Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Lesson Overview18.1 Finding Order
in Diversity
Lesson Overview Finding Order in DiversityBell Ringer: Start a new section of your IAN and copy this flow chart into your IAN, left side.
Big Idea: Unity and
Diversity of Life
Essential ?:What is the
goal of biologists who classify living
things?
18.2 Guiding ?: How do
evolutionary relationships
affect the way scientists classify
organisms?
18.3 Guiding ?: What are the major groups
within which all organisms are
currently classified?
18.1 Guiding ?: Why do
scientists classify
organisms?
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Chapter 18: Classification
BiologyMs. Nguyen
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
I. Why Classify?A. What are the
goals of systematics?1.The goal of systematics is to organize things into groups
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
2. In Biology, systematics = to classify living things. BUT… we need scientific names
because Common names are misleading
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
3. In the 18th century,European scientists agreed to assign Latin or Greek names to each species.
4. Difficult to standardize names because different scientists focused on different characteristics
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
B. Carolus Linnaeus
1.In the 1730s, Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus > Binomial Nomenclature
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
1. Written in Latin (unchanging)
2. Genus capitalized, species lowercase
3. Both names are italicized or underlinedEX: Homo sapiens: wise / thinking man
C. Binomial Nomenclature Rules:
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Binomial Nomenclature Example
1. The polar bear is named Ursus maritimus.
The genus, Ursus, describes a group of closely related bear species. In this example, the species, maritimus, describes where the polar bear lives—on pack ice floating on the sea.
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Binomial Nomenclature Example 2. The scientific name of the red maple is Acer rubrum.
The genus Acer consists of all maple trees.
The species rubrum describes the red maple’s color.
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Which of the following is correct according to Carolus Linnaeus’ rules?
A. equus caballusB. Equus CaballusC. Equus cabalusD. equus Caballus
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
II. Classifying Species into Larger Groups
A. New technologies and discoveries
1.Biologists try to organize, or classify, living and fossil species into larger groups that have biological meaning. 2.Biologists often refer to these groups as taxa (singular: taxon).
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
B. Larger taxa Over time, Linnaeus’s original classification system would expand to include seven hierarchical taxa:
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Largest-Smallest Smallest- largest from bottom
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
III. Linnaean’s 7 Levels of Classification Kingdom- the largest group of classification. Phylum- a group of closely related class. Class-a group of closely related orders.Order- a group of closely related families.Family- a group of closely related genera.Genus- a group of closely related species; first part of binomial nomenclature. Species-a group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. The second part of binomial nomenclature.
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
SpeciesGo to Section:
Linnaeus’s System of HierarchyLeast
specific
Most specific
1. Which of the following contains all of the others?a. Family c. Classb. Species d. Order
2. Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do not belong to the same:a. Family c. Orderb. Genus d. Species
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
IV. Problems With Linnaeus’ Classification A. Looks can
be deceiving
B. Modern Classification
1. Linneaus’ classification grouped organisms based on similarities and differences in looks.
Ex. Would a dolphin be a fish or a mammal?
1. Today grouping is based on evolutionary relationships.
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
2. Darwin’s ideas about descent with modification evolved into the study of phylogeny, or evolutionary relationships among organisms.
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
3. Species within a genus are more closely related to each other than to species in another genus.
Genus: Felis Genus: Canis
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
4. Scientists use similarities and differences in DNA to determine classification and evolutionary relationships. They can sequence or “read” the information coded in DNA to compare organisms.
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Lesson Overview18.2 Modern Evolutionary
Classification
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Bell RingerWhat is the relationship between an earthworm, trout. lizard and human? .
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
V. Classification of Common Ancestors A. Phylogenetic 1. All taxa whose
members are more closely related to one another than they are to members of any other group.
2. Mainly determine by DNA or Anatomy of derived characteristics.
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
B. Clade 1. Common ancestor and all
descendants of that ancestor—living and extinct.
a. Monophyletic- Only species that are descended from a common ancestor
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
C. Cladogram 1. Diagram of clades are related to one another by showing how evolutionary lines, or lineages, branched off from common ancestors.
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Example of a cladogram of evolutionary relationships among vertebrates.
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
2. Derived character is a trait that arose in the most recent common ancestor of a particular lineage and was passed along to its descendants.
Examples of Derived Characters
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
3. Reading Cladograms
Example of a cladogram of the phylogeny of the cat family.
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Clades and Traditional Taxonomic Groups
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Lesson Overview18.3 Building the Tree of Life
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
THINK ABOUT IT Name Linnaeus’s seven classification hierarchy from largest to smallest.
1.2.3.4.5.6. 7.
But wait there’s one more…!!! “ Domain”
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
VI. Changes in classification hierarchy
This diagram shows some of the ways in which organisms have been classified into kingdoms since the 1700s.
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
3 Domains added on top of 6 kingdoms
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
A. Domain Bacteria 1. unicellular and prokaryotic = kingdom Eubacteria.
2. Their cells have thick, rigid walls that surround a cell membrane and contain a substance known as peptidoglycan.
3. Can live anywhere
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
B. Domain Archaea 1. Unicellular and prokaryotic = kingdom Archaebacteria
2. cell membranes contain unusual lipids that are not found in any other organism
3. live in some extreme environments—in volcanic hot springs, brine pools, and black organic mud totally devoid of oxygen. .
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
C. Domain Eukarya. 1. All organisms that have a nucleus.
2. Holds: a. Protista b. Fungic. Plantaed. Animalia
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Classification of Living Things
The three-domain system
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
Eubacteria Archae-bacteria Protista Plantae Animalia
The six-kingdom system
Fungi
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda
Red fox Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
Hierarchical Ordering of Classification
Go to Section:
As we move from the kingdom level
to the species level, more and more members are
removed.Each level is more
specific.
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Go to Section:
Cell Type Prokaryote
Number of Cells Unicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph
Location Extreme Environments Volcanoes, Deep Sea Vents, Yellowstone Hot Springs
Examples Methanogens Thermophiles
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Kingdom Eubacteria
Go to Section:
E. coli
Streptococcus
Cell Type ProkaryoteNumber of Cells UnicellularNutrition Autotroph or
HeterotrophExamples Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Kingdom Protista
Go to Section:
Paramecium
Green algae
Amoeba
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Most Unicellular, some multicellular
Nutrition Autotroph or Heterotroph
Examples Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena,
The “Junk-Drawer” Kingdom
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Kingdom Fungi
Go to Section:
Mildew on Leaf
Mushroom
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Most multicelluar, some unicelluar
Nutrition Heterotroph
Example Mushroom, yeast, mildew, mold
Most Fungi are DECOMPOSERS
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Kingdom Plantae
Go to Section:
Ferns : seedless vascular
Sunflowers: seeds in flowers
Douglas fir: seeds in cones
Mosses growing on trees
Cell Type Eukaryote
Number of Cells Multicellular
Nutrition Autotroph
Examples Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
Lesson Overview Finding Order in Diversity
Kingdom Animalia
Go to Section:
Sage grouse
Poison dart frog
Bumble bee
Sponge
Jellyfish
Hydra
Cell Type EukaryoteNumber of Cells MulticellularNutrition HeterotrophExamples Sponges,
worms, insects, fish, mammals