Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3884Commenced Publication in 1973Founding and Former Series Editors:Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen
Editorial Board
David HutchisonLancaster University, UK
Takeo KanadeCarnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Josef KittlerUniversity of Surrey, Guildford, UK
Jon M. KleinbergCornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
Friedemann MatternETH Zurich, Switzerland
John C. MitchellStanford University, CA, USA
Moni NaorWeizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Oscar NierstraszUniversity of Bern, Switzerland
C. Pandu RanganIndian Institute of Technology, Madras, India
Bernhard SteffenUniversity of Dortmund, Germany
Madhu SudanMassachusetts Institute of Technology, MA, USA
Demetri TerzopoulosNew York University, NY, USA
Doug TygarUniversity of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Moshe Y. VardiRice University, Houston, TX, USA
Gerhard WeikumMax-Planck Institute of Computer Science, Saarbruecken, Germany
Bruno Durand Wolfgang Thomas (Eds.)
STACS 2006
23rd Annual Symposiumon Theoretical Aspects of Computer ScienceMarseille, France, February 23-25, 2006Proceedings
1 3
Volume Editors
Bruno DurandLaboratoire d’Informatique Fondamentale de Marseille CMI39 rue Joliot-Curie, 13453 Marseille Cedex 13, FranceE-mail: [email protected]
Wolfgang ThomasRWTH AachenLehrstuhl Informatik VII52056 Aachen, GermanyE-mail: [email protected]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2006920575
CR Subject Classification (1998): F, E.1, I.3.5, G.2
LNCS Sublibrary: SL 1 – Theoretical Computer Science and General Issues
ISSN 0302-9743ISBN-10 3-540-32301-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New YorkISBN-13 978-3-540-32301-3 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
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Preface
The Symposium on Theoretical Aspects of Computer Science (STACS) is alter-nately held in France and in Germany. The conference of February 23–25, 2006,held at Marseille was the 23rd in this series. Previous meetings took place inParis (1984), Saarbrucken (1985), Orsay (1986), Passau (1987), Bordeaux (1988),Paderborn (1989), Rouen (1990), Hamburg (1991), Cachan (1992), Wurzburg(1993), Caen (1994), Munchen (1995), Grenoble (1996), Lubeck (1997), Paris(1998), Trier (1999), Lille (2000), Dresden (2001), Antibes (2002), Berlin (2003),Montpellier (2004) and Stuttgart (2005).
The interest in STACS has been increasing continuously during recent years –and even strongly this year. The STACS 2006 call for papers led to 283 submis-sions from all over the world. We had a two-day physical meeting for the ProgramCommittee in Paris in November 2006 where all members of the Program Com-mittee were present. We would like to thank the Program Committee and allexternal referees for the valuable work they put into the reviewing process. Eachsubmission was assigned to at least 3 Programme Committee members, henceeach member was in charge of about 50 papers. Only 54 papers (i.e., 19 % ofthe submissions) could be accepted, as we wanted to keep the conference in itsstandard format with only two parallel sessions.
We would like to thank the three invited speakers, Philippe Flajolet, LeonidLevin and Helmut Seidl, for their contributions to the proceedings.
Special thanks are due to Andrei Voronkov for his EasyChair software(www.easychair.org) and for his continuous support in runnning it. This soft-ware was used for the process of paper selection and also for preparing thecamera-ready copy of this proceedings volume.
December 2005 Bruno Durand and Wolfgang Thomas
Conference Organization
Bruno Durand
Laboratoire d’Informatique Fondamentale de Marseille
Program Chairs
Bruno Durand, Wolfgang Thomas
Program Committee
Mark de BergJulian BradfieldBruno DurandChristoph DurrFedor V. FominMarkus LohreyFilippo MignosiMadhavan MukundSeffi NaorRolf NiedermeierJean-Eric PinPeter SandersLuc SegoufinAlexander ShenWolfgang ThomasJacobo ToranAlexander Zvonkin
Local Organization
Gregory LafitteRemi MorinNicolas Ollinger, chairLiva Ralaivola. . .
VIII Organization
External Reviewers
Karen AardalAshkan AazamiFarid AblayevBharat AdsulManindra AgrawalDorit AharonovSusanne AlbersGabriele AlessandraEric AllenderJean-Paul AlloucheNoga AlonErnst AlthausAndris AmbainisKlaus Ambos-SpiesMarcella AnselmoV. ArvindEugene AsarinDavid AspinallDaniel AugotYossi AzarFranz BaaderMaxim BabenkoChristine BachocChristel BaierFabien BailleEuripide BampisNikhil BansalAmotz Bar-NoyReuven Bar-YehudaZiv Bar-YossefVince BaranyJeremy BarbayDavid M. BarringtonAnjoy BaruahShai Ben-DavidMichael A. BenderMarc BenkertLasse BergrothJulien BernetJean BerstelValrie BertheLaurent BienvenueMarkus Blaser
Stephen BlochLuc BoassonManuel BodirskyHans L. BodlaenderFabrice BazzaroNicolas BonichonPaola BonizzoniAndreas BrandstadtSabine BrodaAndrej BrodnikAnne Bruggemann-KleinNiv BuchbinderHarry BuhrmanAndrei BulatovMartin W. BunderMarie-Pierre BealGruia CalinescuOlivier CartonJulien CassaigneJorge CastroBogdan CautisSupratik ChakrabortyTimothy ChanSerge ChaumetteChandra ChekuriJoseph CheriyanHubie ChenJana ChlebikovaChristian ChoffrutMarek ChrobakAmin Coja-OghlanRichard ColeAnne CondonThierry CoquandChris CoulstonBruno CourcellePierluigi CrescenziM. CrochemoreMary CryanJanos CsirikFelipe CuckerArtur CzumajEdson Norberto Caceres
Organization IX
Peter DamaschkeSilvano Dal ZilioSamir DattaXavier DefagoCarole DelporteRoman DementievStephane DemriFrancois DenisLuc DevroyVolker DiekertMichael DomFrederic DornGilles DowekDevdatt DubhashiPhilippe DuchonChristian DuncanJacques DuparcDeepak D’SouzaRan El-YanivEdith ElkindRoee EngelbergJoost EngelfrietChiara EpifanioThomas ErlebachKousha EtessamiGuy EvenFrancois FagesHugues FauconnierLene FavrholdTomas FederSandor FeketeCristina FernandesHenning FernauPascal FerraroJirı FialaGabriele FiciEldar FischerNathan FisherRudolf FleischerPaola FlocchiniEnrico FormentiHerve FournierPierre FraignaudRusins FreivaldsChristiane Frougny
Stanley P. Y. FungAlessandra GabrielePeter GacsAnna GalJie GaoLeszek GasieniecPaul GastinJoachim von zur GathenRicard GavaldaCyril GavoilleStephen GilmoreHugo GimbertBernhard GittenbergerChristian GlasserLeslie GoldbergMark K. GoldbergAlexander GolynskiGeorg GottlobJens GrammMarkus GrasslFrederik GreenMichelangelo GrigniDimitri GrigorievMartin GroheErich GradelJoachim GudmundssonJiong GuoGregory GutinMichel HabibEran HalperinNicolas HanusseSariel Har-PeledRamesh HariharanTero HarjuHerman HaverkortPatrick HaydenMichiel HazewinkelPinar HeggernesHarald HempelMiki HermannAndre HernichUlrich HertrampfEdward HirschPetr HlinenyThanh Minh Hoang
X Organization
Markus HolzerFalk HuffnerPaul HunterDavid IlcincasLucian IlieNicole ImmorlicaSandy IraniRobert IrvingDmitry ItsyksonAbraham IttaiKazuo IwamaKamal JainMarkus JakobssonJesper JanssonWojciech JaworEmmanuel JeandelMark JerrumJan JohannsenPeter JonssonAntoine JougletMarcin JurdzinskiFrank KammerIyad KanjBruce KapronJuhani KarhumakiJuha KarkkainenClaire KenyonAlex KesselmanSanjeev KhannaAlexander KhodyrevBakhadyr KhoussainovDaniel KirstenAlexey KitaevNils KlarlundRalf KlasingHartmut KlauckChristian KnauerJoachim KneisJohannes KoblerStavros KolliopoulosPetr KolmanAmos KormanDarek KowalskiEvangelos KranakisDieter Kratsch
Matthias KrauseSvetlana KravchenkoMarc van KreveldAndrei KrokhinSven O. KrumkePiotr KrystaAntonin KuceraGregory KucherovManfred KufleitnerFabian KuhnK. Narayan KumarOrna KupfermanDietrich KuskeGregory LafitteKlaus-Jorn LangeMartin LangeSophie LaplanteTroy LeeFrancois LemieuxAsaf LevinLiane Lewin-EytanYury LifshitsWolfgang LindnerAndrzej LingasMaciej LiskiewiczKamal LodayaChristof LodingSylvain LombardyJohn LongleyAntoni LozanoAldo de LucaJack LutzAlejandro MaassAlexis MacielP. MadhusudanFrederic MagniezMeena MahajanMohammad MahdianJean MairesseYury MakarychevKonstantin MakarychevJanos MakowskySebastian ManethYishay MansourSabrina Mantaci
Organization XI
Sciortino MarinellaEric MartinMaarten MarxDaniel MarxDomagoj MatijevicMarios MavronicolasElvira MayordomoRichard MayrJacques MazoyerKlaus MeerWolfgang MerkleJean-Francois MestreAntoine MeyerAdam MeyersonIlya MezhirovMehdi MhallaLoizos MichaelDimitris MichailChristian MichauxPeter Bro MiltersenAlexandre MiquelJoseph MitchellPetr MitrichevShuichi MiyazakiFabien de MontgolfierF. MorainRemi MorinMohamed MosbahPhilippe MoserAnca MuschollHaiko MullerJorn Muller-QuadePavel NalivaikoN.S. NarayanaswamyAshwin NayakJaroslav NesetrilJesper Buus NielsenBengt NilssonDirk NowotkaZeev NutovRyan O’DonnellErnst-Rudiger OlderogMichel OlivierNicolas OllingerRen van Oostrum
Friedrich OttoVincent PadovaniIgor PakParitosh PandyaChristos PapadimitrouChristophe PapazianDavid PelegGiuseppe Della PennaMartin PergelDominique PerrinHolger PetersenGregorio Hernndez PealverJean-Eric PinVal PinciuPavithra PrabhakarKirk PruhsArtem PyatkinArnaud PecherSandra QuickertBalaji RaghavachariLiva RalaivolaVenkatesh RamanR. RamanujamDana RandallC. Pandu RanganIvan RapaportMichael RaskinAndre RaspaudJulian RathkeDror RawitzAlexander RazborovIgor RazgonOded RegevKlaus ReinhardtRudiger ReischukJean-Pierre RessayreAntonio RestivoYossi RichterMike RobsonClaas RoeverAndrei RomashchenkoDana RonAdi RosenPeter RossmanithDaniel Molle
XII Organization
Peter RossmanithMichel de RougemontSasha RubinAndrei RumyantsevJan RuttenMohammad R. SalavatipourPeter SandersMiklos SanthaNicola SantoroMartin SauerhoffSaket SaurabhGabriel ScalosubNicolas SchabanelChristian ScheidelerMarkus SchmidtManfred Schmidt-SchaussHenning SchnoorNicole SchweikardtStefan SchwoonUwe SchoningCarlos SearaLuc SegoufinSebastian SeibertHelmut SeidlArunava SenGeraud SenizerguesAnil SethPeter SewellJiri SgallHadas ShachnaiNatasha ShakhlevichPriti ShankarAbhi ShelatDavid ShermaDetlef SielingSudeshna SinhaJozef SiranRene SittersMartin SkutellaAleksandrs SlivkinsShakhar SmorodinskyBill SmythSagi SnirAlexander SobolChristian Sohler
Samia SouissiFrancis SourdBettina SpeckmannDaniel SpielmanAndreas SpillnerAravind SrinivasanRob van SteeAlexey StepanovFrank StephanIain StewartColin StirlingLeen StougieHoward StraubingGeorg StruthK. V. SubrahmanyamC. R. SubramanianS. P. SureshMaxim SviridenkoChaitanya SwamyStefan SzeiderAmnon Ta-ShamaTami TamirTill TantauGerard TelKavitha TelikepalliAlain TerluttePascal TessonP. S. ThiagarajanAurlie C. ThieleThomas ThieraufDimitrios M. ThilikosTorsten TholeyRick ThomasAshish TiwariLaura TomaLeen TorenvlietHelene TouzetFalk UngerDominique UnruhMaxim UshakovPatchrawat UthaisombutSiavash VahdatiKasturi VaradarajanYann VaxsSantosh Vempala
Organization XIII
Nikolai VereshchaginVictor VianuN. V. VinodchandranMahesh ViswanathanBerthold VockingJorg VogelHeribert VollmerMagnus WallstromIgor WalukiewiczJohn WatrousKarsten WeihePascal Weil
Sebastian WernickeSusanne WetzelThomas WilkeGerhard WoegingerRonald de WolfAlexander WolffStefan WohrleSheng YuMariette YvinecMarc ZeitounAlex ZelikovskyWieslaw Zielonka
Table of Contents
The Ubiquitous Digital TreePhilippe Flajolet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Flat Holonomies on Automata NetworksGene Itkis, Leonid A. Levin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Interprocedurally Analyzing Polynomial IdentitiesMarkus Muller-Olm, Michael Petter, Helmut Seidl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
External String Sorting: Faster and Cache-ObliviousRolf Fagerberg, Anna Pagh, Rasmus Pagh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Amortized Rigidness in Dynamic Cartesian TreesIwona Bialynicka-Birula, Roberto Grossi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Distribution-Sensitive Construction of Minimum-Redundancy PrefixCodes
Ahmed Belal, Amr Elmasry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
On Critical Exponents in Fixed Points of Binary k-Uniform MorphismsDalia Krieger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Equivalence of F-Algebras and Cubic FormsManindra Agrawal, Nitin Saxena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Complete Codes in a Sofic ShiftMarie-Pierre Beal, Dominique Perrin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Kolmogorov Complexity with ErrorLance Fortnow, Troy Lee, Nikolai Vereshchagin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Kolmogorov Complexity and the Recursion TheoremBjørn Kjos-Hanssen, Wolfgang Merkle, Frank Stephan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Entanglement in Interactive Proof Systems with Binary AnswersStephanie Wehner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Quantum Algorithms for Matching and Network FlowsAndris Ambainis, Robert Spalek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
XVI Table of Contents
The Number of Runs in a String: Improved Analysis of the LinearUpper Bound
Wojciech Rytter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Estimating Entropy and Entropy Norm on Data StreamsAmit Chakrabarti, Khanh Do Ba, S. Muthukrishnan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Pay Today for a Rainy Day: Improved Approximation Algorithms forDemand-Robust Min-Cut and Shortest Path Problems
Daniel Golovin, Vineet Goyal, R. Ravi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Exact Price of Anarchy for Polynomial Congestion GamesSebastian Aland, Dominic Dumrauf, Martin Gairing,Burkhard Monien, Florian Schoppmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Oblivious Symmetric AlternationVenkatesan T. Chakaravarthy, Sambuddha Roy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Combining Multiple HeuristicsTzur Sayag, Shai Fine, Yishay Mansour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Conflict-Free Colorings of Rectangles RangesKhaled Elbassioni, Nabil H. Mustafa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Grid Vertex-Unfolding Orthogonal PolyhedraMirela Damian, Robin Flatland, Joseph O’Rourke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Theory and Application of Width Bounded Geometric SeparatorBin Fu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Invariants of Automatic Presentations and Semi-synchronousTransductions
Vince Barany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
On the Accepting Power of 2-Tape Buchi AutomataOlivier Finkel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Weighted Picture Automata and Weighted LogicsIna Maurer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Markov Decision Processes with Multiple ObjectivesKrishnendu Chatterjee, Rupak Majumdar,Thomas A. Henzinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Table of Contents XVII
The Algorithmic Structure of Group Strategyproof Budget-BalancedCost-Sharing Mechanisms
Paolo Penna, Carmine Ventre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Convergence and Approximation in Potential GamesGeorge Christodoulou, Vahab S. Mirrokni,Anastasios Sidiropoulos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Fast FPT-Algorithms for Cleaning GridsJosep Dıaz, Dimitrios M. Thilikos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Tradeoffs in Depth-Two SuperconcentratorsChinmoy Dutta, Jaikumar Radhakrishnan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
On Hypergraph and Graph Isomorphism with Bounded Color ClassesV. Arvind, Johannes Kobler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Forbidden Substrings, Kolmogorov Complexity and Almost PeriodicSequences
A.Yu. Rumyantsev, M.A. Ushakov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Online Learning and Resource-Bounded Dimension: Winnow YieldsNew Lower Bounds for Hard Sets
John M. Hitchcock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Regularity Problems for Visibly Pushdown LanguagesVince Barany, Christof Loding, Olivier Serre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Regular Expressions and NFAs Without ε-TransitionsGeorg Schnitger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Redundancy in Complete SetsChristian Glaßer, A. Pavan, Alan L. Selman,Liyu Zhang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Sparse Selfreducible Sets and Polynomial Size Circuit Lower BoundsHarry Buhrman, Leen Torenvliet, Falk Unger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Linear Advice for Randomized Logarithmic SpaceLance Fortnow, Adam R. Klivans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Nested Pebbles and Transitive ClosureJoost Engelfriet, Hendrik Jan Hoogeboom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
XVIII Table of Contents
Definability of Languages by Generalized First-Order Formulas over(N,+)
Amitabha Roy, Howard Straubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Generalized Modal SatisfiabilityMichael Bauland, Edith Hemaspaandra, Henning Schnoor,Ilka Schnoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Strategy Improvement and Randomized Subexponential Algorithms forStochastic Parity Games
Krishnendu Chatterjee, Thomas A. Henzinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
DAG-Width and Parity GamesDietmar Berwanger, Anuj Dawar, Paul Hunter,Stephan Kreutzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Reliable Computations Based on Locally Decodable CodesAndrei Romashchenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Convergence of Autonomous Mobile Robots with Inaccurate Sensorsand Movements
Reuven Cohen, David Peleg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
A Faster Algorithm for the Steiner Tree ProblemDaniel Molle, Stefan Richter, Peter Rossmanith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Generating Randomized Roundings with Cardinality Constraints andDerandomizations
Benjamin Doerr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Online Sorting Buffers on LineRohit Khandekar, Vinayaka Pandit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Optimal Node RoutingYossi Azar, Yoel Chaiutin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Memoryless Facility Location in One PassDimitris Fotakis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 608
Energy-Efficient Algorithms for Flow Time MinimizationSusanne Albers, Hiroshi Fujiwara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
Efficient Qualitative Analysis of Classes of Recursive Markov DecisionProcesses and Simple Stochastic Games
Kousha Etessami, Mihalis Yannakakis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
Table of Contents XIX
Datalog and Constraint Satisfaction with Infinite TemplatesManuel Bodirsky, Vıctor Dalmau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646
Evaluating Monotone Circuits on Cylinders, Planes and ToriNutan Limaye, Meena Mahajan, Jayalal Sarma M.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Constant-Depth Circuits for Arithmetic in Finite Fields ofCharacteristic Two
Alexander Healy, Emanuele Viola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Weighted Asynchronous Cellular AutomataDietrich Kuske . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
On the Complexity of the “Most General” Firing Squad SynchronizationProblem
Darin Goldstein, Kojiro Kobayashi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713