Making Making StrategyStrategy
War is an extension War is an extension of politics by other of politics by other means.means.
- - Carl von ClausewitzCarl von Clausewitz
Samples of BehaviorSamples of Behavior List, in order, the five steps of the
strategy process State how a nation determines its
national objectives ID external factors that influence
the strategy process Describe the terms “Shape,” “
Respond,” and “Prepare Now” in reference to the National Military Strategy
Making StrategyMaking StrategyNational ObjectivesGrand StrategyMilitary StrategyOperational StrategyBattlefield StrategyInfluences on the Strategy
Process
National ObjectivesThe fundamental aims, The fundamental aims,
goals, or purposes of a goals, or purposes of a nation, toward which a nation, toward which a policy is directed and policy is directed and efforts & resources are efforts & resources are applied.applied.
National Objectives
An extension of a state’s national interests
Vital – broad, overriding importance to the survival, safety and vitality of our nation State is not willing to compromisenot willing to compromise
on State is generally willing to go to willing to go to
war to protectwar to protect
National Objectives
Major (important) interests - these effect our National well-being
Halt flow of Haitian refugees NATO Operations in Bosnia/Kosovo
Assistance in East Timor
National Objectives
Peripheral (humanitarian and other) - our nation may act because our values demand it
Response to disasters Human rights violations De-mining Environmental protection
National Objectives
Interests are often intertwined•Vietnam?•Iraq? •Bosnia?•Kosovo?
Grand Strategy
Development & use of ALL Development & use of ALL National power instruments National power instruments and the coordination of these and the coordination of these instrumentsinstruments
InstrumentsInstruments of National of National powerpower PoliticalPolitical MilitaryMilitary EconomicEconomic InformationInformation
Grand StrategyGrand Strategy
PresidentPresident • Greatest influence on international Greatest influence on international
relationsrelationsCongressCongress
• Primary check on the PresidentPrimary check on the PresidentNational mediaNational mediaInterest groupsInterest groups
• Public opinionPublic opinion
Grand Strategy Grand Strategy PlayersPlayers
NATIONAL OBJECTIVESGrand Strategy
PoliticalStrategy
EconomicStrategy
Military Strategy
Military Strategy
The art and science of The art and science of coordinatingcoordinating thethe development, development, deployment,deployment, andand employment employment of of military forces to achieve national military forces to achieve national security objectives.security objectives.““SECDEFSECDEF Report to President and Report to President and
CongressCongress””National Military Strategy
Enhance our securityEnhance our security with effective with effective diplomacy and with military forces diplomacy and with military forces that are ready to fight and winthat are ready to fight and win
Bolster America'sBolster America's economic economic prosperityprosperity
Promote democracy and human Promote democracy and human rightsrights abroad. abroad.
National Military National Military Strategy*Strategy*
* National Military Strategy 1997 (CJCS)* National Military Strategy 1997 (CJCS)
Assure our allies and friends Assure our allies and friends Dissuade future military Dissuade future military
competitioncompetition Deter threats against U.S. interests, Deter threats against U.S. interests,
allies, and friends allies, and friends Decisively defeat any adversary if Decisively defeat any adversary if
deterrence failsdeterrence fails
National Military National Military Strategy*Strategy*
* National Security Strategy 2002* National Security Strategy 2002
Force management risk Force management risk Operational riskOperational riskFuture challenges riskFuture challenges riskInstitutional risk Institutional risk
National Military National Military StrategyStrategy
SECDEF Annual Report to the SECDEF Annual Report to the President/Congress 2002President/Congress 2002
NATIONAL OBJECTIVESGrand Strategy
PoliticalStrategy
EconomicStrategy
Military Strategy
OperationalStrategy
The art and science of The art and science of planningplanning, , orchestratingorchestrating, and , and directingdirecting military campaigns military campaigns within a theater of operationswithin a theater of operations to achieve National security to achieve National security objectives.objectives.
Operational Operational StrategyStrategy
Operational StrategyWhat does it do?
Links the Links the National levelNational level concerns concerns of military strategy with of military strategy with battlefieldbattlefield concerns of tactics concerns of tactics
Levels of operational strategyLevels of operational strategy Combined campaignsCombined campaigns Joint campaignsJoint campaigns Component campaignsComponent campaigns
Operational Strategy
Orchestration of Orchestration of all military all military effortsefforts in the theater in the theater
Goal is to Goal is to winwin the theater war the theater war Achieve the military objectiveAchieve the military objective Military objective contributes Military objective contributes
to the achievement of a to the achievement of a politicalpolitical objective objective
Operational Strategy
Campaigns must be appropriate Campaigns must be appropriate to the situation: Vietnamto the situation: Vietnam Linebacker II - 11 day bombing Linebacker II - 11 day bombing
campaign in Dec 1972 had a specific campaign in Dec 1972 had a specific politico-military objectivepolitico-military objective
Many victories but to little availMany victories but to little avail
Contrast American RevolutionContrast American Revolution Few victories but won Few victories but won
independenceindependence
NATIONAL OBJECTIVESGrand Strategy
PoliticalStrategy
EconomicStrategyMilitary
Strategy
OperationalStrategy
BattlefieldStrategy(tactics)
RESULTS
The art and science of The art and science of employing forces on employing forces on the battlefieldthe battlefield to to achieve National achieve National security objectives.security objectives.
Battlefield Battlefield Strategy Strategy (Tactics)(Tactics)
Battlefield Strategy (Tactics)
Very dynamic level of operationsVirtually impossible to talk about
in general termsnuclear waroperations other than warconventional warspace war information waramphibious assaultsdesert war the list goes on.....the list goes on.......
NATIONAL OBJECTIVESGrand Strategy
PoliticalStrategy
EconomicStrategyMilitary
Strategy
OperationalStrategy
BattlefieldStrategy(tactics)
threatdomestic politicsphysical environment economicstechnology
leadershipculture/societyinternational politicsgeographydoctrinefog, friction, chance
RESULTS
Influences on the Process
Who makes the decisionsWho makes the decisions Domestic politicsDomestic politics International politicsInternational politics
Fog, friction, chance Fog, friction, chance Doctrine Doctrine
The driving force behind our The driving force behind our operational and battlefield strategyoperational and battlefield strategy
MediaMediaReverse Flow Feedback SystemReverse Flow Feedback System
• National objectivesNational objectives drive the processdrive the process• An extension of vital National interestsAn extension of vital National interests
• Grand StrategyGrand Strategy incorporates and/or incorporates and/or coordinates all the instruments of National coordinates all the instruments of National powerpower
• Military StrategyMilitary Strategy supports National supports National objectivesobjectives• Must support higher strategyMust support higher strategy
• OperationalOperational and and Battlefield StrategyBattlefield Strategy must must be be flexibleflexible
• Several influences on the strategy processSeveral influences on the strategy process
Points to Remember...
Chances are you are going to Chances are you are going to meet people who do not meet people who do not understand their day-to-day understand their day-to-day missionmission
Making the connection Making the connection between day-to-day operations between day-to-day operations and national objectives is and national objectives is tough, but essentialtough, but essential
Make sure your people Make sure your people understand how their day-understand how their day-to-day mission relates to to-day mission relates to National Objectives.National Objectives.
Questions?Questions?