“Development of a New Nation”
1. Articles of Confederation are authorized
in June of 1776 by the Second Continental
Congress and ratified in 1781. These articles
gave individual states much power
(sovereignty).
Major Powers/Limits of the Articles:
o International Diplomacy
o Printing Money
o Resolving controversies between States
o Coordinating War
o 9 out of 13 States vote to create law
o Unanimous vote to change the Articles
o ONE state; ONE vote
o Unicameral (one group) Congress
o NO POWER TO TAXThis is colonial
money printed
during the reign
of the Articles….
State Sovereignty
Former Colonies Term that means The Articles of
Confederation was the
functioning
government of the
United States from
March 1, 1781 until
March 4, 1789 (it’s the
government between
the Second Continental
Congress & the
Constitution).
of the Articles….
It is called a
“continental.”
are known as
State/s; a State is
part of a larger
group… a nation.
Term that means
individual
freedom/s or the
power to VOTE.
Why was this Government not granted
the power to TAX the States? If the
Government can’t tax how will it raise
revenue ($) to pay for running the
nation?
School House Rock: Preamble
Northwest Territory was developed from
the Northwest Ordinance of 1787; It was
an effort to raise revenue for the
Government.
6 5 4 3 2 1
7 8 9 10 11 12
18 17 16 15 14 13
19 20 21 22 23 24
30 29 28 27 26 25
31 32 33 34 35 36
Section 16
was reserved
for Public
Schools
⅟4 Section
160 Acres
⅟16 40
Acres
⅟8 section
80 Acres
Half Section
320 Acres
One Mile
One
Mile
Six Miles
Six
Miles
The Northwest Territory was
organized into 6 Mile X 6 Mile
squares which were then further
divided up as the chart/s to the
right demonstrates. These
sections of land were then sold.
Daniel Shays on horseback leading
the protesters at Springfield, MA on
Tues. Sept. 26, 1786
Shays’ Rebellion on Jan. 25, 1787 was an attempt to take over the Arsenal in Springfield, MA.
2. Problems in the states,
such as paper $ outlawed
(because it was worthless),
many people in debt led to
Shay’s Rebellion.
Angry “Regulators” stopped the local
government from functioning by force
(using swords, muskets, etc.) until changes
were made.
Springfield, MA.
Oath of Loyalty
Boom
to
Bust?
Rev. War veterans were
paid by the U.S. Gov’t.
for their services with
land in the West…
Rebels Protested Against:
o High Taxes
o Governor’s Salary
o High Court Costs
o Paper Money Problem/s
Approx. 150
rebels were
arrested &
some were
put to death.
6 Min Part 1 & 9 Min Part 2
3. Philadelphia (Constitutional) Convention
took place from May-September of 1787 (all
states present except Rhode Island).
Conventions key points:
May 25 through
Sept. 17 of 1787
George Washington
was selected the
President of the
Philadelphia
Convention
Initial reason for the
meeting or convention:
� The Annapolis
Convention of
September 1786.
� Some states refused
to comply with the
CLICK
Two Main Ground Rules:
o Proceedings Secret
o No Issue Closed
Conventionto comply with the
articles of peace.
� The union was
unable to regulate
interstate commerce.
� Shays’ Rebellion.
� Revise the Articles of
Confederation!
"we have
errors to
correct."
JamesMadison
What is needed is What is needed is
an extended
“republic”
containing a
system of Checks
& Balances?”
Independence Hall
Connecticut•Oliver Ellsworth*
•William Samuel Johnson
•Roger Sherman
Delaware•Richard Bassett
•Gunning Bedford, Jr.
•Jacob Broom
•John Dickinson
•George Read
Georgia•Abraham Baldwin
•William Few
•William Houstoun*
William Pierce*
New Jersey•David Brearley
•Jonathan Dayton
•William Houston*
•William Livingston
•William Paterson
New York•Alexander Hamilton
•John Lansing, Jr.*
•Robert Yates*
South Carolina•Pierce Butler
•Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
•Charles Pinckney
John Rutledge
Virginia
Rhode Island•Rhode Island did not
send delegates to the
convention.
Who was there in
Philadelphia?
Who signed the
Constitution and
who did NOT?
“I smell a rat!”
William Pierce*
Maryland•Daniel Carroll
•Luther Martin*
•James McHenry
•John F. Mercer*
•Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
Massachusetts•Elbridge Gerry*
•Nathaniel Gorham
•Rufus King
•Caleb Strong*
New Hampshire•Nicholas Gilman
John Langdon
North Carolina•William Blount
•William Richardson Davie*
•Alexander Martin*
•Richard Dobbs Spaight
Hugh Williamson
Pennsylvania•George Clymer
•Thomas Fitzsimons
•Benjamin Franklin
•Jared Ingersoll
•Thomas Mifflin
•Gouverneur Morris
•Robert Morris
•James Wilson
Virginia•John Blair
•James Madison
•George Mason*
•James McClurg*
•Edmund Randolph*
•George Washington
•George Wythe*
(*) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution.
who did NOT?
Notabales not there?
o Thomas Jefferson
o John Adams
o Patrick Henry
The “Corner Stone” of the
success the Constitutional
Convention and of the
current government today…
It is an agreement between two
opposing views in which both find
a common ground or
understanding on an issue.
81 year old Benjamin Franklin addressed the men in
Philadelphia about the need for COMPROMISE
“…by better information or fuller consideration to change
opinions . . . which I once thought right, but found to be
otherwise. It is therefore that the older I grow, the more
apt I am to doubt my own judgment, and to pay more
respect to the judgment of others.”
NEW JERSEY PLAN
(Small State Plan)
VIRGINIA PLAN
(Large State Plan)
For 10 days the
Delegates
debated the
Virginia Proposal
(Plan) from the
time Edmund
Randolph
proposed it on
Tuesday morning
May the 29th.
The 5 foot tall, 120 pound, 36-year-old James Madison is the primary creator of the Virginia Plan
The 34-year-old Governor of Virginia Edmund Randolph presented the plan to the Convention
� Representation or numbers of
reps. based on State population
� Lower House selected by the
people
� Upper House selected by the
Lower House members
The Great Compromise
is also known as the
Connecticut
Roger Sherman
William Paterson proposed the New Jersey Plan as a counter to the Virginia Plan
Eventually on July 16th the Delegates accepted & voted in the “Compromise” which saved the
3a. Great Compromise- Virginia Plan & New
Jersey Plan are compromised and develop a
Bicameral Legislature.
Bicameral Legislature:� Bi is “2” & Cameral is “House”
� Two Houses in Lawmaking Group
� Upper House is “Senate” & Lower House is
“House of Representatives”
� Senate has 2 Reps. per state; House of Reps.
varies depending on State Population
� Representation stays EQUAL as it
had been under the Articles of
Confederation
� 2 Reps per State in ONE House or
Group
Connecticut
Compromise or
Sherman’s Compromise
& voted in the “Compromise” which saved the “Convention” from breaking apart…
Roger Sherman
Ben
William Paterson
The Constitutional “Chin”vention
(2 min)
Oliver Ellsworth
Franklin
The Connecticut
Compromise?
James Madison
School House Rock:
Preamble
3b. Separation of Powers-
3 Branches of government
are created (Legislative,
Executive, & Judicial)
ARE YOU J.E.L.’ in?
Judicial Branch
Judges Laws
Facts of
Congress:
Checks and
Balances
Facts of
Congress:
Three Branches
of Government
Executive Branch
Enforces Laws
Legislative Branch
Lawmakers
School House Rock: Three Ring Government
US Constitution (G. Washington)
1770-1800’s
Vocabulary: The System of Checks and Balances!
Directions: From the class discussion of the Supplement Handout titled The System of Checks and Balances briefly write out a definition of the vocabulary word or term listed below. Your response does NOT have to be in complete sentences.
1. Checks & Balances 2. Veto 3. Appropriations 4. Cabinet 5. Legislative Branch 6. Judicial Branch
7. Executive Branch
8. Bill 9. Law 10. Simple Majority 11. Super Majority
Heading: Points Earned
11. Super Majority 12. Impeach 13. Remove from office 14. Inferior Courts 15. Hopper 16. Pardon 17. Party 18. Term 19. Congress 20. Constitutionality 21. Senate 22. House of Representatives 23. Bicameral Legislature 24. Census 25. Apportionment
School House Rock:
Electoral College
School House Rock: I’m
Just A Bill
Simple
Majority?
Super
Majority?
Impeach?
Remove?
Veto?Hopper?
StateHouse CRock :
PARODY I’m Just A Bill
Barney Fife & the
Preamble…
Congress?
Term? Cabinet?
Pardon?
Facts of Congress: House
of Reps.
Facts of Congress:
Senate
Facts of Congress: Key
Leaders
Facts of Congress:
Amendments
3c. Slave Issue- 3/5 Compromise
This was a “compromise” that
stemmed from the argument of state
population providing more
Northern
vs.
Southern
States?
Are there any
states that do
NOT allow
slavery in
1787?
population providing more
representation in the House of
Representatives and the impact on
Presidential Elections…
James Wilson of
Pennsylvania
Roger Sherman of Connecticut
Creators of
the Three
Fifths
Compromise
idea…
POWER TO
The Old Plantation, ca. 1790
Slave Tax? Unlike the Articles of Confederation the
Constitution would have the power to tax
ALL states thus bring in revenue; it also
maintained the power to make money…
How many slaves from the painting above would be
counted towards the State or Virginia’s population?
How much possible revenue would a slave tax
Article 1 Section
9 of the US
Constitution…
Slave Importation
cannot be
prevented until
the year 1808!
3d. Commerce $ - Congress has the power to
tax, a slave tax was developed at the sum of
$10
TAX
How much possible revenue would a slave tax
generate for the US?the year 1808!
300,000 Slaves
3e. Elect a President - Electoral College elects
pres., which is based on # of representatives in
Congress.
Electoral Worth of the
State of Michigan
435 Members of the House of
Representatives
+
55
17
2 Senators
+
School House Rock:
Electoral College
538 Total Electoral Votes 100 Members of
the Senate
+3
To be elected President of the
United States an individual must
obtain MORE THAN HALF OF ALL
ELECTROAL VOTES!
270Winner!
15 Members in
the House of
Representatives
+
States decide how to distribute
their Electoral Votes (Most
have a winner take ALL
method)… Plus the 3
Electors from
Washington
D.C.
House of
Representatives
Census?
Apportionment?
Ignite Learning: Federal vs.
State Powers Bill of Rights (1st 10 Amendments):1. Freedom Speech, Press, Religion, Right to Petition &
Assemble
2. Right to Bear Arms
3. No Quartering of Troops
4. No Unreasonable Search & Seizure
5. Right to Due Process of Law
6. Right s of the Accused
7. Right to a Trial by Jury
8. No Cruel or Unusual Punishment
9. Protection of rights not specifically enumerated in the
Bill of Rights
10. States Powers
Bill of Rights Rap
Song
4. Ratification of the Constitution occurs only
after the Bill of Rights was added (started by
James Madison of Virginia & Reps from the
states of Massachusetts & New York).
Super Majority vote was needed
for “Ratification.”
FEDERALISTS:� James Madison� John Jay� Alexander Hamilton
ANTI-FEDERALISTS:� Patrick Henry
� Sam Adams
� George Mason
� Richard Henry Lee
� Robert Yates
Connecticut•Oliver Ellsworth*
•William Samuel Johnson
•Roger Sherman
Delaware•Richard Bassett
•Gunning Bedford, Jr.
•Jacob Broom
•John Dickinson
•George Read
Georgia•Abraham Baldwin
•William Few
•William Houstoun*
William Pierce*
New Jersey•David Brearley
•Jonathan Dayton
•William Houston*
•William Livingston
•William Paterson
New York•Alexander Hamilton
•John Lansing, Jr.*
•Robert Yates*
South Carolina•Pierce Butler
•Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
•Charles Pinckney
John Rutledge
Virginia
Rhode Island•Rhode Island did not
send delegates to the
convention.
Who was there in
Philadelphia?
Who signed the
Constitution and
who did NOT?
“I smell a rat!”
William Pierce*
Maryland•Daniel Carroll
•Luther Martin*
•James McHenry
•John F. Mercer*
•Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
Massachusetts•Elbridge Gerry*
•Nathaniel Gorham
•Rufus King
•Caleb Strong*
New Hampshire•Nicholas Gilman
John Langdon
North Carolina•William Blount
•William Richardson Davie*
•Alexander Martin*
•Richard Dobbs Spaight
Hugh Williamson
Pennsylvania•George Clymer
•Thomas Fitzsimons
•Benjamin Franklin
•Jared Ingersoll
•Thomas Mifflin
•Gouverneur Morris
•Robert Morris
•James Wilson
Virginia•John Blair
•James Madison
•George Mason*
•James McClurg*
•Edmund Randolph*
•George Washington
•George Wythe*
(*) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution.
who did NOT?
Notabales not there?
o Thomas Jefferson
o John Adams
o Patrick Henry
5. George Washington was elected first
president, John Adams was elected Vice-pres.
Challenges to the first presidency were:
Presidential Election of 1789 Presidential Election of 1792
b. 11/22 Feb 1732, "Wakefield", near Popes
Creek, Westmoreland county, Virginia
d. 14 Dec 1799, Mount Vernon, Virginia
Federal Hall, NYC, NY
� Unanimously Elected both times
� First President under Constitution
� Declined his $25,000 salary
� Had to be convinced to take job
April 30, 1789 GW
was inaugurated
here…
Separate
ballots
for Pres.
& Vice-
Pres.
John Adams Movie: G.W. ‘s oath of Office
NY deadlocked no electors
won…
N.C. & R.I. had not ratified yet…
5a. Developing a
Cabinet for the
Executive Branch-
this allowed for the
delegation of
power.
Secretary of State
Thomas Jefferson (1789 - 1793) • Edmund
Randolph (1794 - 1795) • Timothy Pickering
(1796 - 1797)
Secretary of War
Henry Knox (1789 - 1794) • Timothy Pickering
(1795 - 1796) • James McHenry (1796 - 1797)
Postmaster General
Samuel Osgood (1789 - 1791) • Timothy
Pickering (1791 - 1795) • Joseph Habersham
President
George
Washington
(1789-1797)Knox
T. Pickering
Vice President
John Adams
(1789-1797)
Pickering (1791 - 1795) • Joseph Habersham
(1795 - 1797)
Secretary of the Treasury
Alexander Hamilton (1789 - 1795) • Oliver
Wolcott Jr. (1795 - 1797)
Attorney General
Edmund Randolph (1789 - 1794) • William
Bradford (1794 - 1795) • Charles Lee (1795 -
1797) Hamilton
McHenry
Supreme Court
Washington nominated
John Jay to be Chief
Justice and then
Associate Judges…
• John Blair
• William Cushing
(William Paterson)
• James Wilson
• James Iredell
• John Rutledge (Thomas
5b. Set-up a court system- developed from
the Judiciary Act of 1789.
• John Rutledge (Thomas
Johnson)
J. Jay
5c. Create a Bank System- this was started by
Alexander Hamilton but Thomas Jefferson
disagreed with its development which led to
the formation of political parties in the U.S.
(“Dev. of Political Parties”).
Charter of the First Bank
of the United States was
established on Feb. 25,
1791 for 20 years…
Bank’s Functions:
� Act as a Private JeffersonWill a National Bank
Banks Purpose:
� Establish Financial
Order
� Establish Credit
� Resolve Issue of (Fiat)
“Continental” Currency
� Act as a Private
Company
� Provide Loans
� Government owns $2
million of stock in Bank
� Other $8 million in stock
sold to public BUT ¼ of
purchase MUST be with
gold or silver
� Rotate Directors
� Bank Cannot buy
Government BondsHamilton
JeffersonWill a National Bank
provide EQUAL
opportunity to ALL
American citizens?
5d. Battle of Fallen Timbers- Anthony Wayne
secures the land in the Ohio Valley for the U.S.
from Indian attack.
“Mad” Anthony Wayne
On August 20 in 1794
Approximately 3,000 U.S
Troops faced 1,500 Native
Americans… the battle did
not last long & ended in a
U.S. victory.
Treaty of Greenville 1795 ended
the conflicts in the Ohio Valley
Region. One Native American
leader would NOT sign the
Treaty… it was a Shawnee Leader
named Tecumseh; later in US
History he will yet again be faced
by US Troops. Wayneby US Troops.
5e. Whiskey Rebellion-
Pennsylvania tax revolt.
6 – 9 Cents per Westerners 6 – 9 Cents per
gallon on
whiskey to gain
revenue for the
National
Government.
Westerners
turned their
surplus
corn into
whiskey to
get it to
market
easier…
REVOLT occurs because the
tax was believed to be unfair
5f. Foreign Affairs- French Revolution, U.S. stays Neutral.
The proclamation was signed on April 22,
1793, in Philadelphia by Washington
NEUTRAL: is
a term that
means a nation
will not get
involved in the
affairs of other
nations G.W.
When France declared war on England on
February 1, 1793, the United States faced a
thorny political problem. France was America's
ally during the Revolutionary War, yet Great
Britain's financial support was important to
American ship owners.
Napoleon Bonaparte
France Great Britain
Jefferson Hamilton
5g. The Jay Treaty - compensated
England’s with prewar debt & to hear
claims for captured American vessels
(BUT captured slaves would not be
returned).
American Issues with Great Britain:
� Britain was still occupying a number of forts in
the Great Lakes region.
� American merchants wanted compensation for
250 ships confiscated during 1793–94.
� Southerners wanted compensation for the slaves
the British had taken from them during the
Revolution.
� Merchants wanted the British West Indies
reopened to American trade.
� The boundary with Canada was too vague and
needed delineation.
� The British were believed to be aggravating
Results of the Treaty:� British agreed to vacate the six western
forts by June 1796
� Compensate American ship owners (the
British paid $10,345,200 by 1802)
� United States gave most favored nation
trading status to Britain� The British were believed to be aggravating
Native-American attacks on settlers in the West.
John Jay
trading status to Britain
� US agreed to British anti-French
maritime policies
� US guaranteed the payment of private
prewar debts owed by Americans to British
merchants that could not be collected in
U.S. courts (the U.S. paid £600,000 in 1802)
Jay dropped the issue of
compensation for slaves,
which angered Southern
slave owners. Jay was
also unsuccessful in
negotiating an end to the
“impressment” of
American sailors into the
Royal Navy
Is this Treaty the action/s of
a “Neutral” Nation?
5h. G. W.’s Farewell Address…Key Points of the Address:
� Only 2 Terms
� Importance of National Unity;
Fear of Sectionalism
� Threat of Political Parties
� Religion, Morality & Education
� Establishment of National
Credit
� Stay out of Foreign Affairs; Stay � Stay out of Foreign Affairs; Stay
Neutral
Originally published in David Claypoole's American
Daily Advertiser on September 19, 1796 under the
title "The Address of General Washington To The
People of The United States on his declining of the
Presidency of the United States," the letter was
almost immediately reprinted in newspapers across
the country and later in a pamphlet form.