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Making Oral
Presentations
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How Do Oral Presentations Differfrom Written Forms of
Communication?
Two Key factors
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1 - There is no written record
• Usually there is no complete written record for
your audience to consult - you talk; they
(hopefully) listen.
• This means that simple, direct presentations
are best otherwise you risk losin! your
audience"s attention.
• #n other words, don"t $ust present to your
audience, but rather !uide them throu!h your
presentation.
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- !ou must "e the Centre of
#ttention
• %emember, you are deli&erin! your messa!e
in person, and in front of other people.
• This means that your messa!e will notsimply be what you are sayin!,
but how $ou are sayin! it.
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Factors to consider
'et us eamine each of the followin! in turnbecause they all ha&e an important bearin!
on the presentation.
• our &oice.• our use of eye contact.
• our positionin!.
• The use of body lan!ua!e.
• #n&ol&in! hand* face* whole body !estures.
• our o&erall appearance.
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Techni%ues associated with &oice
Clarit$
• +peak clearly. on"t slur words to!ether. Try to
make each word count.
• n!lish is a lan!ua!e that reuires the presenter to
pronounce all parts of the word, especially the
be!innin! and the end (clearly distin!uish between
/b0 and /p0, /&0 and /w0 and /d0 and /t0).
• Muttering o&er a slide, or not realisin! that you are
blockin! the pro$ection of the ima!e, is terri"le'
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(oudness
• 1ake sure you speak loud enough so that all ofyour audience can hear you, especially those at the
back of the room.
• This may reuire some practice (but # am not askin!
you to strain your &oice 22).
• #f you speak loudly and distinctly you &oice will
pro$ect much better. (3ut not if you look at your feet
or out the window instead of at the audience).
• 4nd of course, to pro$ect your &oice, you must open
your mouth. This is especially true when you
pronounce the letter /50.
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Monoton$ of )oice
n!lish is not a tonal lan!ua!e. ou can thususe tone for emphasis.
ou can use chan!e of tone (pitch),
chan!e of pace (speed),
chan!e of loudness (&olume), and e&enelon!ation
to a&oid a presentation bein! monotonous.
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*aining attention
4nd don0t for!et two additional, &ery important
components
• the +ause. ou don0t ha&e to talk all the time 6pausin! can be &ery effecti&e, especially in
drawin! attention to finishin! one point and
startin! another.
attention getting words,+hrases - 7elcome,
8ow, 'ook, 'et me be!in, 4ttention 2 &en 9ood
mornin!*afternoon* e&enin! can be used this way.
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+eed of +eaking
• The optimal rate for a research presentation, in
n!lish, is about :-< words per minute.
• .e careful 6 forei!ners tend to speak n!lish
much faster than nati&e people. (#t seems other
lan!ua!es are spoken at a faster rate). #t is 5K to
speak n!lish slowly (pro&ided it is done in an
affected way).• 5ften, oral presenters, who are ner&ous, talk too
fast. That makes it hard for the audience to follow.
• +low down, take it easy, be clear.
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&er"al *estures
7atch out you do not use ne!ati&e aspects when
speakin!.
The followin! can be &ery irritatin! (such epressionsoften comes about if your are ner&ous)
• /um,0 /er,0 /yeah,0 /uh,0 /you know,0 /5K0 and other
kinds of ner&ous &erbal habits.• (#nstead of sayin! =uh,= or =you know= etc. e&ery
three seconds, try not sayin! anythin! at all).
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/$e Contact
The audience wants you to look at them. Therefore,
look at the audience as much as +ossi"le.
.ut, don"t fi your attention on one indi&idual - it can
be intimidatin!. &en lookin! at a select, few
indi&iduals only can also be intimidatin! (and annoyin!to others, especially if these persons are in the front
row).
4nd whate&er you do, DO 0OT 6 >ace the display screen behind you and talk to it.
6 'ook at the computer screen and talk to that.
6 4nd, of course, readin! a script is forbidden 2
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Positioning
• ?osition yourself so that e&eryone can see all of
you. (The audience likes to see the person
speakin! and if you are !oin! to be better then a
tele&ision screen, it will be by your actions2)
• #f you cannot a&oid blockin! the screen, etc. forsome persons, then try to mo&e so that you are not
continually blockin! the screen for the same
audience members all the time.
• @owe&er, a&oid mo&in! about too much22. ?acin!
up and down can unner&e the audience, (althou!h
some animation is desirable as we will mention
later).
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.od$ (anguage
7hat is this A#ma!ine that that you are watchin! throu!h a window
as someone does a presentation to a !roup of people
in a room. ou can"t actually hear the presenter"s
&oice, but 6 he or she seems to be speakin! clearly,
6 is makin! eye contact with &arious people in the
room, 6 is emphasisin! points usin! appropriate !estures,
6 appears to be in command of the material, and
eudes enthusiasm.
7hat would be your reaction A
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.od$ language
#n contrast ima!ine that you are watchin!, under similar
circumstances, a second person !i&in! apresentation. This time, you notice that the
person 6 a&oids direct eye contact with their audience,
6 keeps their hands in their pockets or at theirsides,
6 shifts their wei!ht uncomfortably,
6 !enerally appears unenthusiastic about theirtopic.
@ow do you now reactA
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.od$ language
3ody lan!ua!e is important.
#t co&ers
• use of the hands
• use of the face
•use of the whole body• your enthusiasm, your ecitement, thefact you are en$oyin! the occasion.
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se of Hand *estures• ou can use your hands to emphasise points. 8ot only does it
draw the attention of the audience, but it can be &ery useful inaidin! clarification.
• 3ut don"t indul!e in a !rand display of hand wa&in!. This can be
distractin! - and a bit comical.
• Use the hands in different ways so that there is not one style.
• 3ut in !eneral, plan to keep your hands clasped to!ether or
holdin! on to the podium, cue cards, etc. and only occasionally
makin! some !esture.• 3e careful, presenters, o&er time, de&elop particularly habits.
7e all ha&e them. +ome can be irritatin!. Try to a&oid habitual
beha&iours usin! your hands (fumblin! chan!e in pocket, or
twirlin! the chair in front of you, for eample).
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se of Face *estures
o you think the audience will like it if
• you appear to be happyA• you are smilin! A
o you think the audience will notice if
• you appear tired A
• you are an!ry (at the audience or any person) A
• you are ner&ous A
>acial epressions can show most of these.
4 happy, smilin! face, showin! interest, in the audience is
important.
#)oid an e2+ressionless face 3who wants to see such a face4'
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se of Whole .od$ *estures
7hole body !estures co&er aspects such as 6
• your !eneral posture (how you stand),
• your use of action (body orientation),
• e&en aspects such as dance.
@ow do you stand - at attention, at ease, leanin! a!ainst
somethin!, sittin! on the ed!e of a table, (sittin! on a
chair 6 unlikely we hope) A
#n many cases, !estures are used to draw further
attention to yourself. 4nd often the more ea!!erated
they are, the more attention you !et.
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Dress
• our appearance is part of your (non-
&erbal) messa!e.
• ress appropriately.
• The 4mericans may like causal dress, butoften uropeans (and especially, # think
stonians, like a more formal style).
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se of Cue Cards
• To keep yourself on track, you can use cue cards with a
few key words, instead of a complete tet.
• 3ut remember, maintain eye contact with the audience.
• #f you use cue cards, try to read the cues while the
audience is focussin! on somethin!. >or eample,
6 a research uestion you ha&e displayed on thescreen,
6 a !raph you ha&e displayed on the screen,
6 a &erbal uestion you ha&e asked.
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.e enthusiastic
• #f you are likin! the situation and are en$oyin!
the presentation, the audience will sense this
and be happy also.
• 3e enthusiastic about your topic; but not
unnaturally so.
• Try to make you presentation somethin! special
6 it is different from all the other presentations.
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5okes
4re you !ood at tellin! $okes A
The recommendation is
• Unless you intentionally ha&e had eperience as
a stand-up comic, a&oid makin! $okes.
• The results can be disappointin!, and may
su!!est an unprofessional attitude.• 4lso $okes may not transcend different cultures
(can you follow n!lish $okes about the #rishA)
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Oral Presentations
7e can consider a ?resentation in B parts
<. ?reparin! the ?resentation.
B. eli&erin! the ?resentation.
7e ha&e said much about part B.
'et us look at the preparation part
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Presentation of Content
?reparin! an oral presentation often reuires the samekind of research as needed for a written report.
<. 9oals - 7hat content will help to con&ey the goal you ha&e
for your presentation A
B. 4udience - 7hat information to choose to a++ease $our
audience - particularly their attitudes, interests, biases, and
pre$udices about the topic.
C. Do&era!e - 7hat do you need to co)er A
E. ffecti&eness - 3ecause listenin! is more difficult than
readin!, how to make the narrati&e 3stories4 particularly
effecti)e to retain the attention of your listeners A
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6uestions to anal$se audiences
<. @ow much do my audience know about the sub$ectA
B. @ow much do they know about meA
C. 7hat do they epect from meA
E. @ow interested will they be in what # sayAF. 7hat is their attitude towards meA
G. 7hat is their attitude towards my sub$ectA
H. 7hat is their a!e !roupA
:. 7hat is their educational back!roundA
I. 7hat positions do their occupy A
<. 7hat is their cultural*ethnic back!roundA
<<. 7hat kinds of cultural biases will they likely ha&etowards me and my topicA
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Comments on the %uestions for
anal$sing audiences
• #n &iewin! this list, you will note the pre&alence
of uestions on attitude--the audience"s attitude
toward you as well as the sub$ect. +ome
attitudes will matter more than others (dependsto the situation).
• The uestions are important, since you need to
know, "efore you be!in plannin! your
presentation, whether your audience will
consider you trustworthy and credible.
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How to a++roach +lanning
for the +resentation
Talks will differ from writin! papers, creatin! posterpapers, or writin! reports.
The ma$or difference is that the oral presentationneeds to be more repetiti&e.
The standard ad&ice !oes like this
• Tell 7em what $ou7re going to tell 7em'
• Then tell 7em'
•#nd then8 tell 7em what $ou told 7em'
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Presentation of ideas
3ased on your purpose, in what order should youpresent your ideasA This seuence needs to be
simple and easy to follow.
#t is usual follows the seuence 6 introduction, main
body, summary (conclusion).
ou will de&elop this if you di&ide your presentation
(a) an introduction 6 tell /em what you are !oin! to tell/em,
(b) the main body 6 tell /em, and
(c) the conclusion 6 tell /em what you ha&e told /em.
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The 9ntroduction
(tellin! /em what you are !oin! to tell /em)
The presentation should be or!aniJed in a manner
similar to your report e.!.
• The introduction should clearly tell the audiencewhat the presentation will co&er so that the
audience is prepared for what is to come.
6 #n plannin! your introduction, be sure that you state
your !oal(s) for the presentation near the be!innin!.
6 &en if you start with some type of anecdote, or
uestion to interest your audience, state the !oal(s) of
your presentation ne2t.
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The .od$ of the Presentation
• The "od$ should de&elop each point pre&iewed in your
introduction, in the same seuence.
• Thus, in desi!nin! the body of the presentation, you
de&elop what you want to say about each of these mainpoints or ideas as clearly and succinctly as you can.
• 4n important point, howe&er, is to demarcate (separate),
each point in the presentation as you come to it. #n this
way, your audience knows when you ha&e completedone point and be!un another.
• (How might you do this ?)
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.od$ of the Presentation 3contd4
:esults
The :esults should be a clear and concise (you will probably
present these &isually).
@owe&er, don"t make the mistake of showin! a fi!ure or !raph
and then sayin!, =This is what we !ot.= and then sittin! down
and sayin! nothin! else.
'ead the audience throu!h the &isual.
Discussion
The Discussion will be your interpretation of your results, such
as whether the data support your hypotheses.
This part is particularly important as it presents your &ery own
thinkin!.
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The Conclusion
• The conclusion should reiterate the ideaspresented and reinforce the purpose of the
presentation.
• #t is the tell /em what you ha&e told /em andusually answers the uestion =so whatA=
• #t a minimum, you should restate the main issues you
want your audience to remember, but do so in a concise
way.
• o not make the conclusion lon!; it is $ust enou!h to lea&e
the audience with a positi&e feelin! about you and your
ideas.
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Timing and Co)erage
• The presentation should last no more than <F-B minutes,
since there must be time for uestions and discussion with therest of the class afterward.
• #n preparin! the main body of your presentation, you may find
it helpful to keep the followin! uestions in mind
<. 7ill you con&ey why you did your researchA
B. 7ill you clearly state the uestion(s) you are tryin! to answerA
C. 7ill you clearly present what you did to try and answer your
uestion(s) AE. 7ill you offer eplanations*comments on your results*findin!s,
especially any inconsistent or unepected results*findin!sA
F. 7ill you eplain what your data meansA 7ill you present answers to
the uestion(s) from number B abo&eA
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Pre+aring at the time of the
#ctual Deli)er$ of $ourPresentation
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The Moment of Truth
• +o you are sittin! there, about to be introduced.
8ow whatA
<. %ela. Take se&eral deep breaths as you arebein! introduced (but don"t si!h2). isualiJe your
rehearsed openin! statement; don"t impro&ise at
the last moment.
B. 4s said earlier, state your ob$ecti&es at the start
of your talk, then restate them a!ain at the end
of the talk. #n between, discuss how your
material relates to these ob$ecti&es.
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!our Presentation
• 0e)er read from a script.
• ou should know most of what you want to say - if you
don"t, then you should not be !i&in! the talk2
• ou can prepare cue cards which ha&e key words
and phrases (and possibly sketches) on them.
?ostcards are ideal for this. Don7t forget to num"erthe cards in case you drop them.
• %ehearse your presentation - to yourself at first and
then in front of some collea!ues.
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:emem"er
• +tick to the plan for the presentation, don"t be temptedto di!ress 6 you will use up much of your time 2
• 4s a rule of thumb, allow B minutes for eachpowerpoint slide, but lon!er if you want to use it forde&elopin! specific points.
• 8ote, the audience will !et bored with somethin! onthe screen for more than F minutes (especially if youare not acti&ely talkin! about it). +witch off or co&er
the display.
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#t the end of the Presentation
• 4t the end of your presentation ask for uestions
6 but a&oid bein! abrupt when you do this.
(The an!er - the audience may find it
intimidatin! as it may come across as if you aresayin! Lany questions? - if there are, it shows
you were not paying attention” !!!).
• #f uestions are slow in comin!, you can startthin!s off by askin! a uestion of the audience -
so ha&e one prepared 222
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Confidence
The audience wants to know you are confident. They willfeel more relaed themsel&es.
How will $ou con)e$ that confidence?
• ou can be!in by followin! the usual points 6 don"t fid!et (mo&e ner&ously for no reason)
6 look at your audience (not at your o&erhead slide 6
this is so important we will return to this point later)
6 don"t hold papers that rustle, or click a pen, or ha&e
coins in your pocket which you can clink.
6 don"t read $our talk. (#f you try to do this in our
presentation sessions, you will be stopped 22)
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+eaking Techni%ues
• Don't oer run. +horten your talk by remo&in! details,
concepts, and information, not by eliminatin! words.
• #f it becomes absolutely essential to supply details,
supplement your presentation with a handout. 1ake about<M more handouts than you think you"ll need. #nclude your
e-mail contact.
• 4lways lea&e time for a few uestions at the end of the talk.
• %emember that there is no point in !i&in! a presentation, if
the audience isn"t listenin!. ou should make a bi! effort to
help them to be interested in what you ha&e to say.
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The 6uestion-to-#nswer lide'
• This is the slide that follows your conclusionsand remains in the back!round as you answer
uestions from the audience.
• 9 suggest $ou #)oid;
6 turnin! off the pro$ector (you may need it and ha&e to
turn it on a!ain - and wait while it warms up).
6 pro$ectin! a blank white (daJJlin!) or blank black (toodark) slide.
6 lea&in! your conclusion slide in place as you answer
uestions - $ust not as interestin! or as pro&ocati&e as
the strate!y su!!ested abo&e.
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Handling 6uestions
• our presentation doesn"t end once you"&e
finished what you ha&e to say. The uestion
period often is the part of the talk which influences
the audience the most. 4fter all, you"&e had timeto practice the rest of the talk.
• This is the part of the presentation where your
ability to interact with the audience will be
e&aluated.
• +ince you can"t always predict what you will be
asked, how can you prepare for the uestionin!A
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ome #nswering *uidelines
<. %epeat each uestion so the entire audience
knows what you"&e been asked.
B. 3efore you answer, take a moment to reflect on
the uestion. 3y not rushin! to !i&e an answer,you show a de!ree of respect for the uestioner,
and you !i&e yourself time to be sure you are
answerin! the uestion that actually was asked.
C #f you are unsure of the uestion, try to restate it,
(and then check you ha&e it correct), or don0t
for!et you can ask for a clarification of the
meanin!.
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#nswering %uestions
E. 7ait for the uestioner to finish askin! the uestion beforeyou be!in your answer2
The eception to this comes when it is necessary to break inon a &a!ue, ramblin!, or unnecessarily lon! uestion
(usually because it is more of a comment than a uestion)
• @ere we remember - this is $our +resentation and you
ha&e only a limited time.
• @owe&er, it is important that you break in tactfully. +ay
somethin! like =+o, are you askin! ....A= This will focus the
uestion and !i&e you a place to be!in an answer.
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#nswering %uestions
F. #f a uestion is asked durin! the talk, and it will clarify
an ambi!uity, answer it immediately.
G. 5n the other hand, postpone uestions aimed at
resol&in! specific problems (or arcane knowled!e) until
the end of the talk, or in pri&ate discussions.
• This is particularly important if the answer will distract
either you, or the audience away from the flow of yourpresentation.
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#nswering %uestions
H. 4&oid prolon!ed discussions with one person,etended answers, and especially ar!uments.
:. #f you can"t answer a uestion, $ust say so.
on"t apolo!ise (althou!h it is 5K to say 6 # amsorry, # cannot answer that).
ou then may
• 5ffer to research an answer, then !et back tothe uestioner later.
• +u!!est resources which would help theuestioner to address the uestion themsel&es.
• 4sk for su!!estions from the audience.
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#nswering %uestions
I. >inish your answer by askin! the person who asked theuestion - whether or not you answered the uestionsufficiently for them.
• This approach is a way in which you can acknowled!e and
thank the uestioner; it lets the rest of the audience feelcomfortable askin! uestions (because it shows you are!enuinely interested in addressin! audience issues, not $ustin lecturin! to them), and it !i&es you a chance to more fullyanswer the uestion if your first effort was not uite on
tar!et.• #f the uestioner says you didn"t answer it and you belie&e
you did, either ask them to clarity the uestion, or su!!estthat the two of you !o into more detail at a break or after thepresentation.
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sing +ointers,monitors
• ?ointers are best used by flashin! the pointer on and off, sothat the place you are indicatin! is illuminated briefly.
• on"t swirl the pointer around and around one place on the
pro$ection screen, or sweep it from place to place across the
screen.
• This is &ery distractin! for the audience, and they will end up
watchin! the pointer and not listenin! to what you are sayin!.
• 'ikewise, and for the same reasons, a&oid usin! the cursor asthe pointer in your computer presentations.
• #f you find yourself pointin! to the monitor, power-off or disable
the monitor to force yourself to concentrate on the pro$ection
screen2
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.e Pre+ared
3e prepared for interruptions (late arri&als, cell phones or
pa!ers, burned out pro$ector bulbs, fire drills, et.).
#f you must turn down the room li!hts, don"t turn them off
entirely.
on"t lea&e the li!hts down any lon!er than necessary -remember to turn them back up2 5f course, the snores from
the sleepin! audience may remind you to turn the li!hts back
on if you"&e for!otten.
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Other #s+ects
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Hand-Outs
Try not to pro&ide the audience with handout
materials before you be!in.
To do so encoura!es your audience to read rather
than listen.
#f you must pro&ide written material, be sure the
material is coordinated with your presentation.
That way, you ha&e a better chance of keepin!
your audience"s attention on what you are sayin!.
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&isual #ids
• isual aids si!nificantly impro&e theinterest of a presentation. @owe&er, they
must be rele&ant to what you want to say.
4 careless desi!n, or a poor slide can
simply !et in the way of the presentation.
• 7hat you use depends on the type of talkyou are !i&in!.
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sing lides
• 1ake sure you know in ad&ance how to operate the
euipment and also when you want particular displays to
appear. +ometimes a technician will operate the
euipment.
• 4rran!e beforehand, what is to happen and when and
what si!nals you will use. dit your slides as carefully as
your talk - if a slide is superfluous then lea&e it out. #f you
need to use a slide twice, duplicate it.
• 4nd always check your slides - for typo!raphical errors,
consistency of fonts and layout.
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se of lides
Try to limit words per slide. Use a reasonable siJe font and a
typeface which will enlar!e well. Typically use a minimum
of<:pt Times %oman on 5@?s, and preferably lar!er.
4 !uideline is if you can read the 5@? from a distance of Bmetres (without pro$ection) then it"s probably 5K.
4&oid usin! a dia!ram prepared for a technical report in your
talk. #t will be too detailed and difficult to read.
Use colour on your slides, but a&oid oran!e and yellow whichdo not show up &ery well when pro$ected. >or tet only, white or
yellow on blue is pleasant to look at and easy to read.
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*uidelines for using )isual aids;
What type of visual aids should I use?
• ou can use drawin!s, !raphs, props and ob$ects, a blackboard
with an outline, charts, demonstrations, pictures, statistics,
cartoons, photo!raphs, maps, etc.• Use anythin! that will help people + what you 1482
How do I design effective visual aids? • 3ecause your &isual aids will be seen while the audience is
listenin! to you, you will need to be sure that all &isuals are as
simple as possible and easy to read.
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sing m$ )isual aids effecti)el$
• 3e!in your presentation with no aids, as you want your
audience to be listenin! to you, not lookin! at props,
specimens, or other &isual aids (or ha&e the title only).
• ?resent the aid at the appropriate point in yourpresentation.. ?resent the aid; !i&e your audience a few
seconds to comprehend it, and then comment on the aid.
• Turn off*block the pro$ector lamp between slides. o not
be!in talkin! about another topic while a slide, depictin! apast topic, is still showin!.
• %emember people cannot see and listen at the same time.
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The #cknowledgements slide'
This is an important slide2 3ut a&oid readin! a list of names and
a!encies as this
• takes time
• may !i&e the appearance of "name droppin!" no one will
remember names of people they don"t know anyway
Donsider usin! a colla!e of photos of your collaborators in theirnatural settin!s for this purpose 4t a crowded conference a
collaborator is more likely to be reco!niJed in the hallway or at a
restaurant if your audience has seen his or her photo durin! your
talk.
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elf #ssessment Checklist
id you introduce yourself to your audience A es 8o
id you aim to arouse the interest of youraudience A
es 8o
id you be!in with a clear introduction of yourtopic with an o&er&iew of what you will co&er A
es 8o
7ere your ideas presented clearly with alo!ical flow from one point to the net A
es 8o
id you conclude by summin! up what youhad said A
es 8o
7ere your &isual aids presented clearly A es 8o
id you ha&e !ood control o&er your material with es 8o
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id you ha&e !ood control o&er your material withe&erythin! in the correct order
es 8o
id you present the ri!ht amount of facts and
fi!uresA Dould your audience understand them A
es 8o
id you a&oid readin! too much from your cues A es 8o
id you look comfortable and relaed A es 8o
id you display any ner&ous !estures, such ashand wa&in! or pen clickin! A
es 8o
id you look and sound interestin! and
enthusiastic A
es 8o
id you !et your timin! ri!ht A 7as it too lon!AToo short A
es 8o
id you pro&ide hand-outs for the audienceA es 8o
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id you take up a !ood position(s) durin! yourpresentation A
es 8o
7as your &oice loud enou!h to be heard clearlyby all A
es 8o
id you speak too uickly A es 8o
id you look at, and speak to, the audience A es 8o
7ere there any words you had difficulty inpronouncin! A
es 8o
id you allow time for uestions and in&ite theaudience to make commentsA
es 8o
O l P t ti
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Oral Presentations
7e can consider a ?resentation in B parts
<. ?reparin! the ?resentation.
B. eli&erin! the ?resentation.
7e ha&e said much about part B.
'et us look at the preparation part
How to a++roach +lanning
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How to a++roach +lanning
for the oral +resentation
Talks will differ from writin! papers, creatin! posterpapers, or writin! reports.
The ma$or difference is that the oral presentationneeds to be more repetiti&e.
The standard ad&ice !oes like this
• Tell 7em what $ou7re going to tell 7em'
• Then tell 7em'
• #nd then8 tell 7em what $ou told 7em'
P t ti f id
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Presentation of ideas
3ased on your purpose, in what order should you
present your ideasA This seuence needs to be
simple and easy to follow.
#t is usual follows the seuence 6 introduction, main
body, summary (conclusion).
ou will de&elop this if you di&ide your presentation
(a) an introduction 6 tell /em what you are !oin! to
tell /em,
(b) the main body 6 tell /em, and
(c) the conclusion 6 tell /em what you ha&e told /em.
The 9ntroduction
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The 9ntroduction
(tellin! /em what you are !oin! to tell /em)
The presentation should be or!aniJed in a manner
similar to your report e.!.
• The introduction should clearly tell the audiencewhat the presentation will co&er so that the
audience is prepared for what is to come.
6 #n plannin! your introduction, be sure that you state
your !oal(s) for the presentation near the be!innin!.
6 &en if you start with some type of anecdote, or
uestion to interest your audience, state the !oal(s) of
your presentation ne2t.
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The .od$ of the Presentation
• The "od$ should de&elop each point pre&iewedin your introduction, in the same seuence.
• Thus, in desi!nin! the body of the presentation,
you de&elop what you want to say about each ofthese main points or ideas as clearly andsuccinctly as you can.
• 4n important point, howe&er, is to demarcate(separate), each point in the presentation as youcome to it. #n this way, your audience knowswhen you ha&e completed one point and be!un
another. (How might you do this ?)
. d f th P t ti 3 td4
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.od$ of the Presentation 3contd4
:esults
The :esults should be a clear and concise (you will probably
present these &isually).
@owe&er, don"t make the mistake of showin! a fi!ure or !raph
and then sayin!, =This is what we !ot.= and then sittin! down
and sayin! nothin! else. 'ead the audience throu!h the&isual.
Discussion
The Discussion will be your interpretation of your results, suchas whether the data support your hypotheses.
This part is particularly important as it presents your &ery own
thinkin!.
Th C l i
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The Conclusion
• The conclusion should reiterate the ideas
presented and reinforce the purpose of the
presentation.
• #t is the tell /em what you ha&e told /em and
usually answers the uestion =so whatA=
• #t a minimum, you should restate the main issues you
want your audience to remember, but do so in a conciseway.
• o not make the conclusion lon!; it is $ust enou!h to lea&e
the audience with a positi&e feelin! about you and your
ideas.
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Finall$
n$oy yourself.
The audience will be on your side and want
to hear what you ha&e to say2
+ay it with a+mile
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