Liu, Lu 刘鲁
Professor
Department of Information SystemsSchool of Economics & Management BeiHang University
March, 2006
Email: [email protected]
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Lecture 1
Information Information Systems:Principles and Systems:Principles and ApproachesApproachesAn Introduction to Information An Introduction to Information
SystemsSystems
Agenda For Today A walk through the course outlineAn introduction to Information Systems
•Why Information Systems?•What is IS?•Approaches to IS•The Challenges of IS
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Main Contents of This Course
1. Concept and role of Information systems (Lec.1, Lec.2)
2. Application of Information System in Organizations (Lec.3, Lec.4, Lec.5, Lec.6)
3. Approaches to Information systems ( Lec.7, Lec.8)
4. Managing Information systems (Lec.9)
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Teaching and Learning Methods
Seminar Individual assignment
Choose a topic Searching, reading and writing Preparing PPT
Presentation and Discussion
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Grading
Component % Presentation 30% Writing Report 20% Final Exam 50%
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1.1 Why IS?
1. Emergence of the global economy
Competition in world markets Management & control in a global marketplace Global work groups Global delivery systems
The success of firms depends on their ability to operate globally
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Global Economy Globally: Means there is no nation’s
boundary Trading, Production,Finance,
Consuming Product,Service, Capital, Information International company, multi-national
company, cross-national company
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Role of Information Systems Company’s ability to operate globally
is based on the utilization of IS New Product Development capability
Capture the requirement of customer Provide personalized products or service
Communication and coordination capability
Operation, Management and control power
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2. Transformation of Industrial Economy
Knowledge- & information-based economies
What is K-economy? How to judge it? Where we are? How to transform or go into K-economy?
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Knowledge- & Information-intense Products or Services
Products that require a great deal of learning and knowledge to produce Examples: Computer software, ….
Service that require a great deal of learning and knowledge to provide Examples: Consulting firms, ….
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Knowledge & Information-intense Organizations
They are devoted entirely to production, processing and distribution of information
Examples: Sina.com Kingdee company
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3.Transformation of the Business Enterprise
Flattening DecentralizationFlexibilityLocation independentLow transaction & coordination costsEmpowermentCollaborative work & teamwork
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Classifications of Organization
Profit-oriented vs. Non-profit Labor intensive vs. Knowledge
intensive Traditional vs. E-enterprise Real vs. Virtual enterprise
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1.2 What is an IS?
Basic concepts Data Information System Information System
In the view of technologyBusiness perspective
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What Is Information? Data: streams of raw
facts Information:data that
have been shaped into a form that is meaningful
Data
Transformation process(applying knowledge by selecting, organizing, and manipulating data)
Information
Valuable Information:Accurate, CompleteReliable, RelevantTimely, AccessibleSecure
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What Is a System?
Process
Process
Process
Inputs Outputs
Feedback
System BoundaryComponents(subsystems)
Environment Interactions
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What Is an Information System?
Inputs Processing
Converting or transforming
data into useful outputs
Outputs
Producing useful
information, usually in the
forms of documents
Feedback
Output that is used to alter inputs or processes
Gathering and capturing data
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Information System: in the View of Technology
A set of interrelated components Collect (or retrieve), process, store
and distribute information To support decision
making,coordination, control analysis and visualization in an organization.
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Functions of an Information System
INPUT OUTPUTPROCESS
FEEDBACK
INFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEM
EnvironmentEnvironment
Customers Suppliers Customers Suppliers
Regulatory Regulatory Stockholders CompetitorsStockholders CompetitorsAgenciesAgencies
ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION
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Information Systems: a Business Respective
An organizational and management solution, based on information technology, to a challenge posed by the environment.
Help manager analyze problems, create new products or services.
Its success depends on organization, management and technology.
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Organization
Key elements of organization:• People: managers, workers• Structure• Operating procedures:SOPs• Politics• Culture
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Relationship Between Organization and IT
ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS
MEDIATING FACTORSMEDIATING FACTORS:: Environment Environment CultureCultureStructure Structure Standard Operating Procedures Standard Operating Procedures Politics Politics Management Decisions Management Decisions ChanceChance
INFORMATION INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
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IS in the OrganizationIS in the Organization
The organizationThe organization Senior management
Major end users(divisions)
Information System Department
IT Infrastructure • Hardware• Software•Data Storage• Telecommunication.
Information System Specialists• CIO• Managers• System analysts• System designers• System programmers• Applications programmers• Database administrator• Network administrator
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Major Organizational Functions
Sales and marketing Manufacturing Finance Accounting Human resources
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Management
Managerial functions Planning, organizing, coordinating,
deciding and controlling Managers job
Set strategy and goals Allocate resources Coordinate the work
Managers role at different levels
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Technology
IT Infrastructure Computer hardware Computer software Storage technology Communications technology
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Information Systems
ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
INFORMATIOINFORMATIONN
SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
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1.3 Approaches to information systems
SOCIOLOGYSOCIOLOGY
ECONOMICSECONOMICSPSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY
COMPUTER COMPUTER
SCIENCESCIENCEOPERATIONS OPERATIONS
RESEARCHRESEARCH
MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
SCIENCESCIENCE
MISMIS
TECHNICAL APPROACHESTECHNICAL APPROACHES
BEHAVIORAL APPROACHESBEHAVIORAL APPROACHES
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Socio-technical Perspective
Technology & Organization Mutually Adjust To One Another Until Fit Is Satisfactory
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New Role of IS in OrganizationsNew Role of IS in Organizations
IS affect how managers decide, plan, and manage their employees, and increasingly shape what products or service are produced, where, when and how.
What a business would like to do often depends on what its systems will be able to do.
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System Interdependence
BUSINESSBUSINESS
StrategyStrategy
RulesRules
ProceduresProcedures
ORGANIZATION ORGANIZATION INFORMATION SYSTEMINFORMATION SYSTEM
HARDWAREHARDWARE
SOFTWARESOFTWARE DATABASEDATABASE
TELE-TELE-COMMUNICATIONSCOMMUNICATIONS
INTERDEPENDENCEINTERDEPENDENCE
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The Widening Scope of IS
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Digital Firm and the Networked Enterprise
Redesign the organization with IS Flattening organizations Separating work from location Reorganizing work-flows Increasing flexibility of organization The changing management process Redefining organizational boundaries
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Digital Firm: E-commerce and E-business
Electronic MarketMarketplace created by computer and communication technology Linking many buyers and seller
Electronic CommerceProcess of buying and selling goods and services electronically using Internet, networks and other digital technologies
Electronic BusinessUse of Internet and digital technology for organizational communication and the management of the firm
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1.4 Learning to use IS: The challenge and opportunities
Key Management Issues Key Management Issues
11.The strategic business challenge.The strategic business challenge How can business use IT to design organization that are competitive, effective and digitally enabled?
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2. The Globalization Challenge
How can firms understand the business and system requirement of a global economic environment?
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3. The Information Architecture Challenge
How can organizations develop an information architecture that supports their business goals?
Information architecture of the firm Particular form that information technology
takes in an organization to achieve selected goals
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Information Architecture and Information Technology Infrastructure
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4. The information systems investment challenge
How can organizations determine the business value of information systems?
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5. The responsibility and control challenge
How can organizations design systems that people can control and understand?
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Summary
What is an information system? Why does organization need IS? What are management challenges
to building and using IS in organizations?
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Application Cases
Wal-Mart Google.com