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Page 1: LECTURE SEVEN Cause and Effect. III. Types of Writing Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Essay Analysis Essay Analysis Writing Practice Writing PracticeAssignment

LECTURE LECTURE SEVENSEVEN

Cause and Effect

Page 2: LECTURE SEVEN Cause and Effect. III. Types of Writing Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Essay Analysis Essay Analysis Writing Practice Writing PracticeAssignment

III. Types of WritingIII. Types of Writing

Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Essay AnalysisEssay Analysis Writing PracticeWriting Practice

AssignmentAssignment

Page 3: LECTURE SEVEN Cause and Effect. III. Types of Writing Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Essay Analysis Essay Analysis Writing Practice Writing PracticeAssignment

Cause and Effect

A cause-effect essay explains why or how some event happened, and what resulted from the event, that is, the cause and/or effect of something.

This essay is a study of the relationship between two or more events or experiences. The essay could discuss both causes and effects, or it could simply address one or the other.

Two questions should be answered in a causal analysis: 1. What is the cause of something that has happened? 2. What effect will follow if something has happened?

Page 4: LECTURE SEVEN Cause and Effect. III. Types of Writing Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Essay Analysis Essay Analysis Writing Practice Writing PracticeAssignment

A Cause Essay A cause essay usually discusses the reasons

why something happened. A cause essay begins with an introduction

which briefly describes the effect, and then the entire body analyses the causes, each of which is generally discussed in one paragraph.

Cause 1

Effect

Cause 3

Cause 2

Introduction (Effect, including thesis) Cause 1 Cause 2 Cause 3, 4, 5… Conclusion

Page 5: LECTURE SEVEN Cause and Effect. III. Types of Writing Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Essay Analysis Essay Analysis Writing Practice Writing PracticeAssignment

An Effect Essay An effect essay discusses what happens after a

specific event or circumstance. A cause essay begins with an introduction which

briefly describes the cause, and then the entire body analyses the effects, each of which is generally discussed in one paragraph.

Cause

Effect 1

Effect 2

Effect 3

Introduction (cause, including thesis) Effect 1 Effect 2 Effect 3, 4, 5... Conclusion

Page 6: LECTURE SEVEN Cause and Effect. III. Types of Writing Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Essay Analysis Essay Analysis Writing Practice Writing PracticeAssignment

Logical Requirements Do not over-simplify causes; Beware especially of making a mistake in logic known

as the fallacy of “after this therefore because of this”; Distinguish between direct and indirect causes and

effects and between major and minor causes and effects;

Do not omit links in a chain of causes and effects; Be objective and support the analysis with solid,

factual evidence.

Page 7: LECTURE SEVEN Cause and Effect. III. Types of Writing Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Essay Analysis Essay Analysis Writing Practice Writing PracticeAssignment

Essay analysis: Stresses of being a celebrity

Does the opening attract the reader’s interest? How?

Which sentence is the thesis statement of the essay?

A woman signing herself “Wants the Truth in Westport” wrote to Ann Landers with a question she just had to have answered. “Please find out for sure,” she begged the columnist, “whether or not Oprah Winfrey has had a face-life.” Fortunately for Ms. Winfrey’s privacy, Ann Landers refused to answer the question. But the incident was disturbing. How awful it would be to be a celebrity, always in the public eye. Celebrities lead very stressful lives, for no matter how glamorous or powerful they are, they have too little privacy, too much pressure, and no safety.

Page 8: LECTURE SEVEN Cause and Effect. III. Types of Writing Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Essay Analysis Essay Analysis Writing Practice Writing PracticeAssignment

Essay analysis What is the topic senten

ce of the paragraph? What details are used to

support the topic sentence?

For one thing, celebrities don’t have the privacy an ordinary person has. The most personal details of their lives are splashed all over the front pages of the National Enquirer and the Globe so that bored supermarket shoppers can read about “Leonardo DiCaprio’s Awful Secret” or “The Heartbreak Behind Winona Ryder’s Smile.” Even a celebrity’s family is hauled into the spotlight. A teenage son’s arrest for pot possessions or a wife’s drinking problem becomes the subject of glaring headlines. Photographers hound celebrities at their homes, in restaurants, and on the street, hoping to get a picture of Halle Berry in curlers or Jim Carrey guzzling a beer. When celebrities try to do the things that normal people do, like eat out or attend a football game, they run the risk of being interrupted by thoughtless autograph hounds or mobbed by aggressive fans.

Page 9: LECTURE SEVEN Cause and Effect. III. Types of Writing Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Essay Analysis Essay Analysis Writing Practice Writing PracticeAssignment

Essay analysis Which sentence functions as

a linking sentence between paragraphs?

What are details used to support the idea?

After which sentence in this paragraph are more specific details needed?

What transition words or phrases are included in this paragraph?

In addition to the loss of privacy, celebrities must cope with the constant pressure of having to look great and act right. Their physical appearance is always under observation. Famous women, especially, suffer from the spotlight, drawing remarks like “She really looks old” or “Boy, has she put on weight.” Unflattering pictures of celebrities are photographers’ prizes to be sold to the highest bidder; this increases the pressure on celebrities to look good at all times. Famous people are also under pressure to act calm and collected under any circumstances. Because they are constantly observed, they have no freedom to blow off team or to do something just a little crazy.

Page 10: LECTURE SEVEN Cause and Effect. III. Types of Writing Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Essay Analysis Essay Analysis Writing Practice Writing PracticeAssignment

Essay analysis What is the topic sentence

of this paragraph? What details are used to

support the idea? What methods are used in

this paragraph to support the idea?

Most important, celebrities must deal with the stress of being in constant danger. The friendly grabs, hugs, and kisses of enthusiastic fans can quickly turn into uncontrolled assaults on a celebrity’s hair, clothes, and car. Most people agree that photographers bear some responsibility for the death of one of the leading celebrities of the 1990s ----Princess Diana. Whether or not their pursuit cause the crash that took her life, it’s clear she was chased as aggressively as any escaped convict by bloodhounds. And celebrity can even lead to deliberately lethal attacks. The attempt to kill Ronald Reagon and the murder of John Lennon came about because two unbalanced people became obsessed with these world-famous figures. Famous people must live with the fact that they are always fair game ---- and never out of season.

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Essay analysis

What method does the author use to conclude the essay?

Some people dream of starring roles, their name in lights, and their picture on the cover of People magazine. But the cost is far too high. A famous person gives up private life, feels pressured to look and act certain ways all the time, and is never completely safe. An ordinary, calm life is far safer and sane than a life of fame.

Page 12: LECTURE SEVEN Cause and Effect. III. Types of Writing Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Essay Analysis Essay Analysis Writing Practice Writing PracticeAssignment

Outline Celebrities lead a stressful life. 1. loss of privacy a. details on the magazine b. trouble on families c. annoying photographs 2. look great and act right a. physical appearance b. calm behaviour 3. constant danger a. uncontrolled assault caused by fans etc b. vulnerability to lethal attacks

Page 13: LECTURE SEVEN Cause and Effect. III. Types of Writing Cause and Effect Cause and Effect Essay Analysis Essay Analysis Writing Practice Writing PracticeAssignment

Writing Practice

You are required to write a comparison/contrast essay of about 200 words on the topic: Credit Cards or Paying Cash

You are required to write a cause-effect essay of about 200 words on the topic: Computer Addiction

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Assignment

Preview: Division & Classification; Definition


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