1
MacadamiaVariety
Identifier
David BellLindsay BryenDaryl FirthKim Jones
Contributing authors
Noel Vock
Coordinating author
QAL9808
Eric GallagherIan McConachiePaul O’HareRuss Stephenson
Queensland Horticulture Institute Department of Primary Industries, Queenslandin conjunction with NSW Agriculture and Australian macadamia Society Ltd.
Macadamia information kitReprint – information current in 1998
REPRINT INFORMATION – PLEASE READ!For updated information please call 13 25 23 or visit the website www.deedi.qld.gov.au
This publication has been reprinted as a digital book without any changes to the content published in 1998. We advise readers to take particular note of the areas most likely to be out-of-date and so requiring further research:
•Chemical recommendations—check with an agronomist or Infopest www.infopest.qld.gov.au•Financial information—costs and returns listed in this publication are out of date. Please contact an adviser or
industry body to assist with identifying more current figures.•Varieties—new varieties are likely to be available and some older varieties may no longer be recommended. Check
with an agronomist, call the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23, visit our website www.deedi.qld.gov.au or contact the industry body.
•Contacts—many of the contact details may have changed and there could be several new contacts available. The industry organisation may be able to assist you to find the information or services you require.
•Organisation names—most government agencies referred to in this publication have had name changes. Contact the Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation to find out the current name and contact details for these agencies.
•Additional information—many other sources of information are now available for each crop. Contact an agronomist, Business Information Centre on 13 25 23 or the industry organisation for other suggested reading.
Even with these limitations we believe this information kit provides important and valuable information for intending and existing growers.
This publication was last revised in 1998. The information is not current and the accuracy of the information cannot be guaranteed by the State of Queensland.
This information has been made available to assist users to identify issues involved in macadamia production. This information is not to be used or relied upon by users for any purpose which may expose the user or any other person to loss or damage. Users should conduct their own inquiries and rely on their own independent professional advice.
While every care has been taken in preparing this publication, the State of Queensland accepts no responsibility for decisions or actions taken as a result of any data, information, statement or advice, expressed or implied, contained in this publication.
2
© The State of Queensland, Department of Primary Industries 1999Copyright protects this publication. Except for purposes permitted by the Copyright Act,reproduction by whatever means is prohibited without the prior written permission of theDepartment of Primary Industries.Enquiries should be addressed to:
Agrilink ManagerDepartment of Primary IndustriesMaroochy Horticultural Research StationPO Box 5269 SCMCNambour 4560 Q AustraliaPh: (07) 5444 9690 Fax: (07) 5444 9694 Int Code: + 61 7E-mail: [email protected]
National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data:
Macadamia variety identifierISBN 0 7242 6797 21. Macadamia nut - Varieties - Queensland. 2. Macadamia nut - Queensland - Identification.I. Vock, N.T. (Noel Thomas), 1949 -. II. Bell, David, 1963 -. III. Queensland. Dept.Primary Industries. (Series: Agrilink: your growing guide to better farming).634.509943
Macadamia Variety IdentifierFrom the Agrilink SeriesFirst published 1998ISSN 1328-0457Agdex 246/33
Agrilink concept devised by Noel Vock and Brian CullAgrilink products are proudly produced by the Agrilink Project Team:
Information coordinators — Noel Vock, Jerry Lovatt, Irene KernotPublishing production — Loraine ChapmanEditor — Glenis AylingCustomer service — Lourelle Heintjes
DisclaimerThis information product is distributed by the Department of Primary Industries as an information source only.The information contained in the kit and other material incorporated by reference is provided solely on thebasis that readers will be responsible for making their own assessment of the content and seek professionaladvice. Readers must note that the information contained in this book has been developed for growers inQueensland and New South Wales, Australia and the Department of Primary Industries gives no warrantythat the information is suitable for other areas.
3
IntroductionA common problem for new macadamia growers is the correct identification of thevarieties in their orchard. This is important as each variety has different characteristicsthat may influence the way in which it is managed. For example, the management ofnutrition, pest and disease monitoring, pollination and harvest operations may all bedifferent for some varieties. Correct identification of varieties also helps in marketing.
The Macadamia Variety Identifier is the first comprehensive guide to identifying thevarieties likely to be planted in existing Australian orchards. It covers 24 varietiesincluding all of the major commercial varieties originating from both Australia andHawaii. The benchmark for inclusion of a variety is:
• either Macadamia integrifolia or Macadamia integrifolia hybrid origin;• in commercial use;• commercially propagated in quantities to make it likely that blocks of trees exist.
Minor varieties propagated in small numbers and those of Macadamia tetraphylla origin arenot included.
LayoutThe identifier consists of three sections:
• The main identification characteristics used and where the varieties broadly fit.• A simple key to varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape. As leaves
are always available, this allows a quick narrowing of the options at any time.• Detailed individual variety profiles. The information on each variety is presented
in a two-page format with the main identification characteristics on the left-handpage. Where appropriate, this enables the pages to be flicked over quickly to locatematching characteristics.
Tree shape is for a tree 5 to 7 years old
Note:Tree, leaf and nutillustrations are derivedfrom photos and havebeen selected as beingmost typical of thevariety. Note that therewill be some variationfrom these illustrations.
Leaf size isin scalethroughoutthe book.Upper leafsurface isshown in allcases.
Summaryof maincharacteristics
62
Notes
3
IntroductionA common problem for new macadamia growers is the correct identification of thevarieties in their orchard. This is important as each variety has different characteristicsthat may influence the way in which it is managed. For example, the management ofnutrition, pest and disease monitoring, pollination and harvest operations may all bedifferent for some varieties. Correct identification of varieties also helps in marketing.
The Macadamia Variety Identifier is the first comprehensive guide to identifying thevarieties likely to be planted in existing Australian orchards. It covers 24 varietiesincluding all of the major commercial varieties originating from both Australia andHawaii. The benchmark for inclusion of a variety is:
• either Macadamia integrifolia or Macadamia integrifolia hybrid origin;• in commercial use;• commercially propagated in quantities to make it likely that blocks of trees exist.
Minor varieties propagated in small numbers and those of Macadamia tetraphylla origin arenot included.
LayoutThe identifier consists of three sections:
• The main identification characteristics used and where the varieties broadly fit.• A simple key to varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape. As leaves
are always available, this allows a quick narrowing of the options at any time.• Detailed individual variety profiles. The information on each variety is presented
in a two-page format with the main identification characteristics on the left-handpage. Where appropriate, this enables the pages to be flicked over quickly to locatematching characteristics.
Tree shape is for a tree 5 to 7 years old
Note:Tree, leaf and nutillustrations are derivedfrom photos and havebeen selected as beingmost typical of thevariety. Note that therewill be some variationfrom these illustrations.
Leaf size isin scalethroughoutthe book.Upper leafsurface isshown in allcases.
Summaryof maincharacteristics
62
Notes
4
Meaning of terms usedPetiole – leaf stalkWillowing of branches – branches tend to be thin and hang downHilum – attachment of nut to huskMicropyle – white spot at the end of the nut opposite to the hilum where water enters toinitiate germinationRaceme – flower stalkTurkey’s neck – distinct break between main body of tree and the topSticktight nuts – dry mature nut-in-husk stay attached to the tree and do not fall naturally(as distinct from late fall green nuts)Pre-germination – germination on the tree before nuts fallPrecocious – starts bearing at an early ageUndulating leaf margins – wavy leaf marginsBasal discolouring – colouring of kernel due to absorption of colour from shellLeaf whorl – two or more leaves attached at the one node
Information on selecting varieties
Note that this book is a variety identifier – not a guide to selecting varieties for the orchard.Information on this subject can be found in the Key issues section of the AgrilinkMacadamia Information Kit.
Precautions in using this guide• Illustrations of trees, leaves and nuts have been selected as being most typical of
the variety. Illustrations are also based on trees grown in south Queensland andnorthern New South Wales. Note that there will be some variation from theseillustrations for other districts and under different management systems.
• Leaves used in the illustrations are mature leaves from the outside of the leafcanopy exposed to full sun.
• The guide is not suitable for identifying trees less than about three years of age.• As with all identification, accuracy depends on experience.
AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to sincerely thank Loraine Chapman for image scanning, artwork, pagelayouts and desktop publishing, and Glenis Ayling for editing the text.The authors also acknowledge the interest and support of the Technical DevelopmentCommittee of the Australian Macadamia Society in the production of this book.Information for the book was derived principally from data collected from the regionalvariety trials conducted by DPI, NSW Agriculture and the Australian Macadamia Society.Photographs used to develop the diagrams were kindly supplied by Eric Gallagher.
61
Other characteristics
Own Venture
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)short, late flowering
Bunching habitsingles and doublestendency to sticktights
Kernellarge, flat, slightly oblong, variable in shape
long relatively narrow, spiny leavesheavy flecking on shellslarge nutvery dense tree when maturelate nut drop with a tendency to sticktightslight green leaf colour
5
Contents
Main identification characteristicsTree shape ............................................................................................... 6Tree density & size .................................................................................. 7Leaf length .............................................................................................. 8Leaf width; tip shape ............................................................................... 9Leaf spines; husk shape ......................................................................... 10Distinctive shell features ....................................................................... 11
Key to major varietiesbased on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape ......................................... 12
Individual variety profilesA4 ......................................................................................................... 14A16 ....................................................................................................... 16A38 ....................................................................................................... 18A203 ..................................................................................................... 20A268 ..................................................................................................... 22H2 ......................................................................................................... 24NG8 ...................................................................................................... 26246 ........................................................................................................ 28333 ........................................................................................................ 30344 ........................................................................................................ 32508 ........................................................................................................ 34660 ........................................................................................................ 36741 ........................................................................................................ 38781 ........................................................................................................ 40783 ........................................................................................................ 42791 ........................................................................................................ 44800 ........................................................................................................ 46814 ........................................................................................................ 48816 ........................................................................................................ 50842 ........................................................................................................ 52849 ........................................................................................................ 54Daddow ................................................................................................. 56Own Choice .......................................................................................... 58Own Venture ........................................................................................ 60
60
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
Own Venture
• medium to large• moderately upright
long thin stalk
medium neck
large pointoffset tostalk
heavyflecking
small micropyle
slightly pointed tip
manyspines
small,regularundulatingmargin
medium tolong petiole
Length: long200 – 250 mm
Size:large
• open canopy when young;more dense with age
mediumwidth
dull lightgreen colour
dull, spotted
6
Tree shape
Spreading Upright
Round Upright with turkey’s neck
A4*A203A268246333*
508*783800849
A16*A38344791
814*816842Own Venture
A4*A16*H2NG8333*
660741814*
508*781DaddowOwn Choice
* Shape of these varieties varies with environment, age and tree management.
59
Other characteristics
Own Choice
Key identifiers
Flowersshort racemes (100 – 150 mm)extended out of season flowering
Bunching habittending to single nutsprone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination
Kernelfull, white
large, round, very dense treepale to medium green leaves with few spinesand slightly rolling, undulating marginvery extended flowering and nut droppatternprone to sticktight nuts and pre-germina-tionslightly oval, tan nuts with slight dent fromhilum to micropylelow dense tree skirt
7
Tree density & size
Dense Open
Small
A16H2246333344508660
781783800816849Own Choice
A4A38A203A268
NG8791814
dense when olderOpen when young;
741842
DaddowOwn Venture
Medium Large
A16NG8791814
A4A38A203A268Own Venture
660783842849
H2246333344508DaddowOwn Choice
741781800816
Note: Tree density and size vary with environment and tree management.
58
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
Own Choice
• large, round
short, thickstalk
moderate neck
very largepoint offsetto stalkvery darkgreen
slightly oval,golden brownshell withmoderateflecking small to medium
micropyle
rounded tip
few spines
slightlyrollingundulatingmargin
mediumlengthpetiole
Length: short – medium140 – 160 mm
Size:large
slight dent fromhilum to micropyle
• very dense canopy
mediumwidth
8
Short <150 mm Medium 150–200 mm Long >200 mm
A16H2344508781Own Choice
A4A38A203246333DaddowOwn Venture
A268NG8814842849
Leaf length
660741783791800816
Note: Leaf length varies with environment and tree age.
57
Other characteristics
Daddow
Key identifiers
Flowersshort racemes (100 – 150 mm)moderately intense, mid to late flowering
Bunching habitmany bunches with three to four nuts
Kernelround with moderate ridge
medium to large, upright to slightly spread-ing, very dense treewide, undulating, moderately spiny leaveswith some rolling and mottling on olderleavesvery prominent hilum and suture on nuts,which looked crackedshort racemes with moderately intense midto late floweringextended late nut dropmature leaves dull and dark green; youngleaves light green in colour
9
Leaf width; tip shape
Narrow <40 mm wide Wide >50 mm wide
A4A38A203NG8344508660741
A16A268H2246333781814842849Daddow
Rounded tip Slightly pointed Pointed tip
H2246508781
A16A203A268333
A4A38NG8741791
783816842849
DaddowOwn Choice
344660800814
Own Venture
Medium 40–50 mm
783791800816Own ChoiceOwn Venture
Note: Leaf width varies with environment and tree age.
56
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
Daddow
• medium to large• moderately upright
medium stalk
very welldefined, raisedneck
small pointin line withstalk
teacoloured,round,heavilystriped very small micropyle
rounded tip
moderatespines,particularlyat base
undulatingmargin;somerolling at tip
medium lengthpetiole
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
Size:medium
• very dense
large hilum
dull, dark green; slightlyrough
old leaves dull and dark green;young leaves light greenprone to mottling in olderleaves
very distinct suture
wide
10
No spines One spine on tip Basal spines
H2 A38 344660741
Few spines Moderate spines
A16A203508781783Own Choice
NG8246333800DaddowOwn Venture
Leaf spines & husk shape
791814816
Point offset to stalk Point in line with stalk
A4A38A268H2NG8246Own ChoiceOwn Venture
A16A203344791Daddow
333508660741781
Many spines
842849
A4A268
783800814816842849
55
Other characteristics
849
Key identifiers
Flowersmedium racemes (180 – 220 mm)light, late flowering over short period
Bunching habitmainly two or three nuts, tending to smallbunches as tree gets older
Kerneldull, cream, similar to 246slightly flatgood percentage of whole kernels
medium to large, spreading treelong, wide, dark green leaves, wider at the tipwith many spines and very undulating mar-ginslight flowering over short periodround nut with flattened area at hilum andslight to moderate fleckinglate maturing nuts tend to pre-germinateveins raised on upper leaf surface
11
Distinctive shell features
Distinct suture line Adhering husk
A16A38344660741
H2791
Prominent bulge Pronounced flecks or stripes
A4A16
A4A16A203A268DaddowOwn ChoiceOwn Venture
Distinct groove Pointed hilum
781800Own Venture
A16Daddow
NG8246344660741783849
783791816Daddow
abortedembryo cavity(H2 only)
adheredhusk
814842
54
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
849
• medium to large• spreading
medium, thickstalk
slightly raisedneck
very smallpoint offsetto stalk
slight tomoderateflecking
medium micropyle
wide rounded tip
manyspines
very undulatingmargin withundulationswider near tip
medium petiole
Length: long200 – 250 mm
Size:medium to large
• moderately dense todense canopy
round but flattenedat hilum
wideclub-shaped,taperingtowardsbaseveinsraisedon upperleafsurface
smooth
A38 page 18
H2 page 24783 page 42
791 page 44
816 page 50
A203 page 20
344 page 32 660 page 36
741 page 38
508 page 34
Own Choicepage 58
781 page 40
A16 page 16
12
Key to varieties based on leaf
Nospines
One spineon top
Basal only spines Few spinesMediumShort
WideNarrowMediumShort
Note: This is a simplified keyonly — refer to the individualvariety profiles for full deatilson each variety.
53
Other characteristics
842
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)intense flowering over long period
Bunching habitmainly two or three nuts, with small clustersnuts tend to be concentrated towards the centre ofthe tree
Kernelsmall to medium, round
medium to large, moderately upright treelong, very wide leaves with many spines andsmall regular undulations on the marginvery even, round, small, smooth nut in huskwith very small point offset to a very shortstalk and small neckintense, flowering over long periodlighter leaf colour than 849
A38 page 18
H2 page 24783 page 42
791 page 44
816 page 50
A203 page 20
344 page 32 660 page 36
741 page 38
508 page 34
Own Choicepage 58
781 page 40
A16 page 16
12
Key to varieties based on leaf
Nospines
One spineon top
Basal only spines Few spinesMediumShort
WideNarrowMediumShort
Note: This is a simplified keyonly — refer to the individualvariety profiles for full deatilson each variety.
53
Other characteristics
842
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)intense flowering over long period
Bunching habitmainly two or three nuts, with small clustersnuts tend to be concentrated towards the centre ofthe tree
Kernelsmall to medium, round
medium to large, moderately upright treelong, very wide leaves with many spines andsmall regular undulations on the marginvery even, round, small, smooth nut in huskwith very small point offset to a very shortstalk and small neckintense, flowering over long periodlighter leaf colour than 849
814 page 48800 page 46 246 page 28
Daddowpage 56
333 page 30
Own Venturepage 60
NG8 page 26
842 page 52
849 page 54
A4 page 14
A268page 22
13
spines, leaf size and leaf shape
Very spinyFew spines Many spines
NarrowMedium
WideNarrow WideLong Medium LongLong
52
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
842
• medium to large• moderately upright
very shortstalk
small neck
very smallpoint offsetto stalk
slghtly flat,oval, lightbrown shellwith slightflecking
small to mediummicropyle
rounded tip
manyspines
small,regularundulatingmargin
long petiole
Length: long200 – 250 mm
Size:small
• open canopy when young;more dense with age
very even,round, smooth
very widebut moreuniformwidth whencomparedto 849
lighter leaf colour whencompared to 849
distinct groove
14
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
• medium, spreading torounded
• moderate to open canopy
moderately longstalk
moderate neck
long,moderatelylarge point,offset tostalk
oval, out of roundshape; thin, smooth,shiny golden brownshell with moderateflecking
smallmicropyle
long pointed tip
veryspiny
flattenedmargin
short to mediumlength petiole
A4
distinctive dent
shell slightlypointed at micropyle
• leaf whorls fairly evenlydivided between 3 and4 leaves per node
relativelynarrow
Size:large to very large
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
glossy
51
Other characteristics
816
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)light, late flowering
Bunching habitmostly singles and doubles
Kernellarge, round with high kernel recoverygood percentage of whole kernels
medium to large, moderately upright treewith moderately dense canopypale lime green leaves with smooth margin oronly a few spines and long petiolelight, late flowering with early nut droplarge, lime green nut in husk, with raisedneck and thick stalkpale nut with prominent suture
15
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
A4
Flowerslong racemes (250 – 300 mm)short, late, intense flowering; prone to secondflowering in summerprecocious
Bunching habitmainly singles
Kernellarge, white, full, flat
spreading tree with open canopyleaf whorls, some with three leaves; somewith four leavespale, relatively narrow, very spiny and pointedleavesdistinctive dent near micropyle, with micro-pyle on slight pointlarge, even sized, thin shelled, slightly ovalgolden brown nutsmainly single nuts on long racemes
50
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
816
• medium to large• moderately upright
average length,thick stalk
large, raisedneck
mediumpoint offsetto stalk,slightly roughsurface; palelime green
round withlittleflecking
small to mediummicropyle
rounded tip
very fewspines
smooth,slightlyundulatingmargin
long petiole
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
Size:medium to large
• moderately dense canopy
distinct suture
mediumwidth andtaperingtowardsbase
lime greencolour
16
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
A16
• small• upright with willowing of branches• moderate to dense canopy
long, thin stalk
moderate neck
moderatepoint, in linewith stalk
raised hilum
oval, thin,mahogany shellwith moderateflecking
very smallmicropyle
slightly pointed tipwith spine
fewspines
shortpetiole
dent nearmicropyle
Size:variable from small to large
Length: short120 – 180 mm
wide
dull, distinctive mediumgreen colour
49
Other characteristics
814
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)short, light, late flowering
Bunching habitmany small bunches
Kernelsmall, round
small, upright, open, precocious treelong, wide, dull mid-green leaves with unevenundulating marginsmall, round, even-sized nutsmany small bunches of nuts
15
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
A4
Flowerslong racemes (250 – 300 mm)short, late, intense flowering; prone to secondflowering in summerprecocious
Bunching habitmainly singles
Kernellarge, white, full, flat
spreading tree with open canopyleaf whorls, some with three leaves; somewith four leavespale, relatively narrow, very spiny and pointedleavesdistinctive dent near micropyle, with micro-pyle on slight pointlarge, even sized, thin shelled, slightly ovalgolden brown nutsmainly single nuts on long racemes
50
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
816
• medium to large• moderately upright
average length,thick stalk
large, raisedneck
mediumpoint offsetto stalk,slightly roughsurface; palelime green
round withlittleflecking
small to mediummicropyle
rounded tip
very fewspines
smooth,slightlyundulatingmargin
long petiole
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
Size:medium to large
• moderately dense canopy
distinct suture
mediumwidth andtaperingtowardsbase
lime greencolour
16
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
A16
• small• upright with willowing of branches• moderate to dense canopy
long, thin stalk
moderate neck
moderatepoint, in linewith stalk
raised hilum
oval, thin,mahogany shellwith moderateflecking
very smallmicropyle
slightly pointed tipwith spine
fewspines
shortpetiole
dent nearmicropyle
Size:variable from small to large
Length: short120 – 180 mm
wide
dull, distinctive mediumgreen colour
49
Other characteristics
814
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)short, light, late flowering
Bunching habitmany small bunches
Kernelsmall, round
small, upright, open, precocious treelong, wide, dull mid-green leaves with unevenundulating marginsmall, round, even-sized nutsmany small bunches of nuts
17
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
A16
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)condensed, late flowering
Bunching habittends to open bunching
Kernelfull, white
small, moderate to dense upright tree withwillowing of branchesdull green, short and wide leaves with fewspines and short petiolethin shelled, oval mahogany nuts with a dentnear a very small micropylevery late nut dropsmall percentage of 4 leaf whorlsprone to sticktights
48
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
814
• small, upright• open canopy
short, thickstalk
no neck
very smallpoint offsetto stalk
round withslightflecking
medium micropyle
slightly pointed tip,variable
fewspinesat stemend andtip
uneven,slightlyundulatingmargin,prone torollingdown-wards
mediumlength petiole
Length: long200 – >250 mm
Size:small
• precocious — starts bearingearly
medium hilum
transverse groove(not from micropyleto hilum)
wide
older leavestend to yellow
18
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
• medium• very open canopy
medium thickstalk
large neck
moderatepoint, offsetto stalk
round, lightbrown, glossyshell with slightflecking
very small micropyle
one spine on pointed apicaltip
medium tolong petiole
slightlyundulatingmargin
A38
narrow
Size:uniform medium to large
Length: short – medium140 – 160 mm
• very upright with willowingof branches in later years
suture line
47
Other characteristics
800
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)long flowering
Bunching habitsingles to triples
Kernelround, white
large, very spreading, dense tree; highly proneto wind damageregular undulating margin and many largespines on leavesleaves narrower and paler than 246slightly rough nut surface with moderatelylarge micropyleprone to twisted branchesround, white kernels
19
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
A38
Flowersvery long racemes (more than 300 mm) with creamflowersshort, mid-season flowering
Bunching habittends to very long, large bunches towards the bottomcentre of the tree
Kernelslightly flattened, creamhigh percentage of whole kernels
very long racemesshortish narrow leaves with only one spineon apical tiptends to very long, large bunches towardsbottom centre of treevery upright tree with very open canopymedium to large, uniform, round nutstends to long willowy branches in later years
46
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
800
• large, very spreading• very dense canopy• wide lateral limb structure
when compared to 246
medium thickstalk
large neck
mediumpoint offsetto stalk
slightlyroughsurface medium micropyle
slightly pointed tip
many largespines
regularundulatingmargin
mediumlength petiole
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
Size:large
• prone to twisted branches(caused by copperdeficiency)
mediumwidth
paler than246
distinct groove(not suture)
20
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
A203
• medium• slightly upright with slight willowing of branches• moderate to open canopy
moderately long,thick stalk
large neck
large point,in line withstalk
slight dent nearmicropyle
glossy, slightlyrough surfacewith flecking
very smallmicropyle
slightly pointed tip
longish,dull withfewspines
marginrolls downtoward tip
Tree
rough surface
long petiole
Size:medium to large
Length: medium – long150 – 230 mm
narrow
45
Other characteristics
791
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)extended flowering throughout most of the year
Bunching habitloose bunches with many doubles and triples
Kernelflattish and oblongprominent ridge
small, upright, irregular, straggly treelongish, narrow leaves with pronounced tipand slightly undulating marginsslightly cupped leaves with short petioleextended flowering through most of the yearsmall point on husk in line with stalkround tan coloured nut, slightly flattenedat hilum with no fleckingleaves not evenly spaced on the whorl
21
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
A203
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)intense, short, mid-season flowering
Bunching habitold trees tending to singles with no large bunches
Kernelfull, white
slightly pointed, longish, narrow, dull,medium green leaves with few spines andlong petioleslight dent near very small micropylemedium to large, uneven sized nutintense, short late floweringrough surface on husk and nutslightly upright tree with slight willowingof branches
44
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
791
• small, upright• irregular shape; appears
straggly
long, thin stalk
high, smallneck
small point inline withstalk
round, tanshell withno flecking
small micropyle
pronounced tip
few spines
slightlyundulatingmargin
mediumsized petiole
Length: medium – long150 – 200 mm
• very precocious —starts bearing early
Size:medium
slightly flattenedat hilum with huskadhering
mediumwidth,slightlycupped
prominent suture
22
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
• medium to large• spreading habit• moderate to open canopy
thin, mediumlength stalk
very slightlyraised neck
small point,offset to stalk
even sizedpebbly to roughshell withmoderateflecking
very smallmicropyle
pointed tip
manyspines
undulationsin margintowards tip
shortpetiole
A268
wideandlong
Size:very large
Length: long200 – 250 mm
43
Other characteristics
783
Key identifiers
Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm)extended flowering; more intense late in season
Bunching habitmany clusters
Kernelmediumhigh percentage of whole kernels
medium to large, moderately dense, spread-ing treerelatively narrow leaves with rounded tip,small undulations and a few spines at basesmall point to husk; thick stalk with raisedneckprominent ridge on husk at dehiscing pointmoderate flecking; some nuts are whitishdistinct suture line on nut
23
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
A268
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)short, condensed mid-season flowering
Bunching habittendency to single nuts
Kernelfull, creamy white
long leaf with many spines and short petiolemedium to large spreading tree withmoderate to open canopyleaves much larger than A4small point on husk with thin stalkvery large, even sized nut with smallmicropyle and slightly rough surface
42
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
783
• medium to large,spreading
thick, mediumlength stalk
raised neckvery smallpoint offsetto stalk
round, evennut; moder-ately flecked,some whiteish
medium micropyle
rounded tip
few spinesmainly atbase
slightlyundulatingmargin
mediumpetiole
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
• moderately densecanopy
Size:medium
round, dull, darksurface
distinct suture line
prominent ridge at dehiscing point
mediumwidth
24
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
H2
• large, upright• dense canopy
short, thick stalk
no neckflattened, withvery small point,offset to stalk
large hilum withpiece of adheringhusk
distinct lobed shape
medium to largemicropyle
rounded tip
nospines
flat marginwith rolleddown tip
Tree
short,wide
slightly flat,abortedembryo mark(dimple)
short to mediumpetiole
Size:small
Length: short< 150 mm
short thickstalk
41
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
Flowersshort – medium racemes (100 – 200 mm)light, late flowering
Bunching habitmainly singles, doubles, triples
Kernelmedium to large
very large, moderately upright tree; moder-ately dense canopyshort, wide, slightly undulating leaves withsome spines and some yellowing on summerflush (caused by heat intolerance)large kernel but low yield to canopy arealong, late nut drop; prone to sticktight nutslarge nuts, but can be variable
781
25
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
H2
Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm) with somebranching possiblelate, short flowering
Bunching habitprone to tight bunchesprone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination
Kernelflat with moderate ridgemany whole kernels
small, slightly flattened nuts with distinctivelobe, dimple, medium to large micropyle andlarge hilum with piece of adhering huskshort, wide leaf with rounded end, no spines,flat margin with rolled down tipmedium to long racemes with some branchingshell with thick baseprone to sticktight nutslarge, dense, upright tree
40
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
781
• very large, moderately upright• moderately dense canopy
thick, mediumlength stalk
small neck
very smallpoint offsetto stalk
large,round,slightlyflecked
medium micropyle
rounded tip with nopoint
somelargespines
wide
slightlyundulatingmargin
variable sizepetiole
Length: short<150 mm
Size:large
round, smooth
flat at hilium
distinct groove(not suture)
yellowing of summer flushunder heat stress
26
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
NG8
• very small, round• open canopy• moderately precocious — starts bearing early
short, thin stalk
short, thin stalkmedium tolargepoint,offset tostalk
bright brownshell withmoderateflecking
small micropyle
pointed tip
many spines(particularlynear base)
slightundulationson margin
shortpetiole
Tree
long,narrowleaf
dark green
raised atmicropyle end
very small neck
Size:medium to large
Length: long200 – 250 mm
39
Other characteristics
741
Key identifiers
Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm)prone to light floweringlate, concentrated flowering
Bunching habitnumerous open bunches
Kernelfull, slightly dull, cream
distinctive spurred basal spines on leaves(more than 344 or 660)large, upright tree; moderate to open canopywith turkey’s neck, particularly when younglate, concentrated light floweringnumerous open buncheslarge point on husk, offset to stalk
Note: It is very difficult to distinguishbetween 660 and 741
27
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
NG8
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)intense, late flowering
Bunching habitsome open bunches, mainly singlesnuts hang down on long racemes
Kernelmedium to largevery few whole kernels — mostly halves
very small, open, round treevery dark green, long, narrow leavesnuts prominent; hang singly on long racemesbright brown nuts with moderate fleckingtend to dehusk on the groundprecocious — starts bearing early; high yieldper canopy areavery few whole kernels — mostly halvesdehusks on the ground
38
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
741
• large, upright• moderate to open canopy
medium to longthick stalk
moderate neck
largepoint,offset tostalk
round, smoothshell with slightflecking
small micropyle
pointed tip
distinctive,spurred,basalspines
slightlyundulatingmargin
long petiole
Size:medium
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
• turkey’s neck
relativelynarrow,particularlytowardsbase
prominent point when nuts still growing
28
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
Husk
• large, spreading
short, thick stalk
large neck
small point,offset tostalk
slightlyflattened
slightly roughsurface withmoderateflecking
large micropyle
rounded tip
moderatespines
regular,veryundulatingmargin
medium to longpetiole
246
Size:large
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
wide
• moderately dense canopy
37
Other characteristics
660
Key identifiers
Key identifiers
Flowersmedium to long racemes (150 – 200 mm)concentrated floweringvariable timing
Bunching habitvariable with no large bunches
Kernelsmall, full, with slight ridge
very dark green, narrow, slightly pointedleaves with spines mainly near the baselong petiolesmall nuts, variable in sizeupright tree with turkey’s neckvery early nut drop; tends to germinate inwet conditions
Note: It is very difficult to distinguishbetween 660 and 741
29
Other characteristics
Flowersshort – medium racemes (less than 100 – 200 mm)extended, heavy floweringprecocious — starts bearing early
Bunching habitfew bunches of nutsmainly singles — increasing tendency as trees age
Kernelslightly flat with a prominent ridgetendency to basal discolouring
large tree with spreading growth habitregular, very even undulating margin ondark green wide leafshort racemes and extended floweringshort, thick stalkmedium to large nut with large micropyle
Key identifiers
246
36
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
660
• medium to large• upright
moderately long,wide stalk
moderate neck
large pointoffset tostalk
pronouncedflecking
small micropyle
slightly pointed tip
fewspines,mainlynearbase
slightlyundulatingmargin
long petiole
narrow
Size:small, variable
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
• moderate to dense canopy• turkey’s neck
30
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
333
Length: medium – long150 – 200 mm
• medium• round to spreading
very short, thickstalk
large neck
large point,offset tostalk
slightly flattenedwith thick shell
slightly roughsurface withminimalflecking
small tomediummicropyle
pointed tip
manyspines
largeundula-tions inmargin
medium to longpetiole
• moderately dense canopy
mediumto long,verywideleaf
Size:medium
very tough husk
very dark green
35
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
508
Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm)late, long flowering
Bunching habittending to singlescan have sticktight nuts
Kernelfull, white
very large, spreading treeshort leaves with rounded tip, few spines andmany small undulationssmall, round nutssmall point on husksusceptible to yellowing and leaf scald underheat stress
31
Other characteristics
333
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)mid to late flowering of moderate intensity
Bunching habitmainly singles
Kernelslightly flat
medium to long, very wide, spiny,very darkgreen shiny leaves with undulating marginsround treetough, pale green huskvery short, thick stalksmall point on huskthick shell
34
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
508
• large, spreading• moderate to dense canopy
short, moderatelythick stalk
moderate neck
smallpoint,offset tostalk
round
small micropyle(can be open)
rounded tip
fewspines
many shortundulationson margin
medium to longpetiole
Tree
short,narrow
Size:medium
Length: short<150 mm
glossy
32
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
344
• large, upright, conical• dense canopy
short, thick stalk
no neck
small point,in line withstalk
round, dullshell withmoderateflecking small
micropyle
pointed tip withspine
fewspines,mainlynearbase
slightlyundulatingmargin
mediumlength petiole
• moderately precocious
short,narrow
Size:medium to large
Length: short<150 mm
glossy, smooth
33
Other characteristics
344
Key identifiers
Flowersmedium length racemes (150 – 200 mm)mid to late, light floweringprecocious — starts bearing early
Bunching habittends to tight bunches, particularly withlight flowering
Kernelflat, ridged, dull cream
large, upright, conical, dense treeshort, narrow, dark green leaves withfew spineslight floweringsmall point on husk in line with stalkno neck on husk, short thick stalkcompact and very dense tree when young
31
Other characteristics
333
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)mid to late flowering of moderate intensity
Bunching habitmainly singles
Kernelslightly flat
medium to long, very wide, spiny,very darkgreen shiny leaves with undulating marginsround treetough, pale green huskvery short, thick stalksmall point on huskthick shell
34
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
508
• large, spreading• moderate to dense canopy
short, moderatelythick stalk
moderate neck
smallpoint,offset tostalk
round
small micropyle(can be open)
rounded tip
fewspines
many shortundulationson margin
medium to longpetiole
Tree
short,narrow
Size:medium
Length: short<150 mm
glossy
32
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
344
• large, upright, conical• dense canopy
short, thick stalk
no neck
small point,in line withstalk
round, dullshell withmoderateflecking small
micropyle
pointed tip withspine
fewspines,mainlynearbase
slightlyundulatingmargin
mediumlength petiole
• moderately precocious
short,narrow
Size:medium to large
Length: short<150 mm
glossy, smooth
33
Other characteristics
344
Key identifiers
Flowersmedium length racemes (150 – 200 mm)mid to late, light floweringprecocious — starts bearing early
Bunching habittends to tight bunches, particularly withlight flowering
Kernelflat, ridged, dull cream
large, upright, conical, dense treeshort, narrow, dark green leaves withfew spineslight floweringsmall point on husk in line with stalkno neck on husk, short thick stalkcompact and very dense tree when young
32
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
344
• large, upright, conical• dense canopy
short, thick stalk
no neck
small point,in line withstalk
round, dullshell withmoderateflecking small
micropyle
pointed tip withspine
fewspines,mainlynearbase
slightlyundulatingmargin
mediumlength petiole
• moderately precocious
short,narrow
Size:medium to large
Length: short<150 mm
glossy, smooth
33
Other characteristics
344
Key identifiers
Flowersmedium length racemes (150 – 200 mm)mid to late, light floweringprecocious — starts bearing early
Bunching habittends to tight bunches, particularly withlight flowering
Kernelflat, ridged, dull cream
large, upright, conical, dense treeshort, narrow, dark green leaves withfew spineslight floweringsmall point on husk in line with stalkno neck on husk, short thick stalkcompact and very dense tree when young
30
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
333
Length: medium – long150 – 200 mm
• medium• round to spreading
very short, thickstalk
large neck
large point,offset tostalk
slightly flattenedwith thick shell
slightly roughsurface withminimalflecking
small tomediummicropyle
pointed tip
manyspines
largeundula-tions inmargin
medium to longpetiole
• moderately dense canopy
mediumto long,verywideleaf
Size:medium
very tough husk
very dark green
35
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
508
Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm)late, long flowering
Bunching habittending to singlescan have sticktight nuts
Kernelfull, white
very large, spreading treeshort leaves with rounded tip, few spines andmany small undulationssmall, round nutssmall point on husksusceptible to yellowing and leaf scald underheat stress
31
Other characteristics
333
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)mid to late flowering of moderate intensity
Bunching habitmainly singles
Kernelslightly flat
medium to long, very wide, spiny,very darkgreen shiny leaves with undulating marginsround treetough, pale green huskvery short, thick stalksmall point on huskthick shell
34
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
508
• large, spreading• moderate to dense canopy
short, moderatelythick stalk
moderate neck
smallpoint,offset tostalk
round
small micropyle(can be open)
rounded tip
fewspines
many shortundulationson margin
medium to longpetiole
Tree
short,narrow
Size:medium
Length: short<150 mm
glossy
28
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
Husk
• large, spreading
short, thick stalk
large neck
small point,offset tostalk
slightlyflattened
slightly roughsurface withmoderateflecking
large micropyle
rounded tip
moderatespines
regular,veryundulatingmargin
medium to longpetiole
246
Size:large
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
wide
• moderately dense canopy
37
Other characteristics
660
Key identifiers
Key identifiers
Flowersmedium to long racemes (150 – 200 mm)concentrated floweringvariable timing
Bunching habitvariable with no large bunches
Kernelsmall, full, with slight ridge
very dark green, narrow, slightly pointedleaves with spines mainly near the baselong petiolesmall nuts, variable in sizeupright tree with turkey’s neckvery early nut drop; tends to germinate inwet conditions
Note: It is very difficult to distinguishbetween 660 and 741
29
Other characteristics
Flowersshort – medium racemes (less than 100 – 200 mm)extended, heavy floweringprecocious — starts bearing early
Bunching habitfew bunches of nutsmainly singles — increasing tendency as trees age
Kernelslightly flat with a prominent ridgetendency to basal discolouring
large tree with spreading growth habitregular, very even undulating margin ondark green wide leafshort racemes and extended floweringshort, thick stalkmedium to large nut with large micropyle
Key identifiers
246
36
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
660
• medium to large• upright
moderately long,wide stalk
moderate neck
large pointoffset tostalk
pronouncedflecking
small micropyle
slightly pointed tip
fewspines,mainlynearbase
slightlyundulatingmargin
long petiole
narrow
Size:small, variable
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
• moderate to dense canopy• turkey’s neck
26
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
NG8
• very small, round• open canopy• moderately precocious — starts bearing early
short, thin stalk
short, thin stalkmedium tolargepoint,offset tostalk
bright brownshell withmoderateflecking
small micropyle
pointed tip
many spines(particularlynear base)
slightundulationson margin
shortpetiole
Tree
long,narrowleaf
dark green
raised atmicropyle end
very small neck
Size:medium to large
Length: long200 – 250 mm
39
Other characteristics
741
Key identifiers
Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm)prone to light floweringlate, concentrated flowering
Bunching habitnumerous open bunches
Kernelfull, slightly dull, cream
distinctive spurred basal spines on leaves(more than 344 or 660)large, upright tree; moderate to open canopywith turkey’s neck, particularly when younglate, concentrated light floweringnumerous open buncheslarge point on husk, offset to stalk
Note: It is very difficult to distinguishbetween 660 and 741
27
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
NG8
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)intense, late flowering
Bunching habitsome open bunches, mainly singlesnuts hang down on long racemes
Kernelmedium to largevery few whole kernels — mostly halves
very small, open, round treevery dark green, long, narrow leavesnuts prominent; hang singly on long racemesbright brown nuts with moderate fleckingtend to dehusk on the groundprecocious — starts bearing early; high yieldper canopy areavery few whole kernels — mostly halvesdehusks on the ground
38
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
741
• large, upright• moderate to open canopy
medium to longthick stalk
moderate neck
largepoint,offset tostalk
round, smoothshell with slightflecking
small micropyle
pointed tip
distinctive,spurred,basalspines
slightlyundulatingmargin
long petiole
Size:medium
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
• turkey’s neck
relativelynarrow,particularlytowardsbase
prominent point when nuts still growing
24
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
H2
• large, upright• dense canopy
short, thick stalk
no neckflattened, withvery small point,offset to stalk
large hilum withpiece of adheringhusk
distinct lobed shape
medium to largemicropyle
rounded tip
nospines
flat marginwith rolleddown tip
Tree
short,wide
slightly flat,abortedembryo mark(dimple)
short to mediumpetiole
Size:small
Length: short< 150 mm
short thickstalk
41
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
Flowersshort – medium racemes (100 – 200 mm)light, late flowering
Bunching habitmainly singles, doubles, triples
Kernelmedium to large
very large, moderately upright tree; moder-ately dense canopyshort, wide, slightly undulating leaves withsome spines and some yellowing on summerflush (caused by heat intolerance)large kernel but low yield to canopy arealong, late nut drop; prone to sticktight nutslarge nuts, but can be variable
781
25
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
H2
Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm) with somebranching possiblelate, short flowering
Bunching habitprone to tight bunchesprone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination
Kernelflat with moderate ridgemany whole kernels
small, slightly flattened nuts with distinctivelobe, dimple, medium to large micropyle andlarge hilum with piece of adhering huskshort, wide leaf with rounded end, no spines,flat margin with rolled down tipmedium to long racemes with some branchingshell with thick baseprone to sticktight nutslarge, dense, upright tree
40
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
781
• very large, moderately upright• moderately dense canopy
thick, mediumlength stalk
small neck
very smallpoint offsetto stalk
large,round,slightlyflecked
medium micropyle
rounded tip with nopoint
somelargespines
wide
slightlyundulatingmargin
variable sizepetiole
Length: short<150 mm
Size:large
round, smooth
flat at hilium
distinct groove(not suture)
yellowing of summer flushunder heat stress
22
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
• medium to large• spreading habit• moderate to open canopy
thin, mediumlength stalk
very slightlyraised neck
small point,offset to stalk
even sizedpebbly to roughshell withmoderateflecking
very smallmicropyle
pointed tip
manyspines
undulationsin margintowards tip
shortpetiole
A268
wideandlong
Size:very large
Length: long200 – 250 mm
43
Other characteristics
783
Key identifiers
Flowersmedium racemes (150 – 200 mm)extended flowering; more intense late in season
Bunching habitmany clusters
Kernelmediumhigh percentage of whole kernels
medium to large, moderately dense, spread-ing treerelatively narrow leaves with rounded tip,small undulations and a few spines at basesmall point to husk; thick stalk with raisedneckprominent ridge on husk at dehiscing pointmoderate flecking; some nuts are whitishdistinct suture line on nut
23
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
A268
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)short, condensed mid-season flowering
Bunching habittendency to single nuts
Kernelfull, creamy white
long leaf with many spines and short petiolemedium to large spreading tree withmoderate to open canopyleaves much larger than A4small point on husk with thin stalkvery large, even sized nut with smallmicropyle and slightly rough surface
42
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
783
• medium to large,spreading
thick, mediumlength stalk
raised neckvery smallpoint offsetto stalk
round, evennut; moder-ately flecked,some whiteish
medium micropyle
rounded tip
few spinesmainly atbase
slightlyundulatingmargin
mediumpetiole
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
• moderately densecanopy
Size:medium
round, dull, darksurface
distinct suture line
prominent ridge at dehiscing point
mediumwidth
20
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
A203
• medium• slightly upright with slight willowing of branches• moderate to open canopy
moderately long,thick stalk
large neck
large point,in line withstalk
slight dent nearmicropyle
glossy, slightlyrough surfacewith flecking
very smallmicropyle
slightly pointed tip
longish,dull withfewspines
marginrolls downtoward tip
Tree
rough surface
long petiole
Size:medium to large
Length: medium – long150 – 230 mm
narrow
45
Other characteristics
791
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)extended flowering throughout most of the year
Bunching habitloose bunches with many doubles and triples
Kernelflattish and oblongprominent ridge
small, upright, irregular, straggly treelongish, narrow leaves with pronounced tipand slightly undulating marginsslightly cupped leaves with short petioleextended flowering through most of the yearsmall point on husk in line with stalkround tan coloured nut, slightly flattenedat hilum with no fleckingleaves not evenly spaced on the whorl
21
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
A203
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)intense, short, mid-season flowering
Bunching habitold trees tending to singles with no large bunches
Kernelfull, white
slightly pointed, longish, narrow, dull,medium green leaves with few spines andlong petioleslight dent near very small micropylemedium to large, uneven sized nutintense, short late floweringrough surface on husk and nutslightly upright tree with slight willowingof branches
44
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
791
• small, upright• irregular shape; appears
straggly
long, thin stalk
high, smallneck
small point inline withstalk
round, tanshell withno flecking
small micropyle
pronounced tip
few spines
slightlyundulatingmargin
mediumsized petiole
Length: medium – long150 – 200 mm
• very precocious —starts bearing early
Size:medium
slightly flattenedat hilum with huskadhering
mediumwidth,slightlycupped
prominent suture
18
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
• medium• very open canopy
medium thickstalk
large neck
moderatepoint, offsetto stalk
round, lightbrown, glossyshell with slightflecking
very small micropyle
one spine on pointed apicaltip
medium tolong petiole
slightlyundulatingmargin
A38
narrow
Size:uniform medium to large
Length: short – medium140 – 160 mm
• very upright with willowingof branches in later years
suture line
47
Other characteristics
800
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)long flowering
Bunching habitsingles to triples
Kernelround, white
large, very spreading, dense tree; highly proneto wind damageregular undulating margin and many largespines on leavesleaves narrower and paler than 246slightly rough nut surface with moderatelylarge micropyleprone to twisted branchesround, white kernels
19
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
A38
Flowersvery long racemes (more than 300 mm) with creamflowersshort, mid-season flowering
Bunching habittends to very long, large bunches towards the bottomcentre of the tree
Kernelslightly flattened, creamhigh percentage of whole kernels
very long racemesshortish narrow leaves with only one spineon apical tiptends to very long, large bunches towardsbottom centre of treevery upright tree with very open canopymedium to large, uniform, round nutstends to long willowy branches in later years
46
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
800
• large, very spreading• very dense canopy• wide lateral limb structure
when compared to 246
medium thickstalk
large neck
mediumpoint offsetto stalk
slightlyroughsurface medium micropyle
slightly pointed tip
many largespines
regularundulatingmargin
mediumlength petiole
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
Size:large
• prone to twisted branches(caused by copperdeficiency)
mediumwidth
paler than246
distinct groove(not suture)
17
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
A16
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)condensed, late flowering
Bunching habittends to open bunching
Kernelfull, white
small, moderate to dense upright tree withwillowing of branchesdull green, short and wide leaves with fewspines and short petiolethin shelled, oval mahogany nuts with a dentnear a very small micropylevery late nut dropsmall percentage of 4 leaf whorlsprone to sticktights
48
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
814
• small, upright• open canopy
short, thickstalk
no neck
very smallpoint offsetto stalk
round withslightflecking
medium micropyle
slightly pointed tip,variable
fewspinesat stemend andtip
uneven,slightlyundulatingmargin,prone torollingdown-wards
mediumlength petiole
Length: long200 – >250 mm
Size:small
• precocious — starts bearingearly
medium hilum
transverse groove(not from micropyleto hilum)
wide
older leavestend to yellow
16
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
A16
• small• upright with willowing of branches• moderate to dense canopy
long, thin stalk
moderate neck
moderatepoint, in linewith stalk
raised hilum
oval, thin,mahogany shellwith moderateflecking
very smallmicropyle
slightly pointed tipwith spine
fewspines
shortpetiole
dent nearmicropyle
Size:variable from small to large
Length: short120 – 180 mm
wide
dull, distinctive mediumgreen colour
49
Other characteristics
814
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)short, light, late flowering
Bunching habitmany small bunches
Kernelsmall, round
small, upright, open, precocious treelong, wide, dull mid-green leaves with unevenundulating marginsmall, round, even-sized nutsmany small bunches of nuts
17
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
A16
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)condensed, late flowering
Bunching habittends to open bunching
Kernelfull, white
small, moderate to dense upright tree withwillowing of branchesdull green, short and wide leaves with fewspines and short petiolethin shelled, oval mahogany nuts with a dentnear a very small micropylevery late nut dropsmall percentage of 4 leaf whorlsprone to sticktights
48
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
814
• small, upright• open canopy
short, thickstalk
no neck
very smallpoint offsetto stalk
round withslightflecking
medium micropyle
slightly pointed tip,variable
fewspinesat stemend andtip
uneven,slightlyundulatingmargin,prone torollingdown-wards
mediumlength petiole
Length: long200 – >250 mm
Size:small
• precocious — starts bearingearly
medium hilum
transverse groove(not from micropyleto hilum)
wide
older leavestend to yellow
14
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
• medium, spreading torounded
• moderate to open canopy
moderately longstalk
moderate neck
long,moderatelylarge point,offset tostalk
oval, out of roundshape; thin, smooth,shiny golden brownshell with moderateflecking
smallmicropyle
long pointed tip
veryspiny
flattenedmargin
short to mediumlength petiole
A4
distinctive dent
shell slightlypointed at micropyle
• leaf whorls fairly evenlydivided between 3 and4 leaves per node
relativelynarrow
Size:large to very large
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
glossy
51
Other characteristics
816
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)light, late flowering
Bunching habitmostly singles and doubles
Kernellarge, round with high kernel recoverygood percentage of whole kernels
medium to large, moderately upright treewith moderately dense canopypale lime green leaves with smooth margin oronly a few spines and long petiolelight, late flowering with early nut droplarge, lime green nut in husk, with raisedneck and thick stalkpale nut with prominent suture
15
Other characteristics
Key identifiers
A4
Flowerslong racemes (250 – 300 mm)short, late, intense flowering; prone to secondflowering in summerprecocious
Bunching habitmainly singles
Kernellarge, white, full, flat
spreading tree with open canopyleaf whorls, some with three leaves; somewith four leavespale, relatively narrow, very spiny and pointedleavesdistinctive dent near micropyle, with micro-pyle on slight pointlarge, even sized, thin shelled, slightly ovalgolden brown nutsmainly single nuts on long racemes
50
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
816
• medium to large• moderately upright
average length,thick stalk
large, raisedneck
mediumpoint offsetto stalk,slightly roughsurface; palelime green
round withlittleflecking
small to mediummicropyle
rounded tip
very fewspines
smooth,slightlyundulatingmargin
long petiole
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
Size:medium to large
• moderately dense canopy
distinct suture
mediumwidth andtaperingtowardsbase
lime greencolour
814 page 48800 page 46 246 page 28
Daddowpage 56
333 page 30
Own Venturepage 60
NG8 page 26
842 page 52
849 page 54
A4 page 14
A268page 22
13
spines, leaf size and leaf shape
Very spinyFew spines Many spines
NarrowMedium
WideNarrow WideLong Medium LongLong
52
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
842
• medium to large• moderately upright
very shortstalk
small neck
very smallpoint offsetto stalk
slghtly flat,oval, lightbrown shellwith slightflecking
small to mediummicropyle
rounded tip
manyspines
small,regularundulatingmargin
long petiole
Length: long200 – 250 mm
Size:small
• open canopy when young;more dense with age
very even,round, smooth
very widebut moreuniformwidth whencomparedto 849
lighter leaf colour whencompared to 849
distinct groove
A38 page 18
H2 page 24783 page 42
791 page 44
816 page 50
A203 page 20
344 page 32 660 page 36
741 page 38
508 page 34
Own Choicepage 58
781 page 40
A16 page 16
12
Key to varieties based on leaf
Nospines
One spineon top
Basal only spines Few spinesMediumShort
WideNarrowMediumShort
Note: This is a simplified keyonly — refer to the individualvariety profiles for full deatilson each variety.
53
Other characteristics
842
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)intense flowering over long period
Bunching habitmainly two or three nuts, with small clustersnuts tend to be concentrated towards the centre ofthe tree
Kernelsmall to medium, round
medium to large, moderately upright treelong, very wide leaves with many spines andsmall regular undulations on the marginvery even, round, small, smooth nut in huskwith very small point offset to a very shortstalk and small neckintense, flowering over long periodlighter leaf colour than 849
814 page 48800 page 46 246 page 28
Daddowpage 56
333 page 30
Own Venturepage 60
NG8 page 26
842 page 52
849 page 54
A4 page 14
A268page 22
13
spines, leaf size and leaf shape
Very spinyFew spines Many spines
NarrowMedium
WideNarrow WideLong Medium LongLong
52
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
842
• medium to large• moderately upright
very shortstalk
small neck
very smallpoint offsetto stalk
slghtly flat,oval, lightbrown shellwith slightflecking
small to mediummicropyle
rounded tip
manyspines
small,regularundulatingmargin
long petiole
Length: long200 – 250 mm
Size:small
• open canopy when young;more dense with age
very even,round, smooth
very widebut moreuniformwidth whencomparedto 849
lighter leaf colour whencompared to 849
distinct groove
10
No spines One spine on tip Basal spines
H2 A38 344660741
Few spines Moderate spines
A16A203508781783Own Choice
NG8246333800DaddowOwn Venture
Leaf spines & husk shape
791814816
Point offset to stalk Point in line with stalk
A4A38A268H2NG8246Own ChoiceOwn Venture
A16A203344791Daddow
333508660741781
Many spines
842849
A4A268
783800814816842849
55
Other characteristics
849
Key identifiers
Flowersmedium racemes (180 – 220 mm)light, late flowering over short period
Bunching habitmainly two or three nuts, tending to smallbunches as tree gets older
Kerneldull, cream, similar to 246slightly flatgood percentage of whole kernels
medium to large, spreading treelong, wide, dark green leaves, wider at the tipwith many spines and very undulating mar-ginslight flowering over short periodround nut with flattened area at hilum andslight to moderate fleckinglate maturing nuts tend to pre-germinateveins raised on upper leaf surface
11
Distinctive shell features
Distinct suture line Adhering husk
A16A38344660741
H2791
Prominent bulge Pronounced flecks or stripes
A4A16
A4A16A203A268DaddowOwn ChoiceOwn Venture
Distinct groove Pointed hilum
781800Own Venture
A16Daddow
NG8246344660741783849
783791816Daddow
abortedembryo cavity(H2 only)
adheredhusk
814842
54
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
849
• medium to large• spreading
medium, thickstalk
slightly raisedneck
very smallpoint offsetto stalk
slight tomoderateflecking
medium micropyle
wide rounded tip
manyspines
very undulatingmargin withundulationswider near tip
medium petiole
Length: long200 – 250 mm
Size:medium to large
• moderately dense todense canopy
round but flattenedat hilum
wideclub-shaped,taperingtowardsbaseveinsraisedon upperleafsurface
smooth
9
Leaf width; tip shape
Narrow <40 mm wide Wide >50 mm wide
A4A38A203NG8344508660741
A16A268H2246333781814842849Daddow
Rounded tip Slightly pointed Pointed tip
H2246508781
A16A203A268333
A4A38NG8741791
783816842849
DaddowOwn Choice
344660800814
Own Venture
Medium 40–50 mm
783791800816Own ChoiceOwn Venture
Note: Leaf width varies with environment and tree age.
56
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
Daddow
• medium to large• moderately upright
medium stalk
very welldefined, raisedneck
small pointin line withstalk
teacoloured,round,heavilystriped very small micropyle
rounded tip
moderatespines,particularlyat base
undulatingmargin;somerolling at tip
medium lengthpetiole
Length: medium150 – 200 mm
Size:medium
• very dense
large hilum
dull, dark green; slightlyrough
old leaves dull and dark green;young leaves light greenprone to mottling in olderleaves
very distinct suture
wide
8
Short <150 mm Medium 150–200 mm Long >200 mm
A16H2344508781Own Choice
A4A38A203246333DaddowOwn Venture
A268NG8814842849
Leaf length
660741783791800816
Note: Leaf length varies with environment and tree age.
57
Other characteristics
Daddow
Key identifiers
Flowersshort racemes (100 – 150 mm)moderately intense, mid to late flowering
Bunching habitmany bunches with three to four nuts
Kernelround with moderate ridge
medium to large, upright to slightly spread-ing, very dense treewide, undulating, moderately spiny leaveswith some rolling and mottling on olderleavesvery prominent hilum and suture on nuts,which looked crackedshort racemes with moderately intense midto late floweringextended late nut dropmature leaves dull and dark green; youngleaves light green in colour
7
Tree density & size
Dense Open
Small
A16H2246333344508660
781783800816849Own Choice
A4A38A203A268
NG8791814
dense when olderOpen when young;
741842
DaddowOwn Venture
Medium Large
A16NG8791814
A4A38A203A268Own Venture
660783842849
H2246333344508DaddowOwn Choice
741781800816
Note: Tree density and size vary with environment and tree management.
58
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
Own Choice
• large, round
short, thickstalk
moderate neck
very largepoint offsetto stalkvery darkgreen
slightly oval,golden brownshell withmoderateflecking small to medium
micropyle
rounded tip
few spines
slightlyrollingundulatingmargin
mediumlengthpetiole
Length: short – medium140 – 160 mm
Size:large
slight dent fromhilum to micropyle
• very dense canopy
mediumwidth
6
Tree shape
Spreading Upright
Round Upright with turkey’s neck
A4*A203A268246333*
508*783800849
A16*A38344791
814*816842Own Venture
A4*A16*H2NG8333*
660741814*
508*781DaddowOwn Choice
* Shape of these varieties varies with environment, age and tree management.
59
Other characteristics
Own Choice
Key identifiers
Flowersshort racemes (100 – 150 mm)extended out of season flowering
Bunching habittending to single nutsprone to sticktight nuts and pre-germination
Kernelfull, white
large, round, very dense treepale to medium green leaves with few spinesand slightly rolling, undulating marginvery extended flowering and nut droppatternprone to sticktight nuts and pre-germina-tionslightly oval, tan nuts with slight dent fromhilum to micropylelow dense tree skirt
5
Contents
Main identification characteristicsTree shape ............................................................................................... 6Tree density & size .................................................................................. 7Leaf length .............................................................................................. 8Leaf width; tip shape ............................................................................... 9Leaf spines; husk shape ......................................................................... 10Distinctive shell features ....................................................................... 11
Key to major varietiesbased on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape ......................................... 12
Individual variety profilesA4 ......................................................................................................... 14A16 ....................................................................................................... 16A38 ....................................................................................................... 18A203 ..................................................................................................... 20A268 ..................................................................................................... 22H2 ......................................................................................................... 24NG8 ...................................................................................................... 26246 ........................................................................................................ 28333 ........................................................................................................ 30344 ........................................................................................................ 32508 ........................................................................................................ 34660 ........................................................................................................ 36741 ........................................................................................................ 38781 ........................................................................................................ 40783 ........................................................................................................ 42791 ........................................................................................................ 44800 ........................................................................................................ 46814 ........................................................................................................ 48816 ........................................................................................................ 50842 ........................................................................................................ 52849 ........................................................................................................ 54Daddow ................................................................................................. 56Own Choice .......................................................................................... 58Own Venture ........................................................................................ 60
60
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
Own Venture
• medium to large• moderately upright
long thin stalk
medium neck
large pointoffset tostalk
heavyflecking
small micropyle
slightly pointed tip
manyspines
small,regularundulatingmargin
medium tolong petiole
Length: long200 – 250 mm
Size:large
• open canopy when young;more dense with age
mediumwidth
dull lightgreen colour
dull, spotted
5
Contents
Main identification characteristicsTree shape ............................................................................................... 6Tree density & size .................................................................................. 7Leaf length .............................................................................................. 8Leaf width; tip shape ............................................................................... 9Leaf spines; husk shape ......................................................................... 10Distinctive shell features ....................................................................... 11
Key to major varietiesbased on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape ......................................... 12
Individual variety profilesA4 ......................................................................................................... 14A16 ....................................................................................................... 16A38 ....................................................................................................... 18A203 ..................................................................................................... 20A268 ..................................................................................................... 22H2 ......................................................................................................... 24NG8 ...................................................................................................... 26246 ........................................................................................................ 28333 ........................................................................................................ 30344 ........................................................................................................ 32508 ........................................................................................................ 34660 ........................................................................................................ 36741 ........................................................................................................ 38781 ........................................................................................................ 40783 ........................................................................................................ 42791 ........................................................................................................ 44800 ........................................................................................................ 46814 ........................................................................................................ 48816 ........................................................................................................ 50842 ........................................................................................................ 52849 ........................................................................................................ 54Daddow ................................................................................................. 56Own Choice .......................................................................................... 58Own Venture ........................................................................................ 60
60
Husk
Shell
Tree
Nut
Leaf
Own Venture
• medium to large• moderately upright
long thin stalk
medium neck
large pointoffset tostalk
heavyflecking
small micropyle
slightly pointed tip
manyspines
small,regularundulatingmargin
medium tolong petiole
Length: long200 – 250 mm
Size:large
• open canopy when young;more dense with age
mediumwidth
dull lightgreen colour
dull, spotted
4
Meaning of terms usedPetiole – leaf stalkWillowing of branches – branches tend to be thin and hang downHilum – attachment of nut to huskMicropyle – white spot at the end of the nut opposite to the hilum where water enters toinitiate germinationRaceme – flower stalkTurkey’s neck – distinct break between main body of tree and the topSticktight nuts – dry mature nut-in-husk stay attached to the tree and do not fall naturally(as distinct from late fall green nuts)Pre-germination – germination on the tree before nuts fallPrecocious – starts bearing at an early ageUndulating leaf margins – wavy leaf marginsBasal discolouring – colouring of kernel due to absorption of colour from shellLeaf whorl – two or more leaves attached at the one node
Information on selecting varieties
Note that this book is a variety identifier – not a guide to selecting varieties for the orchard.Information on this subject can be found in the Key issues section of the AgrilinkMacadamia Information Kit.
Precautions in using this guide• Illustrations of trees, leaves and nuts have been selected as being most typical of
the variety. Illustrations are also based on trees grown in south Queensland andnorthern New South Wales. Note that there will be some variation from theseillustrations for other districts and under different management systems.
• Leaves used in the illustrations are mature leaves from the outside of the leafcanopy exposed to full sun.
• The guide is not suitable for identifying trees less than about three years of age.• As with all identification, accuracy depends on experience.
AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to sincerely thank Loraine Chapman for image scanning, artwork, pagelayouts and desktop publishing, and Glenis Ayling for editing the text.The authors also acknowledge the interest and support of the Technical DevelopmentCommittee of the Australian Macadamia Society in the production of this book.Information for the book was derived principally from data collected from the regionalvariety trials conducted by DPI, NSW Agriculture and the Australian Macadamia Society.Photographs used to develop the diagrams were kindly supplied by Eric Gallagher.
61
Other characteristics
Own Venture
Key identifiers
Flowerslong racemes (200 – 250 mm)short, late flowering
Bunching habitsingles and doublestendency to sticktights
Kernellarge, flat, slightly oblong, variable in shape
long relatively narrow, spiny leavesheavy flecking on shellslarge nutvery dense tree when maturelate nut drop with a tendency to sticktightslight green leaf colour
3
IntroductionA common problem for new macadamia growers is the correct identification of thevarieties in their orchard. This is important as each variety has different characteristicsthat may influence the way in which it is managed. For example, the management ofnutrition, pest and disease monitoring, pollination and harvest operations may all bedifferent for some varieties. Correct identification of varieties also helps in marketing.
The Macadamia Variety Identifier is the first comprehensive guide to identifying thevarieties likely to be planted in existing Australian orchards. It covers 24 varietiesincluding all of the major commercial varieties originating from both Australia andHawaii. The benchmark for inclusion of a variety is:
• either Macadamia integrifolia or Macadamia integrifolia hybrid origin;• in commercial use;• commercially propagated in quantities to make it likely that blocks of trees exist.
Minor varieties propagated in small numbers and those of Macadamia tetraphylla origin arenot included.
LayoutThe identifier consists of three sections:
• The main identification characteristics used and where the varieties broadly fit.• A simple key to varieties based on leaf spines, leaf size and leaf shape. As leaves
are always available, this allows a quick narrowing of the options at any time.• Detailed individual variety profiles. The information on each variety is presented
in a two-page format with the main identification characteristics on the left-handpage. Where appropriate, this enables the pages to be flicked over quickly to locatematching characteristics.
Tree shape is for a tree 5 to 7 years old
Note:Tree, leaf and nutillustrations are derivedfrom photos and havebeen selected as beingmost typical of thevariety. Note that therewill be some variationfrom these illustrations.
Leaf size isin scalethroughoutthe book.Upper leafsurface isshown in allcases.
Summaryof maincharacteristics
62
Notes