October 5October 5thth, 2011, 2011
LowLow--Carbon and EnergyCarbon and Energy--SavingSavingLowLow--Carbon and EnergyCarbon and Energy--Saving Saving Approaches for Sewerage Approaches for Sewerage
Systems in JapanSystems in Japan
Hitoshi NakazawaHitoshi NakazawaJapan Sewage Works Agency
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ContentsContentsContentsContentsI. Sewerage Systems for Sound and Healthy
Water Cycling and Resources/Energy RecyclingII. Present State of Sewerage Systems in JapanIII. Realization of Low-Carbon and Energy-SavingIII. Realization of Low Carbon and Energy Saving
for Sewerage Systems in JapanIV Renewable Energy Utilization TechnologiesIV. Renewable Energy Utilization Technologies
from Sewage SludgeV Recent Topics on Low Carbon and EnergyV. Recent Topics on Low-Carbon and Energy-
Saving Projects for Sewerage Systems in Japan
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1.1. Potential of sewerage systems asPotential of sewerage systems asI. Sound and Healthy Water Cycle and Resources/Energy RecyclingI. Sound and Healthy Water Cycle and Resources/Energy Recycling
1.1. Potential of sewerage systems as Potential of sewerage systems as water reclamation & circulation water reclamation & circulation
and resources/energy recycle systemsand resources/energy recycle systemsand resources/energy recycle systemsand resources/energy recycle systems(Water Cycling)(Water Cycling)
rainfall Water qualityImprovement
Reclaimed wastewater
evaporationstorage of water Infiltration of stormwater
(Resources/Energy(Resources/Energy
infiltration
Recycling)Recycling)Biomass energy as
- digestion gas- sewage sludge fuel
runoff to river
water utilization
g g
Phosphorus recovery
3wastewater treatment
water utilization
2 Roles of sewerage systems2 Roles of sewerage systemsI. Sound and Healthy Water Cycle and Resources/Energy RecyclingI. Sound and Healthy Water Cycle and Resources/Energy Recycling
2. Roles of sewerage systems2. Roles of sewerage systemsin water cycling systemin water cycling system
(1) Adoption of suitable wastewater reclamation technologies to variousreclamation technologies to various utilization purposes
(2) Rainwater storage and utilization(2) Rainwater storage and utilization
(3) Infiltration for groundwater cultivation
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Water Quality and Facility StandardsWater Quality and Facility StandardsI. Sound and Healthy Water Cycle and Resources/Energy RecyclingI. Sound and Healthy Water Cycle and Resources/Energy Recycling
y yy yfor Wastewater Reuse in Japanfor Wastewater Reuse in Japan
Standards Applying
Flushing Water
Sprinkling Water
Water for Landscape
Water for RecreationalApplying
LocationWater Water Landscape
UseRecreational
UseEscherichia
ColiNot
detectableNot
detectable1,000CFU
/100mLNot
detectableColi detectable detectable /100mL detectable
Turbidity 2 degreesor less
2 degrees or less
2 degrees or less
2 degrees or less
pH Exit of 5.8-8.6 5.8-8.6 5.8-8.6 5.8-8.6Appearance treatment
facility forShall not be distasteful
Shall not be distasteful
Shall not be distasteful
Shall not be distasteful
Chromaticity reuse - - 40 degrees or less
10 degrees or less
Odor Shall not be Shall not be Shall not be Shall not be distasteful distasteful distasteful distasteful
Facility Standards -
Sand filtration, equivalent or
better
Sand filtration, equivalent or
better
Sand filtration, equivalent or
better
Precipitation + sand filtration, equivalent or
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better better better equivalent or better
3 C t t ib ti t3 C t t ib ti t
I. Sound and Healthy Water Cycle and Resources/Energy RecyclingI. Sound and Healthy Water Cycle and Resources/Energy Recycling
3. Concrete measures contributing to 3. Concrete measures contributing to lowlow--carbon societycarbon society
(1) Energy-saving measuresair diffuser, appropriate operationair diffuser, appropriate operation
(2) Renewable energy utilization from biomass and natural energies
biomass: digestion gas (CH4) biomass solid fuels
(carbonized / dried sludge)natural energies:
solar, hydro, wind power generationin wastewater treatment plant
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11 Present state of sewerage systemsPresent state of sewerage systemsII. Present State and Strategies on Sewerage SystemsII. Present State and Strategies on Sewerage Systems
1.1. Present state of sewerage systems Present state of sewerage systems in Japanin Japan
S d l ti (M h 2010)• Sewered population (March, 2010)Percentage of sewered population 73.7%Sewered population 93,600,000
• Reuse of reclaimed wastewater (FY2008)Annual treated wastewater amount (A)( )
14,440million m3/yearAnnual reuse amount of treated wastewater (B)Annual reuse amount of treated wastewater (B)
202million m3/yearB/A (%) only 1 4 %B/A (%) only 1 4 %
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B/A (%) only 1.4 %B/A (%) only 1.4 %
Wastewater ReuseWastewater ReuseII. Present State and Strategies on Sewerage SystemsII. Present State and Strategies on Sewerage Systems
Wastewater Reuse Wastewater Reuse in Respective Application (FY2008)in Respective Application (FY2008)
Toilet flushwater 3.6%
Cleaning andwatering to
Supply to industrialwater 1.2%
Direct supplyto factories
7.2%
- Annual treated wastewater (A)14 440 million m3/year
Supply forlandscape
Watering
roads 0.1%Agricultural
use 8.3%
14,440 million m3/year- Annual reuse amount of
treated wastewater (B)202 million m3/year
landscape26.8%
snowmeltingwater
trees 2.2%
Reused amount oftreated wastewater in
FY2008202 million m3/year
202 million m3/year(B) / (A) = 1.4%
River
water16.1%
Wateramenity use
3.1%
Rivermaintenanceflow 31.4%
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Power consumption (FY2008)Power consumption (FY2008)
II. Present State and Strategies on Sewerage Systems II. Present State and Strategies on Sewerage Systems
Power consumption (FY2008)Power consumption (FY2008)
(1) A l ti i t(1) Annual power consumption in sewerage systems7,210 million kWh/year (C)= 0.7% of annual power consumption in Japan
* 90% of (C) was consumed 90% of (C) was consumedin municipal wastewater treatment plants
(2) Unit power consumption per wastewater treated0.5 kWh/m3
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Sewage sludge generated (FY2008)Sewage sludge generated (FY2008)II. Present State and Strategies on Sewerage SystemsII. Present State and Strategies on Sewerage Systems
Sewage sludge generated (FY2008)Sewage sludge generated (FY2008)
(1)(1) Annual sewage sludge generatedAnnual sewage sludge generated(1)(1) Annual sewage sludge generatedAnnual sewage sludge generated2,468 thousand DS2,468 thousand DS--ton/yearton/year
(2) Sewage sludge recycling rate Sewage sludge recycling rate 78%78%* Sludge recycling as a material for cement
dominates a large percentage of sludge g p g gbeneficial uses.** Only 13.7% of sewage sludge generated is y g g g
used as biomass energy sources for digestion gas (13.0%) and solids fuel (0.7%).
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State of Sewage Sludge Beneficial UseState of Sewage Sludge Beneficial UseII. Present State and Strategies on Sewerage SystemsII. Present State and Strategies on Sewerage Systems
State of Sewage Sludge Beneficial Use State of Sewage Sludge Beneficial Use (FY2008)(FY2008)
Solid fuel
Digestion gas
Solid fuel0.7% Recycling rate:Recycling rate:
78%78%(Landfill andg g
13.0%
Agricultural use
(Landfill and coastal reclamation:
23%)
9.7%Annual recycledsewage sludge
1,770,000 DS-t/year Biomass energy sources:Biomass energy sources:13 7%13.7%
No biomass use (construction material)
76.6%
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2 F d t l t t i2 F d t l t t i
II. Present State and Strategies on Sewerage SystemsII. Present State and Strategies on Sewerage Systems
2. Fundamental strategies on 2. Fundamental strategies on sewerage systems in Japansewerage systems in Japan
(1) Realization of safe livingFlood control, Seismic countermeasure, Water system risk reduction
(2) Creation of favorable environment(2) Creation of favorable environment- Water quality improvement in public watersWater quality improvement in public waters- Creation of sound and healthy water circulation- Creation of resources and energy recycle- Creation of resources and energy recycle
(3) Realization of comfortable and active living
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1 Fundamental strategies1 Fundamental strategiesIII. Realization of LowIII. Realization of Low--Carbon and Energy Saving Carbon and Energy Saving
1. Fundamental strategies1. Fundamental strategies(1) Drastic energy saving measures(2) Effective use of biomass energy
2. Solutions to realization of low2. Solutions to realization of low--carbon carbon and energyand energy--saving approachessaving approachesgygy g ppg pp
(1) Energy-saving measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by energy and fuel consumptiongas emissions by energy and fuel consumption
Greenhouse gas : CO2, CH4 and N2O(2) Renewable energy utilization from biomass(2) Renewable energy utilization from biomass
Digestion gas, Sewage sludge fuel
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1. Sewage sludge fuel conversion technologies1. Sewage sludge fuel conversion technologiesIV. Renewable Energy Utilization TechnologiesIV. Renewable Energy Utilization Technologies
g g gg g g(1)(1) Sludge carbonizing(2) Sludge drying
Carbonized sludge
Sludge carbonizing plant(Tokyo Metropolitan Government)
14Dried and pelletized sludge
Characteristics of conventionalCharacteristics of conventionalIV. Realization of LowIV. Realization of Low--Carbon and Energy SavingCarbon and Energy Saving
Characteristics of conventional Characteristics of conventional biomass solid fuelsbiomass solid fuels
Dried andDried and
Calorific
Coal Coal (example)(example)
Dried and Dried and pelletized pelletized
sludgesludgeCarbonizedCarbonized
sludgesludge
255Water
2615~1910~15Calorific
value (MJ/kg)
203050Ash content (%)
255Water content (%)
NegativeP itiN tiOd
-0.60.4High specific gravity
-NegativePositiveSelf-heat generation
NegativePositiveNegativeOdor
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NegativePositivegeneration
Image of a biomassImage of a biomass--fuel conversion projectfuel conversion projectIV. Realization of LowIV. Realization of Low--Carbon and Energy SavingCarbon and Energy Saving
gg p jp jSewerage operatorsSewerage operators Electric utilities operatorElectric utilities operator
Bi f lBiomass fuel
Carbonization facility
Centralization of sludge
Wastewater treatment plant
Biomass fuel
Coal thermal power plantCarbonization facility
Nearby wastewater treatment plants
Biomass fuel
Wastewater treatment plant
facility
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2. Biogas utilization technologies2. Biogas utilization technologiesIV. Realization of LowIV. Realization of Low--Carbon and Energy SavingCarbon and Energy Saving
2. Biogas utilization technologies2. Biogas utilization technologies(1) Biogas power generation(2) Biogas power generation using fuel cells(3) Supply of fuel for natural gas vehicles(3) Supply of fuel for natural gas vehicles(4) Supply of biogas as low material for
urban gas supply
3. Gasification technologies3. Gasification technologies
(1) Sewage sludgesludge gasification furnace(1) Sewage sludgesludge gasification furnace
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Supply to power
Biogas recovery system in WWTPBiogas recovery system in WWTP
Biogas refineryBiogas storage Generator
company
Increase of energy self sufficiency
Anaerobic digester
Solubilization by heating
WWTPHeat supply
Anaerobic digesterHeating
of digesterSupply of biogasSludge
Dewatering
Garbage, food processing factory wasteBeneficial use
FiltrateSidestream
1818
Sidestream treatment by
anammox
Innovation in lowInnovation in low--carbon and energycarbon and energy--Recent Topics in JapanRecent Topics in Japan
o at o oo at o o ca bo a d e e gyca bo a d e e gysaving technologiessaving technologies
(1) Energy-saving measuresCentrifuge for dewatered sludge withCentrifuge for dewatered sludge with
lower water content (2) N tili ti(2) New energy utilization
Small hydropower generationS a yd opo e ge e at o(3) B-DASH Project by MILT (FY2011 -)
Breakthrough by Dynamic Approach in Sewerage High Technology Project
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g g gy j
Overall image of innovative technologyOverall image of innovative technologyBB--DASH ProjectDASH Project
Overall image of innovative technologyOverall image of innovative technologyby METAWATER Co., Ltd. & Japan Sewage Works Agency
W t t t t t t 【水処理系】
【超高効率固液分離】 流入下水
<省エネルギー化>
下水
Wastewater treatment system Energy conservation
WastewaterUltrahigh solids-liquid separation]
【汚泥処理系】
【高効率高温消化】 【スマート発電システム】生ご
<創エネルギー化> 電力供給および制御系 Sludge treatment system Energy creation
G b
Power supply and control system
Smart power generation systemHigh-efficiency high-temperaturedigestion
【高効率高温消化】 【 ト発電 テ 】生ごみ Garbage
H b id t t Pl t ti
digestion
[ Wastewater Treatment ] Recycle water, Environmentally sound waterEnergy conservation through reduction of inflow loads
ハイブリッド型発電機 プラント運転最適化制御 Hybrid type generator Plant operation optimizing control
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Energy conservation through reduction of inflow loads[ Sludge Treatment ] Electric power, Resources, Heat
Energy creation through maximization of biomass intake
Measures to facilitate Low‐Carbon andMeasures to facilitate Low Carbon and Energy‐Saving water use in semiarid areas
5th Oct 20115th Oct. 2011
Osamu ITAGAKI : Senior Researcher, Climate Change Adaptation R h G / W t M t d D Di Ri D
Palmyra Rural Damascus
Research Group / Water Management and Dam Div. , River Dep. ,
National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management.
F JICA E (W R P li Ad i ) i S iFormer JICA Expert (Water Resources Policy Adviser) in Syria
from May 2007 to June 2010.
Location of SyriaLocation of Syria
Turkey
IranThe Mediterranean
Syrian Arab Republic Jordan Iraq
* Base map ( Syria (orthographic projection).svg ) is downloaded from Creative Commons.
Outlines of Syria (1)*Outlines of Syria (1)
• Capital city: Damascus
• Area: 185 thousand km2(about a half of Japan)Area: 185 thousand km (about a half of Japan)
• Population: 22.5 million (2010)• Gross National Income per capita:
2 160 dollars(2008)2,160 dollars(2008)• Official language: Arabic
• Religion: Islam(86%), Christian(8%)
* Data book of the world (2011) (Ninomiya Shoten publishers Co., Ltd.)
Rural Damascus
Outlines of Syria (2)*Outlines of Syria (2)
Exports from Japan to Syria (2009)
26 1 billion yen (Motorcars 41 6% Tyres26.1 billion yen (Motorcars 41.6%, Tyres17.6%, Machinery 12.7%, Electric devices 6 7% Buses and trucks 6 1%)6.7%, Buses and trucks 6.1%)
Imports from Syria to Japan (2009)
3.4 billion yen (Processed petroleum 78.3%, Raw cotton 10 1% Soap 1 8%)Raw cotton 10.1%, Soap 1.8%)
* Data book of the world (2011) (Ninomiya Shoten publishers Co Ltd )
Rural Damascus
Data book of the world (2011) (Ninomiya Shoten publishers Co., Ltd.)
Outlines of hydrology and water use in Syria (1)
• About a half of the land is in semiarid (Al Badiah) basin.
• We can see rainfall from the autumn to the spring. The annual average rainfall around the center of gDamascus is about 200–250 mm, and there is snowfall in the winter.
• There are some international rivers flowing in Syria. e.g. Euphrates, Tigris, Orontes.e.g. Euphrates, Tigris, Orontes.
• A large part of water is used for agriculture.
Rural Damascus
Outlines of hydrology and water use in Syria (2)
• Under water shortage, farmers tend to use water as much as possible.
• Most of the water use depends on the ground water etc. drawn by pumps.y p p
• When the rate of fuel for pumps had risen dramatically the tendency to decrease thedramatically, the tendency to decrease the operation time of pumps became stronger. Also, interest in the efficient irrigation techniquesinterest in the efficient irrigation techniques became stronger among the farmers.
• Disposed sewage water is reused in agriculture
Rural Damascus
• Disposed sewage water is reused in agriculture.
Memories of water service in Syria (1)
As a resident at fourth floor of an apartment near the center of DamascusDamascus.
1. We basically received the tap water before noon. Each h h th t k th ft f th b ildi fhouse has the tank on the rooftop of the building for reserving water before noon, and we use the water
d i th t k i th ft Th freserved in the tank in the afternoon. The source of the tap water in my district was springs in the suburbs of Damas s If the basin had re ei ed m h rainfallof Damascus. If the basin had received much rainfall and the ground water level near the spring was high, the pressure of the tap water would be higher and thethe pressure of the tap water would be higher, and the duration of water service would be longer, sometimes 24 hours a day24 hours a day.
Tartus
Memories of water service in Syria (2)
2. We reserved drinking water in a portable tank in the kitchen before noon, or purchased bottled water (spring water in Syria).
3. When the water service was limited (e.g. in late summer), it was difficult to reserve water in the tank on the rooftop of the building because of the lack of the tap water pressure. Every house had a small pump near the divergence of the water pipe to increase the tap water pressure.
4. The rate of water was very cheap compared with that of electricity etc..
Tartus
of electricity etc..
Measures to facilitate Low‐Carbon and easu es to ac tate o Ca bo a dEnergy‐Saving water use in Syria (1)
• Since there are wide semiarid areas under water shortage water saving and conservation is moreshortage, water saving and conservation is more emphasized than Low‐Carbon and Energy‐Saving water use e g Syria‐Japan technical cooperation project onuse. e.g. Syria‐Japan technical cooperation project on Development of Efficient Irrigation Techniques and Extension in Syria (DEITEX)Extension in Syria (DEITEX).
• Since most of the water use is depending on the ground water etc drawn by pumps water saving directlywater etc. drawn by pumps, water saving directly connects with Low‐Carbon and Energy‐Saving by saving the fuel
Al Badiah
the fuel.
Measures to facilitate Low‐Carbon and easu es to ac tate o Ca bo a dEnergy‐Saving water use in Syria (2)
• Continuous collection of the hydrological data (e.g. rainfall ground water level) analysis of those data andrainfall, ground water level), analysis of those data, and integrated water resources management contributes to Low‐Carbon and Energy‐Saving water use by efficientLow Carbon and Energy Saving water use by efficient water resources distribution etc. (e.g. decrease of pump up decrease of water treatment) e g Syria‐Japanup, decrease of water treatment). e.g. Syria Japan technical cooperation project on Water Resources Information Center (WRIC)Information Center (WRIC).
Al Badiah
Farmland in Rural DamascusFarmland in Rural Damascus
With water, it has become greenit has become green.
Rural Damascus
A well at a water service stationin semiarid areas
Sweida
Agricultural portable pumps along a riverAgricultural portable pumps along a river
Dayr Az Zawr
Sewage disposal plant in Rural DamascusSewage disposal plant in Rural Damascus
Rural Damascus
Irrigation canal f h di l l (1)from the sewage disposal plant (1)
Rural Damascus
Irrigation canalfrom the sewage disposal plant (2)
Rural Damascus
An intake pit of the irrigation canalAn intake pit of the irrigation canal
Rural Damascus
Irrigation by the waterfrom the sewage disposal plant
Rural Damascus
Ground water observation station ( )(1)
Rural Damascus
Ground water observation station (2)
Rural Damascus
River flow observation station (1)
Damascus
River flow observation station (2)River flow observation station (2)
Damascus
Meteorological observation stationg
Lattakia
Rainfall observation station
Lattakia
Evaporation observation stationEvaporation observation station
Lattakia
A windmill near a damin semiarid areas
Al Badiah
Solar cells at a water service stationin the semiarid areas
Al Badiah
The conclusion (1)• Since most of water is drawn by pumps, water saving directly connects with Low Carbon andsaving directly connects with Low‐Carbon and Energy‐Saving by saving the fuel.
• To facilitate Low‐Carbon and Energy‐Saving water use, it is needed to continuously collectwater use, it is needed to continuously collect basic hydrological data (e.g. rainfall, ground water level) analyze them and manage waterwater level), analyze them, and manage water resources in an integrated way.
Lattakia
The conclusion (2)• Reuse of disposed sewage water in agriculture may contribute to Low Carbon and Energymay contribute to Low‐Carbon and Energy‐Saving water use with careful management.
• Generating facilities by windmill, or by solar cells have been partially introduced. It mayhave been partially introduced. It may contributes to Low‐Carbon and Energy‐Saving if the maintenance system of the facilities isthe maintenance system of the facilities is available.
Lattakia