoneâseedlingâforâeachâseedâthatâisâalwaysâgeneticallyâdifferentâfromâtheâpar-ents.â Forâ thisâ reason,â mostâ monoembryonicâ varietiesâ areâpropagatedâbyâgraftingâontoâpolyembryonicârootstocks.â
Propagating seedlings
SeedâcollectionSeedsâ areâ bestâ collectedâ fromâ fullyâmatureâ orâ ripeâ fruitsâbeforeâtheâfruitsâhaveâbegunâtoâdecayâwithâpostharvestâdis-eases.âSeedsâ fromâtheâ largerâ fruitsâgenerallyâproduceâ theâmostâvigorousâseedlings.âIfâpossible,âselectâseedsâfromâtreesâthatâareâ freeâofâ seedâweevilsâ (Sternochetus mangiferaeâ [F.]âColeoptera:â Curculionidae).â Onlyâ polyembryonicâ seedsâwillâ produceâ seedlingsâ thatâ areâ trueâ toâ typeâ (seeâpolyem-bryonic/monoembryonicâdiscussionâabove).
SeedâprocessingâTheâbestâgerminationâresultsâareâachievedâwhenâtheâseedâisâremovedâfromâtheâleatheryâendocarpâofâripeâorânearlyâripeâfruitâ thatâhasânotâbeenâchilled.âAfterâ removingâ theâflesh,âcutâtheâendocarpâopenâusingâhandâprunersâandâremoveâtheâkernel.âDuringâ thisâ operation,â itâ isâ importantânotâ toâ cutâandâdamageâtheâseed.
SeedâstorageâMangoâseedâdoesânotâstoreâwell,âandâseedâviabilityâisâgreatlyâreducedâfromâinfectionâbyâfungiâifâitâisânotâremovedâfromâtheâ fruitâwhenâtheâ fruitâbeginsâ toâ ripen.âOnceâ theâseedsâareâremovedâfromâtheâleatheryâendocarp,âtheyâlooseâviabil-ityâveryârapidlyâdueâtoâdesiccationâandâshouldâbeâplantedâimmediatelyâorâsoakedâinâwaterâforâupâtoâ24âhoursâbeforeâplanting.âGerminationâpercentagesâwillâdropâoffârapidlyâifâseedsâareâstoredâforâmoreâthanâaâfewâdaysâafterâopening.
PlantingâtechniquesSeedsâshouldâbeâplantedâtoâaâdepthâofâ2âcmâ(0.8â in)âandâ
orientedâonâtheirâsideâtoâfacilitateâaâstraightâstemâandâroots.âMonoembryonicâseedsâcanâbeâplantedâ1-2âcmâ(0.4â0.8âin)âdeepâintoâ5-20âliterâ(1â5âgal)âpotsâcontainingâaâloose,âwellâdrainedâ pottingâ medium.â Polyembryonicâ seeds,â whichâproduceâmoreâthanâoneâseedlingâperâseed,âareâcommonlyâplantedâ intoâseedlingâbedsâofâsandâwithâanâ impenetrableârootâbarrierâatâ15âtoâ20âcmâ(6â8âin)âdepth.âTheârootâbarrierâmakesâitâeasierâtoâliftâtheâseedlingsâwhenâpottingâup.âThisâisâ usuallyâ doneâwhenâ theâ seedlingsâ areâ approximatelyâ 30âcmâ(12âin)âhigh.âWithâhealthyâpolyembryonicâseedlingsâitâisâ commonâ toâhaveâgerminationâ ratesâofâoverâ600%âandâpottingâupâratesâofâ300â400%.âWhenâpottingâup,âonlyâuseâtheâthreeâorâfourâmostâvigorousâseedlingsâfromâeachâseed,âdiscardingâtheârest.âChoosingâonlyâtheâmostâvigorousâseed-lingsâwillâavoidâselectingâtheâzygoticâembryoâthatâisâoftenâtheâsourceâofâoff-typeâtrees.â
GrowingâareaNurseryâseedlingsâareâbestâraisedâ inâaâshadeâhouseâunderâ50â80%â shadeâ andâ hardenedâ upâ inâ fullâ sunlightâ priorâ toâfieldâplanting.âAvoidâraisingâseedlingsâunderâtheâcanopiesâofâlargerâmangoâtrees,âasâthisâpracticeâpromotesâinfectionâofâtheâseedlingsâwithâfungalâdiseases.
TimeâtoâoutplantingâYoungâ mangoâ treesâ canâ beâ field-plantedâ whenâ approxi-matelyâ12âmonthsâoldâandâlargeâenoughâtoâcompeteâwithâminorâ weeds.â Atâ theâ timeâ ofâ planting,â seedlingsâ shouldâbeâ atâ leastâ 1â mâ (3.3â ft)â tallâ andâ haveâ aâ stemâ diameterâ ofâatâ leastâ 15âmmâ(0.6â in).â Ifâ irrigationâ isâavailable,â theâbestâtimeâtoâfield-plantâisâinâearlyâspringâwhenâtheâweatherâisâmild;âotherwise,âtreesâshouldâbeâplantedâatâtheâonsetâofâtheâwetâseason.âToâavoidâtransplantâshockâwhenâfieldâplanting,âtreesâshouldâbeâhardenedâbyâholdingâinâfullâsunlightâforâatâleastâaâweekâpriorâtoâfieldâplanting.âIfâtreesâareâexcessivelyâvigorousâatâtheâtimeâofâfieldâplanting,âtheyâcanâbeâprunedâtoâreduceâleafâareaâandâwaterâdemandâonâtheâestablishingârootâsystem.
Grafting and buddingManyâofâtheâbetterâmangoâvarietiesâhaveâmonoembryonicâseedsâwhich,âwhenâplanted,âwillânotâreproduceâtrueâtoâtype.âGraftingâ isâ theâ preferredâ methodâ ofâ propagatingâ mangoâvarieties.âGraftingâisâusedâtoâjoinâtheâupperâpartâ(theâscion)âofâaâselectedâvarietyâtoâtheâlowerâpartâofâanotherâ(theâroot-stock)âtheâupperâpartâisâanâidenticalâcloneâofâtheâdesiredâtree.âGraftingâisânormallyâdoneâwhenâtheâyoungâseedlingsâareâinânurseryâpots.âAlmostâallâmethodsâofâgraftingâcanâbeâadaptedâforâmango.âTwoâpopularâmethodsâforâmangosâareâtheâcleftâgraftâandâtheâwhip-and-tongueâgraft.
1ďż˝â Mangifera indicaâ(mango)â
Toâachieveâaâsuccessfulâgraftâitâisâimportantâtoâhaveâhealthy,âactivelyâ growingâ rootstocksâ andâ selectâ scionâ woodâ withâswollenâbudsâthatâareâreadyâtoâburst.âItâ isâalsoâimportantâtoâmatchâtheâcambiumâlayersâinâbothâtheâstockâandâscion,âasâtheâcambiumâisâwhereâtheâcellsâareâactivelyâdividingâandâtheâjoiningâofâtheâgraftâtakesâplace.âThisâisâmostâeasilyâdoneâwhenâtheâstockâandâscionâwoodâareâtheâsameâdiameter.âInâmangoâ theâ cambiumâ layerâ isâ theâ whiteâ woodyâ layerâ justâbelowâtheâbark.Inâtheâwedgeâmethod,âtheâscionâisâpreparedâbyâmakingâtwoâslopingâcutsâthatâformâaââVââshape.âAâstraightâcutâisâmadeâonâtheâstockâtoâtheâsameâdepthâasâtheâVâshapeâonâtheâscion.âTheâV-shapedâscionâisâthenâinsertedâinâtoâtheâstock,âmakingâ
sureâtheâcambiumâlayersâofâbothâmatchâup.âTheâwholeâjointâisâthenâwrappedâwithâgraftingâtapeâtoâholdâitâinâplace,âandâaâplasticâbagâisâusedâtoâcoverâtheâscionâandâunionâtoâpreventâexcessiveâmoistureâlossâduringâtheâhealingâprocess.Theâwhip-and-tongueâmethodâisâsimilarâtoâtheâwedgeâbutâusesâinterlockingâcutsâthatâgiveâaâstrongerâgraftâandâgreaterâsurfaceâareaâforâhealingâofâtheâgraft.
Scion selection Scionâwoodâshouldâbeâonlyâcollectedâfromâactivelyâgrowingâtreesâthatâshowânoâsignsâofâdiseaseâinfection.âScionâwoodâisâbestâtakenâfromâterminalâshootsâwithâswollenâterminalâbudsâ aboutâ toâ burst.â Theâ scionâ thicknessâ shouldâ matchâtheâstockâthicknessâtoâwhichâitâisâtoâbeâgraftedâ(6â15âmmâ[0.25â0.6âin]âdiameter)âandâbeâbetweenâ100âandâ200âmmâ(2.5â5âin)âlong.â
Scion collection and storage Afterâselectingâandâremovingâanâappropriateâpieceâofâscionâwoodâ fromâ theâ tree,â allâ leavesâ shouldâbeâ immediatelyâ re-movedâtoâreduceâmoistureâlossâthroughâtranspiration.âTheâscionâshouldâbeâplacedâinâaâplasticâbagâandâheldâinâaâcooledâboxâatâ5â10°Câ(41â50°F).âIfâtheâscionâwoodâisânotâbeâusedâwithinâ12âhoursâofâcollection,âitâshouldâbeâwrappedâinâmoistâpaperâtowelingâinsideâaâplasticâbagâandâstoredâinâtheâveg-etableâ crispingâ sectionâ ofâ aâ domesticâ refrigerator.â Scionâwoodâcanâbeâkeptâinâthisâwayâforâupâtoâ2âweeks.
Pre-grafting Scionâ budwoodâ shouldâ beâ dippedâ inâ aâ fungicideâ andâ in-secticideâsolutionâtoâpreventâtheâspreadâofâinsectâpestsâandâdisease.
Prepared stock showing cambium. photo:âI.âS.âE.âBally
Whip and tongue graftWedge graft
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ďż˝
Growing area Graftingâisâusuallyâdoneâinâtheâwarmerâmonthsâofâtheâyearâwhenâtreesâareâactivelyâflushingâandânightâtemperaturesâareâbetweenâ 18â andâ 21°Câ (64â70°F).â Graftingâ ofâ youngâ seed-lingsâisâbestâcarriedâoutâinâaâshadehouseâwithâgreaterâthanâ50%âshade.âWhenâtopworkingâestablishedâtreesâinâtheâfieldâ(seeâbelow),âcompletedâgraftsâshouldâbeâshadedâwithâlargeâpaperâbags.
Post-graft careRemoveâ anyâ suckerâ growthâ belowâ theâ graft.â Theâ scionâshouldâstartâtoâshootâbetweenâ10âandâ14âdaysâafterâgrafting.âWhenâthisâhappens,âtheâplasticâbagâshouldâbeâremovedâbutânotâtheâgraftingâtape.âTheâtapeâmustâbeâleftâonâtheâgraftâun-tilâtheâtreeâhasâflushedâtwiceâfromâtheâscionâandâtheâgraftâunionâisâfullyâhealed.
Materials usedToâachieveâconsistentâsuccessfulâgrafting,âaâgoodâgraftingâknifeâisâneeded.âTheseâknivesâdifferâfromâordinaryâknivesâbecauseâtheyâareâbeveledâonlyâonâoneâside;âtheâotherâsideâisâ flatâ toâ ensureâ aâ straightâ cut.â Youâ willâ alsoâ needâ someâ
graftingâtapeâandâplasticâbags.âGraftingâknivesâandâtapeâareâavailableâfromâmostâgardeningâshops.
Field plantingGraftedâtreesâareâbestâplantedâoutâinâtheâfieldâafterâtheâsec-ondâgrowthâflush,âwhenâtheâgraftâhasâfullyâhardened.âThisâisâusuallyâ1â2âyearsâafterâgermination.âAtâthisâstageâtheâtreesâareâusuallyâ60â120âcmâ(24â48âin)âtall.âIfâfield-plantedâwhenâsmaller,â competitionâ fromâweedsâ canâ slowâestablishment.âIfâtheâtreesâareâleftâinâpotsâforâlongerâthanâ2âyears,âtheyâbe-comeâroot-boundâandâwillânotâdevelopâhealthy,âspreadingârootâ systemsâ whenâ field-planted.âTransplantingâ shockâ atâtheâtimeâofâfieldâplantingâcanâalsoâhinderâaâtreeâsâestablish-ment.âToâavoidâtransplantâshock,â itâ isâbestâ toâhardenâtheâtreesâbyâplacingâthemâinâfullâsunlightâforâaâweekâorâmoreâbeforeâtransplanting.âExcessivelyâvigorousâtreesâshouldâbeâprunedâpriorâtoâtrans-plantingâtoâreduceâtheâwaterâdemandâonâtheâestablishingârootâsystem.âAnimalsâwillâgrazeâonâyoungâmangoâleaves,âsoâtheâtreesâshouldâbeâprotectedâfromâgrazingâanimals.
Left: Healed graft union 3 months after grafting. Right: Mango graft 5 days after bag removal. The wedge graft is still wrapped in white tape at bottom. photoS:âI.âS.âE.âBally
1ďż˝â Mangifera indicaâ(mango)â
Other comments on propagationGraftingâisâalsoâusedâtoâchangeâtheâvarietyâofâaâtreeâalreadyâgrowingâinâtheâgroundâwithoutâsacrificingâtheâestablishedârootstock.âThisâtechniqueâisâoftenâreferredâtoâasâtopworking.âTopworkedâtreesâwillâcomeâintoâproductionâwithinâaâcoupleâofâseasons,âmuchâfasterâthanâplantingânewâseedlings.
dISAdvAntAGeSMangosâgrowâandâproduceâinâmanyâtropicalâandâsubtropi-calâ climates,â althoughâ fruitâproductionâ isâ limitedâbyâwetâweatherâ duringâ theâ floweringâ andâ fruitingâ period.â In-consistentâyieldsâandâ fruitâqualityâ fromâseasonâtoâseasonâareâ alsoâ limitingâ characteristicsâofâmanyâmangoâvarieties.âTheseâ variationsâ areâpartlyâdueâ toâ theâ vigorousânatureâofâmanyâmangoâtypesâthatâtendâtoâgrowâleavesâandâvegetationâatâtheâexpenseâofâflowersâandâfruit.Fruitâproduction,âandâ(rarely)âtreeâgrowth,âcanâbeâseverelyâ
affectedâbyâaârangeâofâinsectâpestsâandâdiseases.âThese,âhow-ever,âcanâusuallyâbeâadequatelyâmanagedâinâcommercialâor-chards.â
PestsManyâinsectsâliveâinâandâfeedâonâmangoâtrees,âbutâonlyâaâfewâofâtheseâareâconsideredâmajorâpests.
ScaleâinsectsSeveralâ speciesâ ofâ scaleâ insectsâ areâ knownâ toâbeâpestsâ ofâmango,â includingâ Phenacaspis dilatata, P. cockerelli, Cero-plastrs rubens, and Aulacaspis tubercularis.âTheâinfestedâareasâturnâpaleâgreenâorâyellowâandâeventuallyâdie.âTheâ insectsâattackâallâpartsâofâtheâtreeâandâareâoftenâaâseriousâpestâinâtheânursery.â
TipâborersThereâareâtwoâmainâspeciesâofâtipâborers,âPenicillaria jocosa-trix and Chlumetia euthysticha.âTheâlarvaeâofâtheseâspeciesâboreâintoâandâkillâtheâyoungâdevelopingâflushes.âTheâpestâactivityâisâworstâduringâhot,âwet,âsummerâseasons.
Fruitâfliesâ(Dacus sp.,âStrumenta sp., Bactrocera dorsaila, andâPardalaspis sp.).â
Fruitâflyâspeciesâdifferâamongâregions.âAdultâfliesâlayâeggsâinânear-ripeâorâripeâfruit,âandâtheâlarvaeâtunnelâandâfeedâthroughoutâtheâflesh,âdestroyingâandâdecayingâit.
SeedâweevilTheâmangoâseedâweevilâ(Sternochetus mangiferae,âS. gra-vis)âboresâ intoâ theâ seedâearlyâ inâ theâdevelopmentâofâ theâfruit,âwithâ littleâorânoâdamageâtoâtheâedibleâ fruit.â Inâtheâseed,âtheâlarvaeâdestroyâtheâcotyledons,âthusâreducingâseedâgermination.âTheâpresenceâofâseedâweevilsâisâaâmajorâquar-antineâbarrierâforâtheâexportâofâmangoâtoâmanyâcountries.â
OtherâpestsOtherâinsectâandâmiteâpestsâofâmangoâincludeâfruitâspot-tingâbugsâ(Amblypelta lutescens,âA. nitida),âseedâcaterpillars,âplanthoppers,â flower-feedingâ caterpillarsâ (Geometridae,âLymantriidae,â Noctuidae,â Pyralidae,â andâTorticidaeâ fami-lies),â thripsâ (Selenothrips rubocinctus),â leafâminersâ (Acrocer-copsâ sp.),â fruitâ piercingâmothsâ (Othreisâ sp.),â termitesâ (Iso-petraâ sp.),âmitesâ (Eriophyes mangifera,âOligonychusâ coffeae),âandâcoccidsâ(Coccusâsp.).â
Diseases and disordersAârangeâofâ leaf,â fruit,â andâ soilâdiseasesâ canâaffectâmango,âmanyâ ofâ whichâ canâ beâ adequatelyâ controlledâ withâ goodâmanagementâ andâ judiciousâ useâ ofâ fungicidesâ andâ bacte-ricides.âDetailedâdiscussionsâofâindividualâdiseasesâcanâbeâ
Tree grafted in the field (topworked). The upper part of the trunk is painted white, and the new scion wood is grafted to the three slender shoots. photo:âI.âS.âE.âBally
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ďż˝
foundâinâtheâbooksâlistedâinâtheârecommendedâreadingâsec-tion.âAâbriefâdescriptionâofâtheâmajorâdiseasesâofâconcernâareâlistedâbelow.
AnthracnoseAnthracnoseâ (Colletotrichum gloeosporiodies)â isâ aâ seriousâfungalâ diseaseâ ofâ flowers,â fruit,â andâ leaves.â Atâ floweringâandâearlyâfruitâdevelopment,âanthracnoseâcausesâtheâflow-ersâandâyoungâfruitâtoâdevelopâblackâlesionsâandâbeâabortedâfromâ theâ inflorescence.âWetâ conditionsâduringâfloweringâpromoteâanthracnoseâdevelopment.âAfterâtheâfruitâreachesâapproximatelyâ4â cmâ (1.6â in)â inâdiameter,â theâ fruitâsânatu-ralâ defenseâ mechanismsâ protectâ itâ fromâ anthracnoseâ byâinducingâ theâ fungusâ intoâ aâ quiescentâ period.â Whenâ theâfruitâ softensâduringâ theâ ripeningâprocess,â theânaturalâde-fenseâ mechanismsâ breakâ down,â andâ latentâ infectionsâ ofâanthracnoseâdevelopâintoâblackâlesionsâthatârotâtheâwholeâfruitâinâdays.âPostharvestâanthracnoseâisâtheâmajorâreasonâforâlossesâofâmangosâduringâstorageâandâtransport.â
MangoâscabMangoâ scabâ (Elsinoe mangiferae)â isâ aâ fungalâ diseaseâ thatâaffectsâ leaves,â stems,â andâ youngâ fruit.âOnâ theâ stemsâ andâleaves,â scabâ lesionsâ formâ numerous,â slightlyâ raised,â gray,âovalâ toâ ellipticalâ lesions.â Inâ youngâ fruit,â black,â scabbyâ le-sionsâdevelopâthatâinâsevereâinfectionsâcanâcauseâtheâfruitâtoâdropâoff.âAsâtheâfruitsâgrow,âscarâtissueâdevelopsâaroundâtheâblackâlesions,âmakingâthemâunmarketableâdueâtoâblem-ishes.âTheâlesionsâdoânotâexpandâafterâharvest.âMangoâscabâisâmoreâprominentâinâwetterâregions.â
BacterialâblackâspotâBacterialâblackâspotâ(Xanthomonas campestrisâpv.âMangifer-aeindicae)âisâaâbacterialâdiseaseâofâtheâleavesâandâfruit.âTheâdiseaseâisâworseâinâwindyâareasâandâinâtreesâwithâlowâvigor.âTheâdiseaseâ isâ identifiedâonâ theâ leavesâbyâ raisedâblackâ le-sionsâwithâgreasyâmarginsâdelineatedâbyâ leafâ veins.âFruitâlesionsâ initiallyâ appearâ asâ small,â irregular,â water-soakedâspotsâaroundâlenticels.âLater,âlesionsâbecomeâraisedâwithâaâgreasyâappearance,âcracking,âandâoozingâbacteria-ladenâsap.âTheâdiseaseâisâspreadâinâwind-drivenâwaterâfromâlesionsâtoânaturalâopeningsâandâwoundsâonâtheâtree.
InternalâphysiologicalâdisordersSeveralâinternalâphysiologicalâdisordersâcanâaffectâtheâfleshâandâ eatingâ qualityâ ofâ mangos.â Someâ commonâ formsâ ofâtheseâdisordersâare
âjellyâ seedââprematureâ ripeningâ fromâ aroundâ theâseed
âsoftâ noseââprematureâ softeningâ ofâ theâ noseâ ofâ theâfruit
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âspongyâstemâendââbreakdownâofâtheâfleshâandâvascu-larâtissueâatâtheâstemâend
âinternalâ breakdownââprematureâ ripeningâ andâ cellu-larâbreakdownâofâtheâflesh.â
Symptomsâvaryâamongâvarietiesâofâmango,âbutâallâofâ theâaboveâdisordersâareâthoughtâtoâbeâassociatedâwithâlowâfruitâcalciumâlevels.
OtherâfruitâdiseasesAlternariaârotâ(Alternaria alternata)Powderyâmildewâ(Oidium mangiferaeâBerthet)âStemâendârotâ(Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Dothiorella
dominicana or Phomopsis mangiferae)Mangoâmalformationâ(Fusarium sp.)
Other disadvantagesTheâsapâthatâspurtsâandâoozesâfromâtheâfruitâandâpeduncleâwhenâharvestingâisâhighlyâcausticâandâtoxic.âContactâwithâhumanâskinâcanâcauseâsevereâdermatitis,ârash,âandâblister-ingâthatârequiresâmedicalâattention.âTheseâareâcommonâail-mentsâofâmangoâpickers.âSomeâpeopleâareâhypersensitiveâ,andâcontactâ throughâpicking,âpeeling,âorâeatingâaâmangoâcanâcauseâswellingâofâtheâlips,âthroat,âface,âandâotherâskin.âDuringâ harvesting,â anyâ sapâ thatâ contactsâ theâ fruitâ willâburnâtheâskin,âleavingâdark,âunattractive,âsunkenâblemishesâknownâasâ sapâburn.âCommercialâmangoâ farmersâgoâ toâ aâlotâofâeffortâtoâpreventâtheâsapâfromâcontactingâtheâfruitâorâcontaminatingâtheâwashâwaterâduringâtheâharvestâandâpackingâoperations.
Potential for invasiveness Mangoâ isâ notâ anâ aggressivelyâ invasiveâ species,â butâ someâwildâtreesâcanâbeâfoundâinânativeâforestâareasâsuitedâtoâtheirâgrowth.âTheâseedsâcanâbeâcarriedâbyâbirds,âbats,âandâotherâanimals.
AGroforeStrY/envIronmentAL PrActIceS
Cropâshade/overstoryMangosâdoânotâmakeâaâgoodâoverstoryâtreeâforâcroppingâshade-tolerantâspeciesâbecauseâtheirâdenseâcanopyâproduc-esâ100%âshade.
LivestockâshelterTheâdenseâcanopyâandâtoleranceâofâsoilâcompactionâmakeâtheâmangoâanâidealâtreeâforâshelteringâlivestockâfromâsunâandârain.âTreesâmustâbeâprotectedâfromâanimalsâuntilâtheâcanopyâisâhigherâthanâgrazingâheight.
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1ďż˝â Mangifera indicaâ(mango)â
HomegardensMangosâareâusedâasâshelterâandâshadeâtreesâinâvillagesâandâhomegardens.â Twoâ orâ threeâ treesâ makeâ anâ excellentâ ad-ditionâtoâtropicalâhomegardensâinâareasâfavorableâtoâfruitâproduction.
FenceâpostsMangoâwoodâisâsoftâandârotsârapidlyâwhenâexposedâtoâtheâelements,â soâ itâ isâ notâ suitableâ forâ fenceâ posts.â However,âmangosâhaveâbeenâusedâasâlivingâfenceâposts.
WindbreaksMangosâareâsometimesâusedâinâmixed-speciesâwindbreaks,âbutâtheirâdenseâcanopiesâcauseâwindâturbulence,âreducingâwindbreakâ effectiveness.â Fruitâ productionâ andâ qualityâ isâpoorâonâwind-exposedâtrees.â
SilvopastureMangosâgrowâwellâ inâpastures,âalthoughâcattleâwillâgrazeâoffâlowerâleaves.âItâisânecessaryâtoâfenceâoffâyoungâtreesâforâtheâfirstâ3â4âyearsâtoâprotectâthemâfromâlivestock.
Nativeâanimal/birdâfoodMangoâfruitsâareâaâfoodâsourceâforâmanyâbirds,âfruitâbats,âwildâpigs,âandârodents.â
uSeS And ProductSMangosâhaveâlongâbeenârecognizedâasâmoreâthanâjustâed-ibleâripeâfruit.âTheâedibleâusesâofâtheâfruitâincludeânon-ripeâ
fruit,âseed,âandâprocessedâproductsâsuchâasâachars,âchutneys,âpreserves,âetc.âTheâfruitâisâeatenâforâitsânutritionalâvalue,âitsâmedicinalâvalue,âandâforâ itsâpleasantâflavor.âTheâfruitâandâitsâ by-productsâ areâ usedâ forâ animalâ fodder,â andâ theâ tim-berâisâusedâforâcanoeâbuildingâandâmakingâcharcoal.âTodayâmangoâandâitsâflavorâareâaddedâtoâmanyâproducts,âsuchâasâfruitâjuices,âiceâcreams,âwines,âteas,âbreakfastâcereals,âmuesliâbars,âandâbiscuits.
FruitMangosâareâpredominantlyâgrownâforâtheirâfruit,âwhichâisâmostlyâeatenâripeâasâaâdessertâfruit.âMatureâgreenâmangosâareâalsoâeatenâfreshâorâasâpickles.âGreenâeatingâvarietiesâareâdistinguishedâfromâothersâbyâtheirâsweet,ânon-starchy,ânon-astringentâflavorâatâtheâgreen-matureâstageâofâfruitâdevel-opment.âMatureâgreenâeatingâmangosâareâeatenâinâseveralâwaysâthroughoutâtheâworld.âInâThailandâtheyâareâslicedâorâgratedâinâfreshâsalad,âpickledâ(maâmungâdong),âsoakedâinâwaterâandâsugarâ(maâmungâchaien),âsaltedâandâdriedâ(maâmungâkhem),âslicedâinâvinegarâorâfishâsauceâ(maâmungâplaâwaâarn),âorâeatenâasâaâcrunchyâfruit.âInâmanyâplaces,âe.g.,âSamoa,âtheâfruitsâareâeatenâgreenâbecauseâsomeoneâelseâwillâeatâthemâifâoneâwaitsâforâripeningâorâbecauseâfruitâflyâlar-vaeâareânotâyetâdeveloped.âFreshâmangosâareâprocessedâandâpreservedâ intoâ aâwideâ rangeâofâproductsâ includingâpulps,âjuices,âfrozenâslices,âdriedâslices,âpulpâ(fruitâleather),âchut-neys,âjams,âpickles,âcannedâinâsyrup,âandâslicedâinâbrine.âMangosâareâaâhighlyânutritiousâ fruitâ containingâcarbohy-drates,âproteins,âfats,âminerals,âandâvitamins,âinâparticularâvitaminâ Aâ (betaâ carotene),â B1,â B2,â andâ vitaminâ Câ (ascor-bicâacid).âAsâtheâfruitâripens,âconcentrationsâofâvitaminâCâdecreaseâandâglucose,âfructose,âandâsucroseâconcentrationsâincrease.â Mangosâ makeâ aâ significantâ seasonalâ contribu-tionâtoâdietâofâmanyâPacificâislandersâthatâprimarilyâhaveâaâstarch-basedâdiet.
Flavoring/spiceMangoâpureesâandâessencesâareâusedâtoâflavorâmanyâfoodâproductsâsuchâasâdrinks,âiceâcreams,âwines,âteas,âbreakfastâcereals,âmuesliâbars,âandâbiscuits.
Nut/seedInâpartsâofâIndiaâtheâseedâisâeatenâasâaâboiledâorâbakedâveg-etableâorâgroundâintoâaâstarchyâflour.
LeafâvegetableYoungâleaves,âstillâroseâorâbronzeâcolored,âcanâbeâboiledâtoârenderâthemâedible.âAlthoughâtheâcookedâleavesâholdâtheirâshapeâandâareâattractive,âtheirâresinousâflavorâisâanâacquiredâtaste.âSomeâvarietiesâ areâmoreâ suitableâ forâ eatingâ inâ thisâmannerâ (Martinâ etâ al.â 1998).âYoungâ leavesâofâ theâ relatedâ
Sap oozing from mango stem attachment is highly caustic. photo:âI.âS.âE.âBally
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ďż˝
speciesâ Mangifera pajangâ areâ eatenâ asâ vegeta-blesâinâSarawak.
Beverage/drink/teaAlcoholicâ beveragesâ madeâ fromâ mangosâ in-cludeâwinesâandâliquorsâmadeâinâAustraliaâandâIndia.â Specialtyâ teasâ areâ occasionallyâ flavoredâwithâfragrantâmangoâflowers.
MedicinalInâ additionâ toâmangoâsâ foodâ value,â itâ hasâ alsoâbeenâusedâforâitsâmedicinalâvalue.âInâSamoa,âaâbarkâinfusionâhasâbeenâaâtraditionalâremedyâforâmouthâinfectionsâinâchildrenâ(palaâgutu),âandâinâTonga,âinfusionsâofâleavesâofâmango,âtheâorangeâ(Citrus sinensis),â andâotherâ speciesâareâusedâ toâmakeâaâpotionâtoâtreatârelapseâsicknessâ(kita).Inâ India,â aâ drinkâ madeâ fromâ unripeâ mangoâfruitâ isâ usedâ asâ aâ remedyâ forâ exhaustionâ andâheatâstroke.âHalf-ripeâfruitâeatenâwithâsaltâandâhoneyâisâusedâforâaâtreatmentâofâgastro-intesti-nalâdisorders,âbiliousâdisorders,âbloodâdisorders,âandâscurvy.âRipeâmangosâareâaârichâsourceâofâvitaminâA,âandâareâusedâtoâ treatâ vitaminâ Aâ deficienciesâ suchâ asâ nightâ blindness.âDiabetesâhasâbeenâtreatedâwithâaâdrinkâmadeâfromâtheâin-fusionâofâ freshâmangoâ leaves.âDriedâmangoâseedâgroundâintoâ flourâ isâ usedâ toâ treatâ diarrhea.â Diarrheaâ andâ throatâdisordersâareâtreatedâbyâgarglingâbarkâextractsâmixedâwithâwater.âInâIndia,âfruitâsapâhasâbeenâusedâtoâtreatâtheâpainâofâbeeâ andâ scorpionâ stings.â Manyâ ofâ theâ traditionalâ Indianâmedicinalâ usesâ ofâ mangoâ involveâ eatingâ unripeâ fruit.â Itâshouldâbeânotedâthatâunripeâfruitâcontainsâaâlotâofâtheâtoxicâsapâ thatâwhenâeatenâ inâexcessâcanâcauseâ throatâ irritation,âindigestion,âdysentery,âandâcolic.â
AnimalâfodderLivestockâwillâgrazeâonâmangoâleavesâandâeatâfallenâfruit.âTheâ leavesâ canâ beâ toxicâ ifâ consumedâ inâ largeâ quantities.âSeedsâandâby-productsâofâprocessingâfruitâhaveâbeenâusedâtoâfeedâcattle,âpoultry,âandâpigs.â
HoneyMangoâ flowersâ areâ aâ richâ sourceâ ofâ nectarâ collectedâ byâhoneyâbees.
TimberMangoâtimberâwhenâproperlyâseasonedâhasâbeenâusedâinâfurniture,âforâcarving,âasâwallâandâfloorâpaneling,âandâuten-silâ manufacture.âTheâ timberâ isâ gray-brown,â oftenâ withâ aâpinkâtinge.âItâisâcoarse-texturedâhardwoodâthatâisâeasyâtoâworkâandâfinishesâwell.âTheâtimberâbreaksâdownârapidlyâifâexposedâtoâtheâelementsâwithoutâpreservationâtreatment.
FuelwoodMangoâwoodâmakesâexcellentâcharcoal.
Canoe/boat/raftâmakingInâFrenchâOceaniaâandâtheâCookâIslands,âmangoâwoodâisâusedâforâcanoeâconstruction.
Tannin/dyeAâyellowish-brownâdyeâusedâforâsilkâisâextractedâfromâtheâbark.â
urbAn And communItY foreStrY Mangosâ haveâ traditionallyâ beenâ grownâ asâ gardenâ andâcommunityâ treesâ inâmanyâcountries.âTheâtreesâareâprizedâprimarilyâforâtheirâdeliciousâfruit,âbutâalsoâvaluedâforâtheirâdarkâ greenâ foliageâ withâ itsâ periodicâ splashesâ ofâ newâ red-brownâleaves.âOtherâaspectsâsuchâasâfloodâandâdroughtâtol-eranceâandâaâdenseâspreadingâcanopyâthatâprovidesâshadeâandâshelterâforâhumansâandâanimals,âmakeâmangosâvaluedâgardenâtrees.âTraditionally,âmangosâhaveâalsoâbeenâgrownâasâshadeâtreesâinâstreetsâandâparks,âbutâtheirâhighâmainte-nanceâandâpublicânuisanceâhaveâbroughtâthemâintoâdisfavorâinâmanyâpublicâsituationsâinârecentâtimes.
SizeMangoâcanâreachâheightsâofâ15â30âmâ(50â100âft).âInâurbanâenvironmentsâcultivatedâtreesâareâusuallyâmaintainedâtoâaâheightâofâbetweenâ3âandâ10âmâ(10â33âft)âwhenâmature.â
Mangos make a wonderful addition to homegardens, such as here in Apia, Samoa where other popular homegarden trees include breadfruit, coconut, citrus, and vi (Spondias dulcis).âphoto:âC.âElEvItCh
1ďż˝â Mangifera indicaâ(mango)â
Rate of growthMangosâareâfast-growingâtrees,âoftenâgrowingâinâexcessâofâ1.5âmâ(5âft)âperâyearâwhenâwellâtendedâinâurbanâconditions.â
RootsMangoâ rootsâ areâ extensiveâ andâ buildâ upâ aroundâ waterâsourcesâsuchâasâleakingâpipesâandâwaterâspigots.âInâmatureâtrees,âmajorârootsâwillâcomeâtoâtheâsurfaceâandâmayâdisruptâlawnsâorâpavedâsurfacesâforâaâdistanceâfromâtheâtrunkâequalâtoâtheâspreadâofâtheâcanopy.âAsideâfromâtheâareaâunderâtheâcanopy,âthereâisâ littleâdangerâmangoârootsâwillâraiseâpave-mentâorâfoundations.â
Household usesTheâfruitâfromâtheâmangoâcanâbeâeatenâasâaâripeâfruitâorâprocessedâintoâaârangeâofâproductsâsuchâasâachars,âchutneys,âjams,âpulps,âjuices,âandâcannedâorâfrozen.âTheâunripeâgreenâfruitâ isâ commonlyâ eatenâ throughoutâ theâ Pacific,â pickedâfreshâasâaâsnackâorâdippedâinâsaltâorâsoyâsauce.âTheâgreenâfruitâisâalsoâcommonlyâpickled,âpeeled,âandâsliced.
Light requirementsMangosâpreferâfullâsun.âWhereâgrownâinâshadedâsituations,âtheâcanopyâbecomesâthinâandâweak.âFruitingâisâgreatlyâre-ducedâandâtheâfruitâloseâtheirâattractiveâblush.â
Water/soil requirementsMangosâgrowâinâmostâsoilâtypesâfromâheavyâclaysâtoâlightâsandsâbutâpreferâwellâdrainedâlighterâsoils.âMangosâareâgen-erallyâ tolerantâ ofâ manyâ harshâ soilâ conditions.â Overâ hard,âcompactedâsubsoilâorâsmoothâlavaâ(suchâasâpahoâehoâe)âthatâisâimpenetrableâbyâtheâroots,âtreesâmayâbecomeâunstableâinâhighâwinds,âbeâmoreâsubjectâtoâdrought,âandâgrowthâmayâbecomeâstunted.
Expected life span in a homegardenMangoâtreesâareâlong-livedâandâcanâbeâexpectedâtoâsurviveâasâmatureâtreesâforâoverâ100âyears.
Varieties favored for use in a homegardensThereâ areâ manyâ namedâ andâ unnamedâ mangoâ varietiesâgrownâ throughoutâ theâ Pacificâ islands.âTheâ mostâ suitableâvarietiesâtoâgrowâinâtheâhomegardenâisâaâmatterâofâpersonalâtasteâandâhowâtheâtreeâisâtoâbeâused.âSmallâorâdwarfâmangoâvarietiesâ areâ suitableâ forâ smallerâ gardensâ whereâ spaceâ isâlimited.âSomeâofâtheseâvarietiesâincludeââKeittâ,ââFairchildâ,ââRapozaâ,ââWillardâ,âandââIrwinâ.âLargerâmoreâvigorousâvari-etiesâareâsuitableâwhereâtheâtreesâareâtoâprovideâshadeâandâshelter.âSomeâofâtheseâvarietiesâinclude:ââHadenâ,ââKensing-tonâPrideâ,ââGouvieaâ,ââMapulehuâ,âandââAhâPingâ.âIfâthereâisâ
Nutritional value of 100 g fresh mango pulp. (Source: USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Re-lease 14 July 2001)
ConstituentAmountâinâ100âgâfreshâpulp
Water 81.7âgEnergy 65âkcalâ(272âkj)Protein 0.51âgFats 0.27âgCarbohydrates 17.00âgTotalâdietaryâfiber 1.8âgAsh 0.50âgMineralscalcium 10âmgiron 0.13âmgmagnesium 9.0âmgphosphorus 11âmgpotassium 156âmgsodium 2âmgzinc 0.04âmgcopper 0.11âmgmanganese 0.027âmgseleniumâ 0.6âmcgVitaminsvitaminâCâ(totalâascorbicâacid) 27.2âmgthiamine 0.056âmgriboflavin 0.57âmgniacin 0.584âmgpantothenicâacid 0.16âmgvitaminâB6 0.160âmgtotalâfolate 14âmcgvitaminâA,âIU 3894âIUvitaminâA,âRE 389âmcg_REâvitaminâE 1.120âmg_ATEâtocopherols,âalpha 1.12âmgLipidstotalâsaturatedâfattyâacids 0.066âgtotalâmonounsaturatedâfattyâacids 0.101âgtotalâpolyâunsaturatedâfattyâacids 0.051âgcholesterol 0.00âmgAmino acidsTryptophan 0.008âgThreonine 0.019âgIsoleucine 0.018âgLeucine 0.031âgLysine 0.041âgMethionine 0.005âgPhenylalanine 0.017âgTyrosine 0.01âgValine 0.026âgArginine 0.019âgHistidine 0.012âgAlanine 0.051âgAsparticâacid 0.042âgGlutamicâacid 0.06âgGlycine 0.021âgProline 0.018âgSerine 0.022âg
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â 1ďż˝
roomâforâmoreâthanâoneâmangoâtree,âtwoâorâmoreâvarietiesâwithâ differentâ bearingâ seasonsâ canâ beâ selectedâ toâ extendâtheâtimeâripeâfruitâisâavailable.
Seasonality of leaf flush, flowering, fruitingMangosâgenerallyâflowerâinâtheâcoolestâandâdriestâpartâofâtheâyearâandâtheâfruitsâdevelopâthroughâtheâspringâandâearlyâsummerâtoâripenâinâtheâhottestâpartâofâtheâyear.âLeafâflush-ingâ(periodicâgrowthâofânewâleaves)âcanâoccurâthroughoutâtheâyear,âbutâisâusuallyâconcentratedâinâtheâsummerâmonthsâafterâtheâfruitsâripenâandâoftenâcoincidesâwithâsummerârains.âMangosâshedâleavesâcontinuouslyâthroughoutâtheâyear,âbutâmostâofâtheâannualâleafâsheddingâoccursâimmediatelyâafterâeachânewâgrowthâflush.â
Ornamental valuesMangoâflowerâcolorsâdifferâamongâvarietiesâandârangeâfromâgreenâthroughâyellowâandâpinkâtoâdarkâred.âInflorescencesâ(flowerâstalks)âvaryâ inâ lengthâfromâ12â toâ50âcmâ(5â20â in).âTheâinflorescencesâareâusuallyâabundantâandâprovideâanâat-tractiveâcontrastâtoâtheâdark-greenâfoliage.âInâmanyâmangoâ
varietiesâtheâyoungâexpandingâleavesâareâaâdarkâchocolateâbrownâorâpurpleâcolorâthatâturnsâgraduallyâtoâdarkâgreenâasâtheâleavesâreachâfullâsizeâandâharden.â
Bird/bee/wildlifeMangoâ treesâ attractâ aâ rangeâ ofâ wildlifeâ (birds,â bats,â andâotherâ fruit-eatingâ creatures).â Duringâ theâ fruitingâ season,âfruitâbatsâ andâ fruit-eatingâbirdsâ areâ attractedâ toâ theâ tree.âBeesâvisitâtheâflowers,âbutâmostâpollinationâisâdoneâbyâflies.
Maintenance requirementsFertilizerâMangosâgrownâinâtheâhomegardenâgenerallyâdoânotâneedâregularâfertilizer;âhowever,âifâtheâfoliageâappearsâlightâgreenâorâyellowish,âitâcanâbeâgreenedâupâbyâtheâappli-cationâofâ0.5â2âkgâ(1.1â4.4âlb)âofâaâwellâbalancedâfertilizerâonceâorâtwiceâaâyear.Wateringâ Althoughâ mangosâ areâ ableâ toâ withstandâ peri-odicâdrought,âitâisâbestâtoâwaterâtheâtreesâduringâtheâdryerâmonths.âWateringâmangoâtreesâwhenâtheâflowersâandâfruitâareâonâtheâtreeâwillâ improveâtheâfruitâsetâandâsizeâofâtheâfruitâatâharvest.
A quick-bearing crop such as papaya can be grown between mango seedlings for the first few years, after which the mangos start filling the open space and begin bearing a fruit crop.âphoto:âC.âElEvItCh
ďż˝0â Mangifera indicaâ(mango)â
WHen to PIck mAnGoS
Theâmaximumâeatingâqualityâofâfreshâmangosâisâobtainedâwhenâtheâfruitsâareâharvestedâwhenâfullyâmature.âEarlyâorâimmatureâpickingâcanâreduceâeatingâquality.âNotâallâmaturityâindicatorsâareâusefulâonâallâvarieties.âSomeâusefulâmaturityâindicatorsâare
theâshouldersâandâbeakâofâtheâfruitâareâwellâfilledâout,âandâtheâskinâinâtheseâareasâtakesâonâaâsmoothâappearanceâtheâbackgroundâgreenâcoloringâofâtheâfruitâbeginsâtoâlightenâtheâ fruitâ pedicleâ (stem)â beginsâ toâ shrivelâ andâ isâ moreâ easilyâseparatedâfromâtheâfruitfleshâcolorâchangesâfromâwhiteâtoâaâuniformâpaleâyellow.
PickingâtheâfruitOnceâmature,âfruitâareâusuallyâpickedâasâmature,âhard,âgreenâfruitâandâthenâripenedâinâcratesâorâbaskets.âIfâtheâfruitâisâleftâtoâripenâonâtheâtree,âbirdsâandâbatsâusuallyâeatâtheâfruitâfirst.âCareâshouldâbeâtakenâtoâavoidâsapâcontactâonâtheâfruitâorâhumanâskinâduringâtheâpickingâoperation,âasâ itâ isâhighlyâcausticâandâwillâcauseâfruitâblemishesâandâburnâhumanâskin.âPickingâtheâfruitâwithâlongâstemsâ(>10âcm,â4âin)âandâde-stemmingâtheâfruitâafterâdippingâinâdetergentâwillâhelpâovercomeâsap-relatedâproblems.â
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PruningâIfâleftâunpruned,âmangosâcanâbecomeâveryâlargeâtreesâ (15â30âmâ[50â100â ft]).âPruningâ toâ limitâ treeâ sizeâorâprovideâ clearanceâ fromâ buildingsâ andâ roadsâ isâ commonâpracticeâandâusuallyâneedsâtoâbeâdoneâeveryâ1â2âyears.âPrun-ingâmayâalsoâbeânecessaryâtoâthinâtheâcanopyâandâremoveâanyâdeadâbranchesâinsideâtheâcanopy.âMangosâareâveryâtol-erantâ ofâ pruningâ andâ limbsâ ofâ anyâ sizeâ canâ beâ removed.âAfterâheavyâpruningâitâisâcommonâforâtreesâtoâflowerâandâcropâ poorlyâ theâ nextâ season,â withâ increasingâ harvestsâ inâfollowingâseasons.
DrawbacksMangosâareâconsideredâaâmessyâtreeâbecauseâtheyâtendâtoâcontinuouslyâdropâleavesâandâotherâmaterial.âAtâlateâflow-ering/earlyâfruitâset,âtheâtreeâdropsâtheâabortedâflowersâandâinflorescenceâbranchlets,âwhichâcanâstainâconcreteâorâcarsâparkedâ beneath.â Mangosâ naturallyâ thinâ theirâ fruitâ crop,âsheddingâ abortedâ fruitâ fromâ floweringâ untilâ fruitâ areâ al-mostâfullâsize.âTheseâfruitsâhaveâaâhighâsapâcontentâthatâcanâstainâconcrete,âkillâgrass,âandâstripâpaintâfromâcars.Mangoâ branchesâ areâ brittleâ andâ canâ breakâ duringâ heavyâwindâstormsâorâwithâheavyâcropâloads.âItâisâalsoâcommonâ
forâbranchesâtoâsnapâunderâtheâweightâofâaâper-sonâclimbingâtheâtreeâtoâpickâtheâfruit.â
Nuisance issuesFruitâ thatâ isâ allowedâ toâ ripenâ andâ fallâ toâ theâgroundâquicklyâbeginsâtoârot.âBecauseâtheyâareâsmellyâ asâ theyâ rot,â ripeâ fruitsâ attractâ verminâsuchâasârodentsâandâferalâpigs.âDecayingâfruitâkillsâ grassâ inâ patchesâ andâ clogsâ upâ mowingâequipment.â
HazardsMangoâtreesâinâurbanâspacesâsuchâasâcarâparks,âsportsâ fields,â andâ publicâ walkwaysâ canâ beâ aâproblemâduringâtheâfruitingâseason.âRipeâfruitâfallingâ fromâ treesâ isâ notâ onlyâ aâ hazardâ whenâfalling,âbutârottingâfruitsâonâtheâgroundâpresentâaâhazardâasâtheyâareâslipperyâifâsteppedâonâ(justâlikeâ bananaâ peels).âTheâ sapâ thatâ exudesâ fromâtheâ stemsâ ofâ fruitâ isâ highlyâ causticâ andâ toxic,âandâ contactâ withâ unprotectedâ skinâ canâ causeâsevereâ blisteringâ andâ rashesâ thatâ canâ requireâmedicalâ attention.â Skinâ andâ eyeâ protectionâshouldâbeâusedâwhenâpickingâtheâfruit.âInâhy-persensitiveâ people,â consumptionâ ofâ theâ fruitâcanâcauseâswellingâofâtheâlips,âthroat,âandâface.
Common pest problems Mangosâareâsusceptibleâtoâaârangeâofâpestsâandâ
diseasesâthatâaffectâtheâtreeâandâfruit.âInâgeneral,âtheâpestsâinâ gardenâ treesâ existâ atâ lowâ levelsâ inâ balanceâ withâ theirâpredatorsâandâdoânotârequireâanyâspecificâcontrolâmeasures.âForâsevereâpestâinfestations,âseeâtheââPestsââsectionâabove.
OtherAlongâwithâcoconutâandâbreadfruit,âmangoâ isâoneâofâ theâmostâcommonâhomegardenâfruitsâinâtheâPacific.âTheâpop-ularityâofâ theâmangoâcomesâ fromâ theâ almostâuniversally-lovedâfruit,âwhichâcanâbeâtooâcostlyâforâmostâhouseholdsâtoâpurchase.âAâmatureâtreeâofâaâselectedâvarietyâcanâreliablyâproduceâenoughâfruitâforâaâfamily,âwithâextraâtoâpreserveâinâvariousâwaysâorâshareâwithâfriendsâandâneighbors.âTheâshadeâandâshelterâprovidedâbyâtheâdense,âspreadingâcanopyâofâtheâmangoâhasâtraditionallyâbeenâaâfocalâpointâforâworkâandâsocialâgatheringsâinâtheâPacific.â
commercIAL ProductSCommercialâ mangoâ productionâ isâ carriedâ outâ inâ severalâ
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ďż˝1
Pacificânationsâ includingâHawaiâi,âFiji,â andâ theâSolomonâIslands.
Tree spacing Treeâ spacingâ isâgovernedâbyâ theâvarietyâandâclimate.âTra-ditionalâspacingsâwereâwideâ(upâtoâ12âxâ12âm,â70âtrees/ha;â40âxâ40âft,â28âtrees/ac)âasâtreesâwereâallowedâtoâgrowâtoâfullâsize.âInâmoreârecentâtimes,âtreeâspacingâhasâbeenâreducedâandâ treesâ areâmaintainedâ atâ smallerâ sizes.âThisâ facilitatesâpestâandâdiseaseâcontrolâandâharvestingâoperations.âSmallerâcompactâvarietiesâcanâbeâplantedâasâcloseâasâ7âxâ4âmâorâ375âtrees/haâ(23âxâ13âft,â152âtrees/ac).
Pruning Managedâorchardâtreesârequireâregularâannualâpruningâtoâmaintainâanâopenâcanopyâofâmanageableâsize.âThisâallowsâairâandâsunlightâtoâpenetrate,âwhichâreducesâpestsâandâdis-easesâ andâ enhancesâ internalâ fruitâ color.â Mangosâ canâ beâheavilyâprunedâwithâ littleâ effectâonâ treeâhealth,â althoughâheavyâpruningâmayâstimulateâexcessiveâvegetativeâgrowthâatâtheâexpenseâofâfloweringâandâfruiting.
IrrigationIrrigationâ duringâ theâfloweringâ andâ croppingâperiodâ canâgreatlyâincreaseâtheânumberâofâflowersâandâtheânumberâandâsizeâofâfruitsâatâharvest.
FertilizerAsâaârule,âmangosâdoânotârequireâlargeâamountsâofâfertilizer.âOverfertilizationâ canâ beâ detrimentalâ toâ yield,â promotingâexcessiveâvegetativeâvigorâatâtheâexpenseâofâfloweringâandâfruiting.âMangosâareâespeciallyâsensitiveâtoânitrogen,âwhichânotâonlyâpromotesâvigorâbutâalsoâreducesâfruitâcolorâatâhar-vestâandâreducesâtheâfruitsââtoleranceâofâpostharvestâdisease.âVariousâ fertilizerâ schedulesâ canâ beâ foundâ inâ theâ publica-tionsâlistedâinâtheâbibliographyâbelow.â
Crop manipulationManipulationâofâfloweringâ toâ increaseâ fruitâ setâ isâ aâ com-monâcommercialâpractice.âTwoâpopularâtreatmentsâareâtheâapplicationâofâpotassiumânitrateâ(KNO3)âorâpaclobutrazolâtoâ promoteâ flowering.â Potassiumâ nitrateâ worksâ onlyâ onâsomeâ varietiesâ inâ someâ climates.â Soilâ drenchesâ withâ pa-
Regular annual pruning to maintain an open canopy and control the size of the tree is necessary for commercial production. Pruning by climbing into the canopy is a common method for small growers. photo:âC.âElEvItCh
��â Mangifera indicaâ(mango)â
clobutrazolâ generallyâ increaseâ flowering,â encourageâ earlyâflowering,âandâreduceâvegetativeâvigorâ(useâofâpaclobutra-zolâ isâ subjectâ toâ registrationâ requirementsâ ofâ theâ chemi-cal,âwhichâmayâvaryâwithâcountries).âOtherâtechniquesâthatâhaveâ beenâ usedâ withâ variableâ resultsâ includeâ cincturing,âwhichâinvolvesâmakingâaâshallowâsawâcutâaroundâtheâtrunkâorâ limbâ toâ temporarilyâ ringâbarkâ itâ andâ restrictâ theâflowâofâcarbohydratesâdownâtheâlimb.âSmudgingâ(lightingâfiresâunderâtheâtreesâtoâsmokeâtheâcanopyâforâseveralâweeks)âwasâpopularâ inâ theâ Philippinesâ beforeâ potassiumâ nitrateâ be-cameâwidelyâused.âInâsomeâpartsâofâIndia,ârootâpruningâorâdisruptionâthroughâcultivationâorâexposureâtoâtheâairâwasâusedâasâaâflower-inducingâtreatment.â
HarvestingFruitsâ areâusuallyâharvestedâbyâhandâorâwithâ theâhelpâofâpickingâdevices.âTheâfruitsâareâhandledâgentlyâasâtheyâareâeasilyâdamagedâbyâabrasionâandâsapâcontamination.âCareâshouldâbeâ takenâtoâavoidâsapâcontactingâtheâ fruitâduringâtheâharvestingâandâpackingâoperations,âasâitâisâcausticâandâcausesâdark,âunsightlyâblemishesâonâtheâfruit.âSapâcanâalsoâburnâhumanâskin.âMangoâbranchesâareâbrittleâandâcanâsnapâwithoutâwarning.âThisâisâaâcommonâcauseâofâinjuryâtoâpeo-pleâclimbingâtreesâduringâharvest.
Postharvest careToâmaximizeâtheâstorageâlifeâofâmangos,âfruitsâareâgeneral-lyâdippedâinâhotâwaterâandâfungicidesâtoâslowâtheâdevelop-mentâofâpostharvestâfungalârots.âControlledâcoolâtempera-turesâareâalsoâessentialâifâfruitâqualityâisâtoâbeâmaintainedâduringâstorage.âTemperaturesâwillâvaryâdependingâonâtheâstageâofâfruitâripenessâandâvariety.âEthyleneâgassingâisâusedâtoâtriggerâevenâripeningâinâstoredâfruit.âSpecificâ detailedâ informationâ onâ theâ variousâ aspectsâ ofâcommercialâmangoâproductionâcanâbeâfoundâinâtheâpubli-cationsâlistedâinâtheâbibliographyâbelow.
InterPLAntInG/fArm APPLIcAtIonSMangoâisâoftenâusedâinâaâmixedâcroppingâorâinterpolatingâsituation.âWhenâmangoâtreesâareâyoung,âtheyâcanâbeâmixedâwithâsmallerâcropsâsuchâasâpapaya,âcoffee,âandâvegetables.âAsâtheâtreesâbecomeâlarger,âtheyâcastâheavyâshade,âandâtheirârootsâout-competeâsmallerâspecies.âMatureâmangosâcanâbeâsuccessfullyâ mixedâ withâ otherâ similarlyâ vigorousâ speciesâsuchâ asâ jackfruit,â avocado,â breadfruit,â coconut,â guava,â orârambutan.
PubLIc ASSIStAnce And AGroforeStrY eXtenSIonExtensionâofficesâ forâ agroforestryâ andâ forestryâ inâ theâPa-cific:â<http://www.traditionaltree.org/extension.html>.
GermPLASm reSourceSCollectionsâ ofâ mangoâ varietiesâ andâ relatedâ speciesâ areâmaintainedâ inâ manyâ tropicalâ andâ subtropicalâ countriesâonâmostâcontinents.âBecauseâofâtheâshortâstorageâviabilityâofâ theâ seed,â collectionsâareâheldâasâmatureâgrowingâ trees,âusuallyâmaintainedâbyâ researchâorganizationsâ involvedâ inâmangoâimprovementâinâtheâregion.âInâtheâPacific,âtheâma-jorâ collectionsâ areâheldâ inâHawaiâi,âAustralia,â andâFijiâ asâlistedâbelow.âCollectionsâofâMangiferaâfromâotherâpartsâofâtheâworldâareâlistedâinâtheâInternationalâPlantâGeneticâRe-sourcesâ Instituteâ (IPGRI)âwebâ siteâ <http://web.ipgri.cgiar.org/germplasm>.
Locations of major mango collections for the Pa-cific region
AustraliaQueenslandâDepartmentâofâPrimaryâIndustriesPOâBoxâ1054,âMareebaâQLDâ4880,âAustraliaE-mail:â[email protected]â
FijiBotanyâSection,âKoroniviaâResearchâStationPOâBoxâ77,âNausori,âFiji
PhilippinesInstituteâofâPlantâBreeding,âCollegeâofâAgriculture,âUPLBCollege,âLaguna,âPhilippinesE-mail:â[email protected]
United States including HawaiâiSubtropicalâHorticulturalâResearchâUnit,âNationalâ
GermplasmâRepositoryâMiami
contemPLAtInG GroWInG mAnGo commercIALLY?
Manyâ issuesâhaveâ toâbeâ consideredâwhenâembarkingâonâcommercialâmangoâproduction.âInâadditionâtoâtheâobviousâproduction-relatedâissuesâsuchâasâhow,âwhere,âandâwhatâtoâgrow,âthereâareâmarketing,âfinance,âlicense,âandâ regulatoryâ issuesâ thatâ needâ toâ beâ considered.â Aâgoodâplaceâtoâstartâisâbyâreadingâaâgoodâgrowingâandâproductionâhandbookâandâgettingâadviceâfromâanâad-visoryâservice.âSomeâofâ theseâareâ listedâatâ theâendâofâthisâpublication.
âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ��
13601âOldâCutlerâRoadMiami,âFLâ33158âUSAE-mail:â[email protected]
Internet QueenslandâDepartmentâofâPrimaryâindustriesâmangoâinfor-
mation:â <http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/thematiclists/1088.html>.
Generalâ cropâ information:â <http://www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/crops/I_mango.htmâ andâ http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/mango.html>.
Theâ Mango:â Asiaâsâ Kingâ ofâ Fruits.â (Douthett,â D.G.â 2000.âSouthernâ Illinoisâ Universityâ Carbondale):â <http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/mango.html>.
Mangoâvarietiesâsuitedâforâunripeâeating:â<http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/horticulture/5332.html>.
Graftingâ mangos:â <http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/horticul-ture/5328.html>.
Mangoâ cropâ productionâ questionsâ andâ answers:â <http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/horticulture/5240.html>.
Postharvestâ processing:â <http://www.ba.ars.usda.gov/hb66/contents.html>.
Anthracnose:â <http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/business/7318.html>.
Fruitsâinâtheâhomegarden:â<http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/busi-ness/8391.html>.
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âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâIslandâAgroforestryâ(www.traditionaltree.org)â ��
Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry (www.traditionaltree.org)
Mangifera indica (mango)Author:âIanâS.âE.âBally,âHorticultureâandâForestryâSciences,âQueenslandâDepartmentâofâPrimaryâIndustriesâandâFisheries,â28âPetersâStâ
(POâBoxâ1054),âMareeba,âQLD,â4880,âAustralia;âTel:â+61â(0)7â4048â4644;âFax:â+61â(0)7â40â923â593;âE-mail:â[email protected]:âTheâauthorâandâpublisherâthankâRichardâCampbell,âDaleâEvans,âHeidiâJohansen,âDianeâRagone,âandâArtâWhis-
tlerâforâtheirâinput.âRecommended citation:âBally,âI.S.E.â2006.âMangifera indicaâ (mango),âver.â3.1.âIn:âElevitch,âC.R.â(ed.).âSpeciesâProfilesâforâPacificâ
IslandâAgroforestry.âPermanentâAgricultureâResourcesâ(PAR),âHĹlualoa,âHawaiâi.â<http://www.traditionaltree.org>.Sponsors:âPublicationâwasâmadeâpossibleâbyâgenerousâsupportâofâtheâUnitedâStatesâDepartmentâofâAgricultureâWesternâRegionâSus-
tainableâAgricultureâResearchâandâEducationâ(USDA-WSARE)âProgram;âSPC/GTZâPacific-GermanâRegionalâForestryâProject;âUnitedâStatesâDepartmentâofâAgricultureâ(USDA)âNaturalâResourcesâConservationâServiceâ(NRCS);âUSDAâForestâServiceâFor-estâLandsâEnhancementâProgram;âStateâofâHawaiâiâDepartmentâofâLandâ&âNaturalâResourcesâDivisionâofâForestryâ&âWildlife;âKaulunani,âanâUrbanâForestryâProgramâofâtheâDLNRâDivisionâofâForestryâandâWildlifeâandâtheâUSDAâForestâService;âandâMurielâandâKentâLighter.âThisâmaterialâisâbasedâuponâworkâsupportedâbyâtheâCooperativeâStateâResearch,âEducation,âandâExtensionâSer-vice,âU.S.âDepartmentâofâAgriculture,âandâAgriculturalâExperimentâStation,âUtahâStateâUniversity,âunderâCooperativeâAgreementâ2002-47001-01327.
Series editor:âCraigâR.âElevitchPublisher:âPermanentâAgricultureâResourcesâ(PAR),âPOâBoxâ428,âHĹlualoa,âHawaiâiâ96725,âUSA;âTel:â808-324-4427;âFax:â808-324-
4129;âE-mail:â[email protected];âWeb:â<http://www.agroforestry.net>.âThisâinstitutionâisâanâequalâopportunityâprovider.Reproduction:âCopiesâofâthisâpublicationâcanâbeâdownloadedâfromâ<http://www.traditionaltree.org>.âThisâpublicationâmayâbeârepro-
ducedâforânoncommercialâeducationalâpurposesâonly,âwithâcreditâgivenâtoâtheâsource.âŠâ2006âPermanentâAgricultureâResources.âAllârightsâreserved.
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