Table 2-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 2-16 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Organic molecules are found in Organic molecules are found in living things.living things.
The chemistry of carbon accounts The chemistry of carbon accounts for the chemistry of organic for the chemistry of organic molecules.molecules.
Macromolecules (Polymers)Macromolecules (Polymers)
Organic Molecules—carbon Organic Molecules—carbon basedbased
Organic MoleculesOrganic Moleculesmonomer
polymer
Macromolecules Macromolecules (polymers) and (polymers) and
monomers.monomers.PolymerPolymer MonomerMonomer carbohydrate carbohydrate
monosaccharidesmonosaccharides protein amino acidprotein amino acid nucleic acid nucleotidenucleic acid nucleotide
Figure 2-17 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Dehydration Synthesis or Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation ReactionsCondensation Reactions
vsvsHydrolysisHydrolysis
A BOH H+ + H—O—H or H2O
A B
covalent bonds
If the reaction is carried out multiple times you create a polymer!
+ H2O molecules
Condensation
Hydrolysis
Dehydration (condensation) builds. Hydrolysis breaks down.
Figure 2-29 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Table 2-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 2-30 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 2-31 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 2-32 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
• Generally, C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio Generally, C:H:O in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH(CH22O)O)nn
• FunctionsFunctions• quick energy and short-term energy quick energy and short-term energy
storage.storage. EX glycogen, starch EX glycogen, starch• Structure. EX. CelluloseStructure. EX. Cellulose
• Polymer=polysaccharides EX. StarchPolymer=polysaccharides EX. Starch• Monomers= monosaccharides EX. Monomers= monosaccharides EX.
glucoseglucose
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
NOMENCLATURENOMENCLATURE►Based on number of carbonsBased on number of carbons►3C==triose3C==triose►4C==tetrose4C==tetrose►5C==pentose, etc5C==pentose, etc
Structure of GlucoseStructure of Glucose
DisaccharidesDisaccharides
Polymerization of Polymerization of CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
Figure 2-19 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Figure 2-20 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
POLYSACCHARIDESPOLYSACCHARIDESSTARCH
GLYCOGEN
CELLULOSE
LIPIDSLIPIDS►NON-POLAR BIOLOGICAL MOLECULESNON-POLAR BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES►FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS
Energy storageEnergy storage: Fats and oils.: Fats and oils. WaterproofingWaterproofing: Waxes and oils: Waxes and oils InsulationInsulation: Fat layers (blubber): Fat layers (blubber) CushioningCushioning: Fat layers (soles of your : Fat layers (soles of your
feet)feet) Regulating metabolismRegulating metabolism: Steroids: Steroids Component of cell membranesComponent of cell membranes: :
PhospholipidsPhospholipids
Lipid structure (Triglyceride)Lipid structure (Triglyceride)
► Glycerol Glycerol backbonebackbone
►Fatty acid tailsFatty acid tails►Fats vs oilsFats vs oils
X3
Triglyceride formationTriglyceride formation
H
H-C—OH
H-C—OH
H-C—OH
H
GLYCEROL
O H H H H H HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H O H H H H H HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H O H H H H H HO-C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H
FATTY ACIDS
H
H-C—O
H-C—O
H-C—O
H
O H H H H H -C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H
O H H H H H -C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H O H H H H H -C-C-C-C-C-C-H H H H H H
+ H20
+ 3 H20TRIGLYCERIDE
What type of reaction forms a triglyceride? Dehydration Synthesis
+ H20
+ H20
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated vs. Unsaturated FatsFats
Saturated vs. Unsaturated Saturated vs. Unsaturated FatsFats
Fatty Acids: cis vs. Fatty Acids: cis vs. transtrans
-linolenic acid
Trans -linolenic acid
PhospholipidsPhospholipidsThe major structural component of cell membranes
Phospholipid BehaviorPhospholipid Behavior
PhospholipidsPhospholipids
Soaps and EmulsifiersSoaps and Emulsifiers
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids►Polymers: DNA and RNAPolymers: DNA and RNA►Monomers: nucleotidesMonomers: nucleotides►FunctionsFunctions
Information storage and Information storage and transmissiontransmission
ATP is energy currency of cellATP is energy currency of cell
Nucleotide StructureNucleotide Structure
DNA vs RNADNA vs RNA
The Double Helix of DNA-The Double Helix of DNA-Complementary base pairingComplementary base pairing
Adenosine Triphosphate-ATPAdenosine Triphosphate-ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency of cells
What do they do?What do they do?StructureStructureAct as Act as enzymesenzymes to speed reactions to speed reactionsServe as carriersServe as carriersAct as antibodiesAct as antibodiesTransporters and channelsTransporters and channels
ProteinsProteins
Proteins --polymers of Proteins --polymers of amino acidsamino acids..
Peptide BondsPeptide Bonds
Proteins--Levels of Organization.Proteins--Levels of Organization.
TERTIARY (3º) STRUCTURE—3DTERTIARY (3º) STRUCTURE—3D► 1º structure and 1º structure and
environmentenvironment► Factors—R-groupsFactors—R-groups
Hydrogen bondingHydrogen bonding Hydrophobic Hydrophobic
interactionsinteractions Ionic (salt) bridgesIonic (salt) bridges Disulfide bondsDisulfide bonds
► Native vs DenaturedNative vs Denatured► REMEMBER: A
PROTEIN’S FUNCTION IS A RESULT OF ITS FORM!!
Levels of Protein Structure—Levels of Protein Structure—Quaternary (4º) StructureQuaternary (4º) Structure
Multiple chains: Multiple chains: interactions of interactions of more than one more than one polypeptide chain polypeptide chain to form the to form the complete, complete, functional protein. functional protein. Ex. Hemoglobin Ex. Hemoglobin and antibodiesand antibodies
►Catalyst?Catalyst? Speeds up reactionSpeeds up reaction
►ProteinsProteinsThe Model:The Model:
Enzymes—Biological Enzymes—Biological CatalystsCatalysts
E+S ES E+P
E=EnzymeS=SubstrateP=Product
Enzymes Lower Energy of Enzymes Lower Energy of ActivationActivation
EA barrier
Reactants
1 Products 2
Enzy
me
Figure 5.5A
Enzymes-- lower the energy Enzymes-- lower the energy barrierbarrier
Enzyme-Substrate Enzyme-Substrate ComplexesComplexes
►Every reaction in a cell requires a Every reaction in a cell requires a specific enzyme.specific enzyme.
►Enzymes are named for their substrates:Enzymes are named for their substrates:►SubstrateSubstrate EnzymeEnzyme►Lipid LipaseLipid Lipase►Urea UreaseUrea Urease►Maltose MaltaseMaltose Maltase►Ribonucleic acid RibonucleaseRibonucleic acid Ribonuclease
Cell ChemistryCell Chemistry►Enzymes—involved in almost all Enzymes—involved in almost all
chemical reactions.chemical reactions.►Anabolism—The building Anabolism—The building
reactions. EX. Protein synthesisreactions. EX. Protein synthesis►Catabolism—The breakdown Catabolism—The breakdown
reactions. EX. Protein digestionreactions. EX. Protein digestion►Metabolism—sum of all Metabolism—sum of all
reactionsreactions
Enzyme CofactorsEnzyme Cofactors►CofactorsCofactors ---may be necessary for ---may be necessary for
some enzymes to carry out their some enzymes to carry out their functions. Two types:functions. Two types: Metal ions. EX copper (CuMetal ions. EX copper (Cu+2+2) or ) or
iron (Feiron (Fe+2+2) ) CoenzymesCoenzymes Organic molecules, Organic molecules,
must be present for other must be present for other enzymes to function. EX vitaminsenzymes to function. EX vitamins
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