LIMNOLOGY 101LIMNOLOGY 101Part 2: Habitat, Shoreline Part 2: Habitat, Shoreline Development Trends andDevelopment Trends andDevelopment Trends, and Development Trends, and Management Challenges & Management Challenges &
OpportunitiesOpportunities
Courtesy of the WI Lakes PartnershipCourtesy of the WI Lakes Partnership
Lake & River Management Coordinator Age 2+
HABITAT AREAS IN LAKESHABITAT AREAS IN LAKESHabitat Habitat
HABITAT AREAS IN LAKESHABITAT AREAS IN LAKES
LAKELAKE LITTORAL ZONELITTORAL ZONEHabitat Habitat
LAKELAKE LITTORAL ZONELITTORAL ZONEIntercepts nutrientsIntercepts nutrientsIntercepts nutrientsIntercepts nutrientsRefuge from predatorsRefuge from predatorsNursery for fishNursery for fishNursery for fishNursery for fish
Oligotrophic Northern Lake Eutrophic Southern Lake
HABITAT FEATURES IN LAKESHABITAT FEATURES IN LAKES
Floating and Emergent Vegetation Submersed Vegetation
Substrate Wood
Habitat Habitat
90% of all lake life is born, raised and fed in the area where land and waterfed in the area where land and water
meet. (Ontario, Ministry of Natural Resources)
Habitat Habitat
FORESTS, WETLANDS & FORESTS, WETLANDS & OTHER CRITICAL AREASOTHER CRITICAL AREAS
About Wisconsin’s wetlandsAbout Wisconsin’s wetlands
Wisconsin has 5 3 million acresWisconsin has 5 3 million acresWisconsin has ~5.3 million acres Wisconsin has ~5.3 million acres of wetlands remaining.of wetlands remaining.75% of WI’s wildlife species75% of WI’s wildlife species75% of WI s wildlife species 75% of WI s wildlife species depend on wetlands during some depend on wetlands during some stage of their life cyclestage of their life cycle1/3 of WI’s endangered and 1/3 of WI’s endangered and threatened plants and animals threatened plants and animals depend on wetlandsdepend on wetlandsdepend on wetlands depend on wetlands 20% of Wisconsin’s wetlands are 20% of Wisconsin’s wetlands are “isolated”“isolated”isolatedisolated
Habitat Habitat
Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends
SHORELINE DEVELOPMENT TRENDSSHORELINE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
Development also affects nutrient uptake & soil stabilityDevelopment also affects nutrient uptake & soil stability
SHORELINE DEVELOPMENT TRENDSSHORELINE DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
What’s Happened to Aquatic Plants?Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends
pp q
Submersed
FloatingFloating
Emergent
0 5 10 15 20
% Plant CoverUndevelopedDevelopedUndeveloped
(Radoski and Goeman 2001)
Shifts in aquatic plant communities from shortShifts in aquatic plant communities from short-- to tallto tall--growing species growing species in some lake types in some lake types (Borman 2007)
Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends
ypyp ( )
What's Happened to Shoreline Plants?What's Happened to Shoreline Plants?Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends
What s Happened to Shoreline Plants?What s Happened to Shoreline Plants?
Canopy
UndevelopedDeveloped
Understoryp
Shrub
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Shrub
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
% Plant Cover ( Elias and Meyer 2003)
Impacts of Development on Tree-fallsShoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends
16001800 Tree-falls
Impacts of Development on Tree-falls
120014001600
r M
ile
Log. (Tree-falls)
8001000
alls
Per
200400600
Tree
fa
0200
0 10 20 30 40 50
Christensen et al. 1996
Homes Per Mile
TREETREE LOGICLOGIC
Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends
TREETREE LOGICLOGIC
Trees in riparian areas grow mature andTrees in riparian areas grow mature andTrees in riparian areas grow, mature and Trees in riparian areas grow, mature and fall into lakesfall into lakesSeedlings replace older treesSeedlings replace older treesSeedlings replace older treesSeedlings replace older treesTwo types of disruption of cycleTwo types of disruption of cycle
Natural periodic i e windstorm or fireNatural periodic i e windstorm or fireNatural periodic, i.e. windstorm or fireNatural periodic, i.e. windstorm or fireHuman induced, i.e. logging or shoreline Human induced, i.e. logging or shoreline developmentdevelopmentpp
Submerged wood is resilient, it bounces Submerged wood is resilient, it bounces back!back!
M. BozekM. Bozek
Study of 16 northern WI lakes (Jennings et al.Study of 16 northern WI lakes (Jennings et al.
Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends
Study of 16 northern WI lakes (Jennings et al. Study of 16 northern WI lakes (Jennings et al. 1999)1999)
Undeveloped shoreline on developed lakes Undeveloped shoreline on developed lakes p pp paveraged 610 logs/mile of shorelineaveraged 610 logs/mile of shorelineDeveloped shoreline on same set of lakes Developed shoreline on same set of lakes ppaveraged 92 logs/mile of shorelineaveraged 92 logs/mile of shoreline
Study of 45 lakes in Vilas County (MarburgStudy of 45 lakes in Vilas County (Marburg
Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends
Study of 45 lakes in Vilas County (Marburg Study of 45 lakes in Vilas County (Marburg et al. 2006)et al. 2006)
Best predictor of submerged wood was the Best predictor of submerged wood was the p gp gdensity of riparian coarse wooddensity of riparian coarse woodThe concentration of residential development The concentration of residential development
h li t d th fl fh li t d th fl fon shorelines appears to reduce the flow of on shorelines appears to reduce the flow of course wood from forests to lakescourse wood from forests to lakes
Fish grow ~3X faster in lakes Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends
gwith lots of woody habitat
UndevelopedUndeveloped
logGrowth
Low Development Low Development
Rate(mm/yr)
High DevelopmentHigh Development
Woody Habitat (no./km)From Schindler et al. 2000
What's Happened to Fish?What's Happened to Fish?
Cowdry Lake
Undeveloped Intensely Developed
Shoreline Development Effects on Nest Site Selection by Largemouth Bass and Shoreline Development Effects on Nest Site Selection by Largemouth Bass and
Black CrappieBlack Crappie
Jeffrey Reed, MnDNRJeffrey Reed, MnDNR
What’s Happened to Green Frogs?Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends
What s Happened to Green Frogs?120
80
100
Mile Frogs/mile
(Woodford and Meyer 2003)
60
80
per
M Frogs/milePoly. (Frogs/mile)
40
Frog
s p
0
20
F
00 10 20 30 40
Homes per Mile 24 Lakes
Shoreline Development TrendsShoreline Development Trends
MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES & MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES
Shoreline developmentShoreline developmentppRecreational use, including transporting aquatic Recreational use, including transporting aquatic invasive species and motorboat impactsinvasive species and motorboat impactsEutrophicationEutrophicationGlobal climate changeGlobal climate change
Management Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
Present state and plausible conditions of the Northern Highland and Yahara River lake districts if present trends continue.
(Carpenter et al. 2007)
Suburbanization of Lake Shores
Courtesy of MN DNR
SHORELINE DEVELOPMENTSHORELINE DEVELOPMENTManagement Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
Opportunities:Opportunities:ordinance/planning updates ordinance/planning updates p g pp g ppermanent land protection/conservationpermanent land protection/conservationstorm water diversion and infiltrationstorm water diversion and infiltrationshoreline and inshoreline and in lake restorationlake restorationshoreline and inshoreline and in--lake restorationlake restoration
RECREATIONAL USERECREATIONAL USE –– AquaticAquaticManagement Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
Displace native plants and animals
RECREATIONAL USE RECREATIONAL USE Aquatic Aquatic Invasive SpeciesInvasive Species
Displace native plants and animals
Interfere with boating and swimming
Expensive to control
Management Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
AISAIS
C l l f
Spiny water fleaAISAIS
Curly-leafPondweed
Zebra Mussels R C fi hEurasianWatermilfoil
Zebra Mussels Rusty Crayfish
Watermilfoil
PurpleRainbow Smelt
PurpleLoosestrife
Management Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
Eurasian watermilfoil
20052005--2006 Research Results2006 Research ResultsManagement Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
100 Heavy Management
100 lakes in survey100 lakes in survey
60
80
quen
cy o
f (%
)
Light ManagementNo Management
40
60
ttor
al F
req
ccur
renc
e
0
20
EWM
Lit Oc
00 10 20 30 40 50
Years Since Initial Detection(H ll t l 2008)
Any management approach can result in wide variation in current EWM
(Hauxwell et al. 2008)
RECREATIONAL USE RECREATIONAL USE –– Aquatic Invasive Aquatic Invasive SpeciesSpeciesppOpportunities:Opportunities:good boater hygienegood boater hygiene
liti l t (i t d ll )liti l t (i t d ll )political support (i.e. grant dollars) political support (i.e. grant dollars) partnerships (e.g. county illegalpartnerships (e.g. county illegal--toto--transport ordinance)transport ordinance)
Thank you watercraft inspection volunteers and employees!
RECREATIONAL USERECREATIONAL USERECREATIONAL USE RECREATIONAL USE ––Motorboat ImpactsMotorboat Impactspp
Management Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
BOATINGBOATING
Management Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
0.45
BOATINGBOATING
0 30.350.4
TU
)
0.20.250.3
Shallow lakesDeep lakesty
(NT
0.10.15
Deep lakes
urbi
dit
00.05
Mid-lake Near-shore
Tu
Mid lake Near shore
Weekday to Weekend Turbidity Change
Plant Growth Plant Growth -- Boating ImpactsBoating Impacts200
Management Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
g pg p
160
200/m
)2 Exposed to Boat traffic
Enclosed (Mesh walls)
Enclosed (Solid walls)
120
160
ass
(g/
80
120
Bio
ma
40
80
Tota
l
0
0
Plan
t
North South North South East North West South
Plot(Asplund and Cook 1997)
Management Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
Chara Beds with Prop TracksChara Beds with Prop Tracks
RECREATIONAL USE RECREATIONAL USE –– Motorboat ImpactsMotorboat Impacts
Opportunities: Opportunities: personal boating choicespersonal boating choicesrecreational use ordinances recreational use ordinances critical habitat designationscritical habitat designations
EUTROPHICATIONEUTROPHICATIONManagement Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
EUTROPHICATION EUTROPHICATION
Al blAl blAlgae blooms Algae blooms
Murky waterMurky wateryy
Toxic algaeToxic algae
Fish killsFish kills
Y k k!Y k k!Yucky muck!Yucky muck!
BlueBlue--Green ScumGreen Scum
Management Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
Wapogassett Lake, Polk Co.
Management Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
Management Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
EUTROPHICATION EUTROPHICATION
Opportunities: Opportunities: Watershed ProtectionWatershed Protection
conservation easements and land acquisitionconservation easements and land acquisitionWatershed ManagementWatershed Management
ordinance/planning updatesordinance/planning updatesordinance/planning updatesordinance/planning updatesno fertilizer or P fertilizer bans, no fertilizer or P fertilizer bans, construction site erosion controlconstruction site erosion control
f (f (onon--site infiltration practices (e.g. rain gardens and barrels, site infiltration practices (e.g. rain gardens and barrels, infiltration trenches and pits) construction site erosion control infiltration trenches and pits) construction site erosion control
Available from Burnett County LWCD.
Management Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
DIVERSION & DIVERSION & INFILTRATIONINFILTRATIONINFILTRATIONINFILTRATION
Photo courtesy of Chuck Brookshaw, Rivers North Contracting and Cheryl Clemens, Harmony Environmental
CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGEManagement Challenges & OpportunitiesManagement Challenges & Opportunities
CLIMATE CHANGECLIMATE CHANGE
Going to Arkansas?g
UCS/ESA 2003
Variation in Earth Surface TemperaturesVariation in Earth Surface Temperatures
Northern Hemisphere - last 1000 years
C°
)ag
eer
atur
e (C
990
aver
ain
Tem
pe96
1 to
19
epar
ture
om
the
19D fro
IPCC 2007
Climate Change & Lakes?Climate Change & Lakes?Climate Change & Lakes?Climate Change & Lakes?
Ice coverIce coverIce coverIce cover
S i S i Species rangeSpecies range
Water levelsWater levels
Water qualityWater quality
Northern Wisconsin seepage lake 2007
S l k l tSame lake one year later
Meanwhile impounded Lake Delton overflowed
CLIMATE CHANGE and WATERCLIMATE CHANGE and WATER
Opportunities: Opportunities: emission reductionsemission reductionsminimizing pressure on the environment minimizing pressure on the environment (i.e. water use, land use)(i.e. water use, land use)
adaptation to a changing hydrologic regimeadaptation to a changing hydrologic regime
Lake Monona, Dane Co (Aug 31, 2007)
CITIZENS LEAD CITIZENS LEAD ANDAND GOVERNMENT FOLLOWSGOVERNMENT FOLLOWSShare lakeShare lake--friendly living tips with friends, family, and friendly living tips with friends, family, and neighborsneighborsLead by example even if it means redefining trendsLead by example even if it means redefining trendsLead by example even if it means redefining trendsLead by example even if it means redefining trendsParticipate in local government (e.g. Participate in local government (e.g. BOABOA, municipal , municipal committees) including simply attending meetingscommittees) including simply attending meetingsRun for elected officeRun for elected office
Future Lake & River Management Coordinators????
Do what you can, with what you have, where you are.Theodore Roosevelt
LEAVING ALEAVING ALEAVING A LEAVING A LEGACYLEGACYLEGACYLEGACY
Help Protect Wisconsin’s…Help Protect Wisconsin’s…WATERWATERWATER WATER
RESOURCESRESOURCESESOU CESESOU CES
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia i (VHS )i (VHS )virus (VHSv)virus (VHSv)
Newly discovered in Newly discovered in yy20072007Ability to infect and kill Ability to infect and kill
ddseveral different fish several different fish species at oncespecies at onceConfined to WinnebagoConfined to WinnebagoConfined to Winnebago Confined to Winnebago pool system and Lake pool system and Lake MichiganMichiganEmergency RulesEmergency Rules
Which one is the future?Which one is the future?Which one is the future?Which one is the future?
M b b th!Maybe both!
Tools for protecting shoreland wetland Tools for protecting shoreland wetland h bi d l k lih bi d l k lihabitat and lake qualityhabitat and lake quality
- Regulation of wetland fill
- Shoreland zoning
- Invasive species controlp
- Slow/no-wake zones
- Restoration
- Preservation