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Major impact on the design of printed material, furniture and architecture;

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Arts and Crafts Movement

The arts and crafts movement set the direction for much of art and design in the Twentieth Century. It had a strong influence on architects and designers like Frank Lloyd Wright and Walter Gropius; setting the values that resulted in such institutions as the Bauhaus. It is directly responsible for subjects like graphic design, ceramics, and other “applied arts” being taught in universities and regarded as equal to the “fine arts.”



The A+C movement developed in England during the second half of the 19th Century partly as a protest against the poor quality of manufactured goods and the degrading effects of labor.


Some of its avowed goals were to:

• heal the social ills through good design• reform of work and living standards• bring renewed interest in aesthetics of practical crafts


Its ideas were picked up around the world in a few years, with artists colonies springing up in America—the Roycroft communities) and in Austria—the Wiener Werkstatte. Painters, woodworkers, architects formed associations to carry out commissions that amounted to a complete works of art, or “total design”

The word for this in German is Gesamtkuntswerk.


William Morris: Red House 1860

William Morris: Credited withthe origin of the Arts and Crafts Movement.

William Morris became keenly awareof the poor quality of most domesticwares when he undertook to build a home for himself and his new wife.

He worked with his friend Phillip Webbto design and furnish his home accordingto his developing ideals.

The RED HOUSE was radicallydesigned from the inside out - first witha program for function and then deciding how it should look.

Morris designed everything inside of the house to be harmonious with it.

(The idea of total design was taken up by architects like Frank Lloyd Wright,)

1859 Red House,just outside London, England

John Ruskin

Ascendency of the HandmadeIntegration of art and lifeThe total work of art

Ruskin, in his book “the Stones of Venice” argued that the imperfect forms of the middle ages were more true and more aesthetically pleasing because of their imperfections, which revealed the hand and heart of the person who made them, in contrast to the qualities of machine-made artifacts.

He thought the Gothic style more truly reflected Christian values than the “pagan” Roman and Greek forms.

The Medieval Cathedral was for him a model of the ideal social environment - including the total integration of Art and Life, Form and Purpose.

above,, Lilith, by Rosettti, and right, EdwardBurne-Jones

Ruskin and the Gothic Revival:One of Morris’ inspirations was writer and critic John Ruskin who argued for architecture and craft based on a medieval model.

William Morris Wallpaper 1883


William Morris: Wallpaper

William Morris started a company in London in 1861to make and sell hand-crafted functional objects.

His maxim was “ have nothing in your home that is not both useful and beautiful”

The goal was that life should be lived as a total aesthetic experience.

Arts and Crafts MovementArts and Crafts Movement

While Morris himself practiced a range of arts, from painting, poetry, graphic design, type facedesign, surface patters (for wallpaper andfabric), he is best known his books and writingsand for the support he gave for other craftsmen.His sensibilities seem to be for richly-patternedsurfaces, such as these wallpaper and fabricdesigns, and as seen in the borders of his books

Arts and Crafts MovementArts and Crafts Movement William Morris

Tapestry designed by Morris, woven in wool and silk at Merton Abbey. 1890

Depicts an orchard and the four seasons

The Morris ChairAdjustable-back chair designed by Philip Webb and manufactured by Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Co. from about 1869 until 1900. (shown here with Morris-designed fabric.

A colleague saw a version of this in the shop ofa rural carpenter and sent a sketch of it to Philip Webb, who designed much of the company’s furniture.

This is in keeping with Morris’ idea of the aesthetics of simple and functional hand-crafted objects.


Morris Chair

The Century GuildDedicated to equal respect for all the arts.

Stylistically, Mackmurdo explored swirling, romantic, asymmetrical organic forms; using abstract shapes to convey thoughts and feeling.

Shown here: Chair design and Book cover for Wren’s City Churches, by Arthur Mackmurdo.


Arthur Mackmurdo: started the “Century Guild” in 1882 to promote the practice of integrated crafts

Century Guild

Selwyn ImageStained glass and:

Design for Century Guild magazine

Hobby Horse


Century Guild

Principles of the Arts and Crafts movement:

1. equality of all the arts2. good design as a morally-uplifting force3. value of handmade items over machine-made items4. re-uniting the role of designer and craftsman5. truth to materials6. design should reflect function (not merely decorate surface)


The integration of the Arts

This cabinet designed by J.P. Seddon for with Morris and Company (1861) represents integration of painting as a practical art.

It is decorated with painting well-known Pre-Raphaelite painters: Ford Maddox Brown, Edward Burne-Jones and Dante Gabriele Rosetti


The integration of the Arts


Pre-Rapaelite artists

Morris was associated also with a group of artists called the Pre-Raphaelites, most famous of whom is Dante Gabrielle Rossetti. They tried to re-create the style of early Renaissance painting and favored mythic themes and settingunder the belief that industrial society of the 19th century was dehumanizing and crushed people’s spiritual nature.

Left: Lilith, by Dante Gabrielle Rosettti

Jane Burden was the wife of William Morris and a popular model for the Pre-Raphaelite artists.


Rosetti’s painting depicting the death ofBeatrice - (based on Dante’s Divine Comedy)

Arts and Crafts MovementArts and Crafts Movement Sample book from Morris and Co.

William Morris Kelmscott Chaucer 1896Arts and Crafts Movement

William Morris, Kelmscott PressThe Well at the World’s End, 1894

The crowning achievement of Morris’ work was the Kelmscott Press, which he started in 1891. His goal was to prove that the standards of crafts-manship of the past could be achieved in the present. He integrated type design, ornament, and illustration with meticulous craftsmanship in materials and printing. From 1891 to 1898 it produced 53 volumes, including the Works of Geoffrey Chaucer and the some of Morris’ own writings, like “The Story of the Glittering Plain.

The design of the books were based on the early printers of the Incunabula, such as Nicolas Jenson,

Link to web resource (University of Glasgow) on Morris http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/teach/privatepress/kelmscott.html

http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/teach/privatepress/kelmscott.html

Morris ChairAdjustable-back chair designed by Philip Webb and manufactured by Morris, Marshall,Faulkner and Co from about 1869 until 1900.

A colleague saw a version of this in the shop ofa rural carpenter and sent a sketch of it to Webbwho designed much of the company’s furniture.

This is in linen with Morris’ idea of the aestheticsof hand-crafted objects. .


Quote from Morris on the state of societyMorris was active in the Socialist Movementand lectured widely about working conditions

William Morris Kelmscott Chaucer 1896Arts and Crafts Movement

William Morris, Kelmscott PressThe Glittering Plain, 1894

Morris designedthe Golden type face for this book, which he designedand printed.Many of the pages have elaborate ornaments.The Illustrations areby Walter Crane.

The Golden type is based on black letter type, but letters are wider and rounder.


William Morris : Kelmscott PressWorks of Geoffrey Chaucer, 1896

Arts and Crafts Movement in America

Stickley, through his magazinepopularized the American Bungalowas a way of making affordablewell-styled housing available to the general public

Click on link below for moviehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vxWs841Rd4&feature=BFa&list=ULv1wbcf5I2-I&index=2

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vxWs841Rd4&feature=BFa&list=ULv1wbcf5I2-I&index=2

In the United States the Arts and Crafts aesthetic is promoted by Gustav Stickley

Stickley traveled to Europe were he was introduced to the ideas of Ruskin.In 1898 formed the Gustave Stickley company in Syracuse NY published a journal called the Craftsman from 1900 until about 1915

His company produced a great deal of popular furniture in the A+C style

Mackmurdo came to the US where he got to know Frank Lloyd Wright - and they maintained a correspondence

Chest of drawersGustav StickleyAmericanSimplicity of design.Functional,

Arts and Crafts Movement in America

Craftsman style in domestic architecture:

Low-pitched roofs , wide gables, with large overhang and and exposed rafters

Bulky, simple columns that either continue to the ground level or sit on stone or brick pedestals - Usually deep front porches

Stone exterior chimney's, sometimes flanked by small windows

Open, flexible floor plans in which spaces flow easily from one into another

Double-hung windows - wither single or grouped, in which the upper sash is divided into multiple panes and the lower sash is one large sheet.

Built-in book cases and window seats

Sometimes elaborately cut rafter-ends, stained glass panels.


Gustav Stickley , American; Drawinging room Simplicity of design, Functional construction Beauty through pleasing proportions and esthetic use of materials

Gustav Stickly Oak furniture: Tiffany lamp right, Dirk van Erp lamp middle, Stickley lamp in back.

Chest of drawersGustav Stickley

American

ContemporaryMorris Chair:

Stickley and Co.


Chest of drawersGustav Stickley

American

ContemporaryMorris Chair:

Stickley and Co.


Louis Comfort Tiffany Lamp Stained Glass1908

Frank Lloyd WrightPrairie Style Architecture

Spoke of Organic Architecture - Referring to a sense that all the parts were in an organic harmony - shared the same proportion and style - hence the interior, furnishings, fixtures, etc were carefully designed or overseen by the designer,. This extended to the relationship of the structure to the environment – the horizontal lines harmonized with the prairie landscape.

Prairie School

Prairie School

Gamble House, Note: the aethetic use of natural materialsand the use of the woodworking techniques themselves as an obvious part of the design

Notice expert joineryin woodwork

Prairie School

Gamble House, Pasadena, CAArchitects: Greene and Greene 1908

Guiding principles of the Arts and Crafts movement

1. equality of all the arts2. good design as a morally-uplifting force3. value of handmade items over machine-made items4. re-uniting the role of designer and craftsman5. truth to materials6. design should reflect function and process (not merely ornament surface)


Impact of the A+C movementElevation of crafts and making of useful objects to amuch higher level of importance.

It was the beginning serious scholarship in design.Leads to disciplines such as graphic design, ceramics, and product design being taught in universities.

Influenced formation of numerous other societies: including the Century Guild, the Weiner Werkstaate, and the Bauhaus.

The Private Press Movement: resulting in decline Victorian typefaces and revivals of classical fonts based on the

Italian and French Renaissance (Garamond, Goudy, Cheltenham and others)

Interest in addressing design of functional and simple architecture and functional items for the home -

for instance - the bungalow style of private home.
