Managing Pesticide Managing Pesticide Application in Variable Application in Variable
Weather ConditionsWeather ConditionsPaul JepsonPaul Jepson
Integrated Plant Protection CenterIntegrated Plant Protection CenterOregon State UniversityOregon State University
Presentation to EPA Region 10, Seattle, April 19th, 2006
Spray application presents Spray application presents a major challengea major challenge
Optimize spray quality for efficient Optimize spray quality for efficient applicationapplication
vsvsMinimize drift and off target Minimize drift and off target
contaminationcontamination
Pesticide utilization efficiency is poorPesticide utilization efficiency is poor(Graham-Bryce, 1977)
6.0%LocustsAerial swarm spray
Dieldrin
0.02%Capsids on Cocoa
Foliar sprayLindane
0.03%Aphids on field beans
Foliar sprayDimethoate
0.0015%Wheat bulb fly larvae
Seed treatmentDieldrin
0.000008%Aphids on sugar beet
Foliar sprayDemeton-S-methyl
Efficiency of Efficiency of utilizationutilization
TargetTargetApplication Application methodmethod
PesticidePesticide
Pesticides leave target sites by many pathways including driftPesticides leave target sites by many pathways including drift
The Hale centrifugal sprayer, capable of projecting spray upwards 30ft
The Hurst hang-on sprayer
Mist blowers and drift(Garman, 1953)
50 gals/min, 1mph, gives 11.2 gals per tree, at 20 ft tree spacing
Dormant spraying near Mill CreekDormant spraying near Mill Creek
Spray emerging above a 20ft high Spray emerging above a 20ft high mature tree canopymature tree canopy
Photo’s by Mike Omeg: http://www.wyeastrcd.org/ifpnet/photos.htm
Hood River Case Study: Hood River Case Study: BMPsBMPs• Eliminate OP application in sensitive areas
during pre-bloom period• Accurately calibrate sprayers to reduce
likelihood of over-application• Better direct spray application to tree foliage and
turn off outside nozzles at the ends of rows and at field edges to reduce drift
•• Options for modified sprayers or application Options for modified sprayers or application practices?practices?
Brian Nakamura, Kristen Kerwin (HRGSA), with OSU and multiple agencies and stakeholders
Application engineering
OSU, MCAREC
Nagarajan Ramalingam
Paul Jepson
Simple devices to restrict airflow
The Donut!The Donut!
What are the weather drivers of What are the weather drivers of drift?drift?
‘Rules of thumb’ approach from iSNAP education program
Neutral (mild breeze, >3 to <9mph) with considerable mixing of surface air), wind direction away from sensitive areas, cool and humid conditions
Optimum conditions
First: what are the best conditions to First: what are the best conditions to spray in?spray in?
As above, with high temperature and/or low humidity
Hazard
High wind or gusts (particularly > 9mph), towards sensitive areas
Caution
Wind Drift
Drift and weather conditionsDrift and weather conditions
Powerful thermals, with turbulence, and low humidity (<40 %), particularly at high temperatures (70-80F)
Sunny, generating thermals with slight eddies, and falling humidity
Thermal Drift
Drift and weather conditionsDrift and weather conditions
Cool, cloudless, stable conditions, with slight wind
Cool, stable air with low surface mixingInversion Drift
Drift and weather conditionsDrift and weather conditions
Application management to avoid Application management to avoid driftdrift
Opportunities for drift mapping, and validation of rules of thumb
General Drift Management GuidanceGeneral Drift Management Guidance
Plan ahead (NOW!) to protect sensitive sitesPlan ahead (NOW!) to protect sensitive sites
• Map each field, including areas to be protected
• Consider climate at the different times you spray (including wind direction)
• Site buffer zones to intercept possible drift, downwind from sprayed sites
• Invest in drift reduction technologies (DRT’s)
Farm maps identify Farm maps identify locations and directions of locations and directions of
sensitive sitessensitive sites
http://http://www.ocs.oregonstate.edu/index.htmlwww.ocs.oregonstate.edu/index.html
Portland
March-June
Olympia
March-June
Seasonal weather are available on state climatology web sites e.Seasonal weather are available on state climatology web sites e.g. g. wind roseswind roses
Wind Roses, Eugene, Jan-March
Direction of Direction of concern: Sconcern: S--NN
Wind Roses Eugene Apr-JuneDirections of concern: SDirections of concern: S--N & NN & N--S (April), S (April),
increasingly Nincreasingly N--S through JuneS through June
Wind Roses, Eugene, JulyWind Roses, Eugene, July--SeptSeptDirections of concern: NDirections of concern: N--S predominates, S predominates, but becoming more mixed by late summerbut becoming more mixed by late summer
Wind Roses, Eugene, OctWind Roses, Eugene, Oct--DecDec
Directions of Directions of concern: Nconcern: N--S and SS and S--N N with other southerlieswith other southerlies
Seasonal drift risk
•• Wind drift:Wind drift: Wind speeds > 9mph•• Thermal drift:Thermal drift: Temp > 70oF, RH <40%•• Inversion drift:Inversion drift: Stable air, (following cool,
cloudless nights in spring and fall)
Calendar ofCalendar of LOWLOW risk,risk, CAUTIONCAUTION andand HAZARDHAZARD for for wind, thermal and inversion drift, Eugenewind, thermal and inversion drift, Eugene
1111991313111199999988777710101212Proportion calmProportion calm
9479624339393838495458647380RH 4pmRH 4pm
898780656057636671788680RH 10amRH 10am
46526577778282828274746761565147Mean max tempMean max temp
1515141499131313131515141412121414181817171717Hazard (Prop. >10.5k)Hazard (Prop. >10.5k)
293326313437343433323128Caution (Prop. 6.5Caution (Prop. 6.5--10.5k)10.5k)
444451444139424644434242Low wind drift riskLow wind drift risk(Prop. <6.5 knots)(Prop. <6.5 knots)
877788878888Mean wind speed Mean wind speed
DDNNOOSSAAJJJJMMAAMMFFJJ
Seasonal drift riskSeasonal drift risk
•• Wind drift:Wind drift: Wind speeds > 9mph–– Risky conditions 60% of the time, all yearRisky conditions 60% of the time, all year
•• Thermal drift:Thermal drift: Temp > 70oF, RH <40%–– High risk after noon, June to SeptemberHigh risk after noon, June to September
•• Inversion drift:Inversion drift: Stable air, (following cool, cloudless nights in spring and fall)–– Risk 7Risk 7--12%, particularly October12%, particularly October--March March
(some summer inversions)(some summer inversions)
Opportunities for seasonal maps using historic data
General Drift Management GuidanceGeneral Drift Management Guidance
Develop a strategy for responding to marginal Develop a strategy for responding to marginal and hazardous conditionsand hazardous conditions
• Use weather forecasts
• Buy equipment to measure wind speed and direction, air temperature and humidity on spray days
• Spray less sensitive areas on marginal days, or only spray part of fields that are upwind of sensitive sites
• Use less hazardous materials, increased drop size, lower ground speed, lower air volume, in parts of field near sensitive sites
Weather forecasts for weekly Weather forecasts for weekly planningplanning
• Use NWS graphical forecasts to help manage application strategy
• http://www.weather.gov/forecasts/graphical/sectors/
• See weekly view
Graphical forecastsGraphical forecasts
Wind speed and direction Wind speed and direction
Thermal drift avoidance Thermal drift avoidance
Zones of caution and hazard for thermal drift
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Temperature
Rela
tive
hum
idity
Caution Hazard50 68 86
Degrees F
Buy a handBuy a hand--held unit for temperature, humidity, wind speed (hunting catalogheld unit for temperature, humidity, wind speed (hunting catalogs)s)
Oregon State University IPPC Oregon State University IPPC Online Programs: IPM Decision Online Programs: IPM Decision
Support ToolsSupport ToolsPaul Jepson & Leonard CoopPaul Jepson & Leonard Coop
Integrated Plant Protection CenterIntegrated Plant Protection CenterOregon State UniversityOregon State University
DegreeDegree--day calculator and models integrated with 6,300+ day calculator and models integrated with 6,300+ weather stationsweather stations
Len CoopLen Coop -- IPPC, Oregon State University IPPC, Oregon State University Christopher DalyChristopher Daly, Director, Spatial Climate Analysis Service, Oregon State , Director, Spatial Climate Analysis Service, Oregon State UniversityUniversityAlan FoxAlan Fox –– Foxweather, LCC Foxweather, LCC Gary Grove Gary Grove -- Washington State University Washington State University Doug GublerDoug Gubler –– University California University California Paul Jepson Paul Jepson –– Director, IPPC, Oregon State University Director, IPPC, Oregon State University Ken JohnsonKen Johnson –– Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University Walter MahaffeeWalter Mahaffee –– USDAUSDA--ARS ARS William PfenderWilliam Pfender –– USDAUSDA--ARS ARS Fran PierceFran Pierce -- Director, Center for Precision Agricultural Systems, WashingtonDirector, Center for Precision Agricultural Systems, WashingtonState UniversityState UniversityJoyce StrandJoyce Strand -- University of California University of California -- Information Systems Manager and Information Systems Manager and MeteorologistMeteorologistCarla S. Thomas Carla S. Thomas --National Plant Diagnostic Network, University California National Plant Diagnostic Network, University California
W IPMC Weather WorkgroupW IPMC Weather Workgroup
PRISM International Climate MappingPRISM International Climate Mapping
Western Canada
Pacific BasinChina
Taiwan
MongoliaEuropean Alps
Temperature, Rainfall, Humidity Maps: all maps are stateTemperature, Rainfall, Humidity Maps: all maps are state--ofof--thethe--art, and are used as the standard for evaluation of other art, and are used as the standard for evaluation of other
methodsmethods
Oregon Annual Precipitation
Mean Annual Precipitation, 1961-90
Full PRISM ModelMax ~ 3300 mm
Simple distance interpolationMax ~ 7900 mm
Daily Online DegreeDaily Online Degree--Day Maps: 48 contiguous statesDay Maps: 48 contiguous states
Now available nationNow available nation--wide wide e.g. 50 Degree threshold e.g. 50 Degree threshold –– Pennsylvania Jan. 1 Pennsylvania Jan. 1 –– June 13, 2005June 13, 2005
Model Runs0
10 0020 0030 0040 0050 006 00 070 0080 009 00 0
10 00 01100012000130001400015000
Calculator/model usage per year
199920002002200320042005 (est)
•Degree-day/Phenology Calc./Model Usage – PNWPEST.ORG •Example 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005-Oct24•================================================================================•Degree-Day Calculator generic 454 3219 6048 5162 7761 7599•codling moth [apple & pear] 83 1123 2019 2053 2428 1827•fire blight [apple & pear] 17 300 699 1115 778 560•
Hood River, OR Hood River, OR –– tree fruittree fruit1. 2 km resolution2. 100 m resolution3. 30 m res. - online DD
mapping tool
Prototype Products in Development 1. DPEP (Date of Phenological Event Prediction) maps
Site specific forecast models
GFS forecast model (up to 10 days) -> CALMET + MtnRTemps -> FL Leaf Wetness (orig. Kim et al. - Iowa
State) -> numerous plant disease risk models at ca 2 KM resolution
Fox weather
GFS_CALMET 12hr forecast surface wind plot valid 1800 UTC / 1000 PST 31 March 2006. Full barb=10 kt, half barb=5 kt, no barb=2.5 kt.
2.5km resolution weather forecasting (Fox Weather, RTP Environmental, Inc., IPPC)
Down-scaling wind from 60km-2.5km resolution
View small scale details in wind speed and direction
e.g. breeze flowing down mountain-sides, varying height of the mixing layer (April 1st, 1600PST)
GFS_CALMET 12hr Forecast of Mixing Height valid 1000 PST March 31, 2006.
Map of the topography of the mixing layer as solar heating breaks up a surface inversion
May be used with wind data to predict areas of concentration of aerosols, and elevations where aerosols will tend to be highest
GFS_CALMET 12hr Forecast of Pasquill-Gifford Stability Class valid 1000 PST 31 March 2006.
Stability of the lower atmosphere
Beginning to show detail in mountain or hill areas where surface heating begins to form thermals where there is warm upslope air flow
Forecasting opportunitiesForecasting opportunities
• Input high resolution forecasts to atmospheric dispersion models– Predict downwind concentration and
deposition rates of pesticide drift• Sites-specific pesticide drift management
guidance• Fox weather, RTP, IPPC, development of
drift management and forecasting tools