Main Characteristics of Anthropology Peoples and Cultures of
Europe
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The Fields of General Anthropology archaeology physical or
biological anthropology (bioanthropology) socio / cultural
anthropology linguistic anthropology
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The Fields of General Anthropology archaeology physical or
biological anthropology (bioanthropology) socio / cultural
anthropology linguistic anthropology
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www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html
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1 2 3 4
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Main Characteristics culture as a primary concept comparative
methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior
development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a
whole, as a primary goal of anthropology
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Main Characteristics culture as a primary concept comparative
methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior
development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a
whole, as a primary goal of anthropology
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Main Characteristics culture learned shared transmitted from
generation to generation based on symbols integrated
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Main Characteristics culture is not inherited (i.e., is not
biological) is not instinct
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Main Characteristics cultures are integrated interact and
change
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The Concept of Culture Microculture a distinct pattern of
learned and shared behavior and thinking found within larger
cultures such as ethnic groups in localized regions local
cultures
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microcultures can include ethnic groups within nations e.g.,
Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) e.g., Rom (Gypsies) e.g., Irish
Travellers sometimes incorrectly called Gypsies e.g., Basques e.g.,
Kurds e.g., Australian Aboriginals The Concept of Culture
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Microculture a distinct pattern of learned and shared behavior
and thinking found within larger cultures such as ethnic groups in
localized regions local cultures Macroculture a distinct pattern of
learned and shared behavior and thinking that crosses local
boundaries, such as transnational culture and global culture The
Concept of Culture
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macrocultures can include groups across nations e.g., Rom
(Gypsies) e.g., ? Al Qaeda The Concept of Culture
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Main Characteristics culture as a primary concept comparative
methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior
development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a
whole, as a primary goal of anthropology
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Main Characteristics comparative method as a major approach to
the study of human behavior the comparative method compares
things
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Main Characteristics comparative method One form of comparative
method was pioneered by Fred Eggan (University of Chicago) Social
anthropology and the method of controlled comparison American
Anthropologist, 56:743-61 (1954)
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Main Characteristics comparative method One form of comparative
method was pioneered by Fred Eggan (University of Chicago) Social
anthropology and the method of controlled comparison American
Anthropologist, 56:743-61 (1954)
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Main Characteristics comparative method Other methods...
compare things regionally in an attempt to understand process
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Main Characteristics comparative method Other methods...
compare things regionally in an attempt to understand process
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Main Characteristics the comparative method compares things,
for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize Mexico
wheat Turkey rice China manioc Brazil millet Africa
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Main Characteristics the comparative method compares things,
for e.g., process of domestication / civilization maize Mexico
wheat Turkey rice China manioc Brazil millet Africa
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Origin of Domestication for Selected Plants Understanding
Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 342. rice 7,000
ybp manioc 4,200 ybp maize 4,200 ybp wheat 10,500 ybp millet 4,000
ybp
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed.,
p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic Chapter 14
Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9 th Ed. Food
Production A Biocultural Revolution
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed.,
p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic
Tehuacn
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Tehuacn Valley, Puebla, Mexico Understanding Physical
Anthropology and Archaeology, 8th Ed., p. 432. maize 4,200 ybp
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed.,
p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic
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Early Neolithic sites Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th Ed., p. 349.
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Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology, 9th Ed.,
p. 333. Time line for Ch. 14 Food Production. Neolithic
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Mehrgarh One of the earliest Neolithic settlements of southern
Asia, Pakistan Understanding Physical Anthropology and Archaeology,
9th Ed., p. 352.
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Main Characteristics culture as a primary concept comparative
methods as major approaches to the study of human behavior
development and structure holism or the study of "humankind" as a
whole, as a primary goal of anthropology
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The Fields of General Anthropology archaeology physical or
biological anthropology (bioanthropology) socio / cultural
anthropology linguistic anthropology
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http://www.tamu.edu/anthropology/news.html 1 2 3 4 The main
fields of general anthropology
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holism
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difficult terms
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Glossary ethnography scientific description of cultures (a
portrait of a people)
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Glossary ethno graphy graph from the Greek, meaning something
written or drawn
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Glossary ethnology comparative study of cultures
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Glossary ethology scientific study of the social behavior of
animals, especially in their natural environments note that there
is no n in ethology
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Glossary primatology scientific study of the social behavior of
primates, especially (non-human primates) apes and monkeys
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Glossary primates prosimians (pre-monkeys) monkeys apes and
also humans
Glossary primatologist usually refers to one who studies the
behavior and social lives of chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans,
monkeys, etc. e.g., Jane Goodall, Diane Fossy, Birute
Galdikas-Brindamour
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Main Characteristics culture as a primary concept comparative
method as major approach to the study of human behavior holism or
the study of "humankind" as a whole, as a primary theoretical goal
of anthropology fieldwork as a primary research technique
(participant observation)
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Glossary Other important terms include...
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Glossary ethnocentrism judging other cultures by the standards
of ones own culture rather than by the standards of that particular
culture
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Glossary cultural relativism the perspective that each culture
must be understood in terms of the values and ideas of that culture
and should not be judged by the standards of another
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Glossary absolute cultural relativism the perspective that says
a person from one culture should not question the rightness or
wrongness of behavior or ideas in other cultures because that would
be ethnocentric
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Glossary absolute cultural relativism World War II Holocaust
arranged underage marriage female genital mutilations withholding
of medical treatment of children for religious reasons
polygyny....
Glossary critical cultural relativism offers an alternative
view that poses questions about cultural practices and ideas in
terms of who accepts them and why, and who they might be harming or
helping
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Multiple Cultural Worlds people live in multiple cultural
worlds
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class race ethnicity gender age institutions
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units of analysis may include: one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo,
Nan) the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) the community a region culture
area a culture / subculture Chicanos Irish Irish Travellers
(Gypsies) Rom (Gypsies) Basques Catalans
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units of analysis may include: one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo,
Nan) the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) the community a region culture
area a culture / subculture Chicanos Irish Irish Travellers
(Gypsies) Rom (Gypsies) Basques Catalans
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http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/Buffalo/Intro-Temp2.html
Paul Buffalo Meditating Medicine
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http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#Nan
Sharon Gmelch Nan: The Life of an Irish Traveling Woman, Revised
Edition. Long Grove: IL: Waveland Press, 1991. (ISBN:
0881336025)
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This was earlier advocated by: Bronislow Malinowski Edward
Sapir (Sapir-Whorf hypothesis) Margaret Mead
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units of analysis may include: one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)
the family (e.g., Strodtbeck) the community a region culture area a
culture / subculture Chicanos Irish Irish Travellers (Gypsies) Rom
(Gypsies) Basques Catalans